Module-I EHS 403: Disaster Management: Department of Civil Engineering

Module-I
EHS 403: Disaster Management

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
GITAM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
GITAM
(DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY)
(ESTD. U/S 3 OF THE UGC ACT, 1956)
ACCREDITED BY NAAC WITH ‘A+’ GRADE
VISAKHAPATNAM-530 045, A.P., INDIA
TELEPHONE: 0891-2840260
EMAIL: HOD_CIVIL@GITAM.EDU
Out line of Module-I
1. Introduction to Disasters
2. Concepts and definitions (disaster, hazard, vulnerability, resilience, risks)
3. Disasters classification, causes, impacts (including social, economic, political,
environmental, health, psychological etc.)
4. Differential impacts in terms of caste, class, gender, age, location, disability
5. Global trends in disasters
6. Urban disasters
7. Pandemics
8. Complex emergencies
9. Climate change
Department of Civil Engineering, GIT, GITAM, Visakhapatnam 2

Introduction
➢India’s geo-climatic conditions as well as its high degree of socio-economic

vulnerability, makes it one of the most disaster prone country in the world.
➢A disaster is an extreme disruption of the functioning of a society that causes

widespread human, material, or environmental losses that exceed the ability of
the affected society to cope with its own resources.

Introduction
➢Disasters are sometimes classified according to whether they are “natural”

disasters, or “human-made” disasters.
➢For example, disasters caused by floods, droughts, tidal waves and earth tremors
are generally considered “natural disasters.”
➢Disasters caused by chemical or industrial accidents, environmental pollution,

transport accidents and political unrest are classified as “human-made” or
“human induced” disasters since they are the direct result of human action.

Disaster - Etimology
➢The term disaster owes its origin to the French word “Desastre” which is a
combination of two words ‘des’ meaning bad and ‘aster’ meaning star. Thus the
term refers to ‘Bad or Evil star’.
➢The root of the word disaster (“bad star” in Greek and Latin) comes from an
astrological theme in which the ancients used to refer to the destruction or
deconstruction of a star as a disaster.

Disaster - Definition
The UNISDR (2009) defines disaster as:
• “A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society involving

widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses and impacts,
which exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its
own resources.”
UNISDR- United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction

Disaster - Definition
The DM Act 2005 uses the following definition for disaster:
• "Disaster" means a catastrophe, mishap, calamity or grave occurrence in any

area, arising from natural or manmade causes, or by accident or negligence which
results in substantial loss of life or human suffering or damage to, and destruction
of, property, or damage to, or degradation of, environment, and is of such a
nature or magnitude as to be beyond the coping capacity of the community of
the affected area.”

As per the definition adopted by UNISDR,
➢Hazard is a dangerous phenomenon, substance, human activity, or condition that

may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of
livelihoods and services, social and economic disruption, or environmental
damage.

➢Vulnerability: The degree of loss to a given element at risk or set of such
elements resulting from the occurrence of a natural (or man-made) phenomenon
of a given magnitude and expressed on a scale from 0 (no damage) to 1 (total
loss).
➢Heightened vulnerabilities to disaster risks can be related to expanding

population, urbanisation and industrialisation, development within high-risk
zones, environmental degradation, and climate change.

Vulnerability Profile of India
India, due to its, physiographic and climatic conditions is one of the most disaster
prone areas of the World.
• Nearly 59% of the landmass is prone to earthquakes of moderate to very high
intensity.
• More than 40 million hectares (12 per cent of land) is prone to floods and river
erosion.
• Of the nearly 7,500 km long coastline, close to 5,700 km is prone to cyclones and
tsunamis.
• Nearly 68% of the cultivable area is vulnerable to drought.
• Large tracts in hilly regions are at risk from landslides and some are prone to
snow avalanches.
• Vulnerability to disasters/emergencies of CBRN (Chemical, Biological, Radiological and
Nuclear) origin also exists.
➢Resilience: The capacity of a system to tolerate perturbation or disturbances
without collapsing into a qualitatively different state, to withstand shock and
rebuild whenever necessary.

➢Risk is a “measure of the expected losses due to a hazard event occurring in a
given area over a specific time period. Risk is a function of the probability of
particular hazardous event and the losses each would cause.” The level of risk
depends upon:
• Nature of the hazard
• Vulnerability of the elements which are affected
• Economic value of those elements

Capacity
➢Capacity can be defined as “resources, means and strengths which exist in
households and communities and which enable them to cope with, withstand,
prepare for, prevent, mitigate or quickly recover from a disaster”.
Mitigation
➢Mitigation embraces measures taken to reduce both the effect of the hazard and the
vulnerable conditions to it in order to reduce the scale of a future disaster.
➢Therefore mitigation activities can be focused on the hazard itself or the elements
exposed to the threat.
➢Examples of mitigation measures which are hazard specific include water

management in drought prone areas, relocating people away from the hazard prone
areas and by strengthening structures to reduce damage when a hazard occurs.
Disaster Management
The UNISDR defines disaster risk management as the systematic process of using
administrative decisions, organization, operational skills and capacities to implement
policies, strategies and coping capacities of the society and communities to lessen the
impacts of natural hazards and related environmental and technological disasters.
Disaster Management
• As per this definition, ‘Disaster Management’ focuses on creating and implementing
preparedness and others plans to decrease the impact of disasters and build back
better.
• Failure to create/apply a plan could result in damage to life, assets and lost revenue.
• However, it may not completely avert or eliminate the threats.

Disaster Management (As per DM Act, 2005)
“A continuous and integrated process of planning, organising, coordinating and
implementing measures which are necessary or expedient" for the following:
1) Prevention of danger or threat of any disaster,
2) Mitigation or reduction of risk of any disaster or its severity or consequences,
3) Capacity-building,
4) Preparedness to deal with any disaster,
5) Prompt response to any threatening disaster situation or disaster,
6) Assessing the severity or magnitude of effects of any disaster
7) Evacuation, rescue and relief, and
8) Rehabilitation and reconstruction.”

Disaster Management Cycle
➢The traditional approach to disaster management has been to regard it as a number
of phased sequences of action or a continuum.
➢ These can be represented as a disaster management cycle.
➢The basic disaster management cycle consist of six main activities

Disaster Management Cycle
Key Phases of Disaster Management
There are three key phases of activity within disaster management:
1. Pre – Disaster: Before a disaster to reduce the potential for human, material or
environmental losses caused by hazards and to ensure that these losses are minimized
when the disaster actually strikes.
2. During Disaster: It is to ensure that the needs and provisions of victims are met to
alleviate and minimize suffering.
3. Post Disaster: After a disaster to achieve rapid and durable recovery which does not
reproduce the original vulnerable conditions
Pre – Disaster Phase
Prevention and Mitigation Reducing the risk of disasters involves
activities, which either reduce or modify the scale and intensity of the
threat faced or by improving the conditions of elements at risk.
➢The use of the term reduction to describe protective or preventive actions that
lessen the scale of impact is therefore preferred.
➢Mitigation embraces all measures taken to reduce both the effects of the hazard
itself and the vulnerable conditions to it in order to reduce the scale of a future
disaster.
Preparedness
➢This protective process embraces measures which enable governments, communities
and individuals to respond rapidly to disaster situations to cope with them effectively.
➢Preparedness includes the formulation of viable emergency plans, the development

of warning systems, the maintenance of inventories and the training of personnel.
➢Preparedness therefore encompasses those measures taken before a disaster event

which are aimed at minimising loss of life, disruption of critical services, and damage
when the disaster occurs.
Early Warning
➢This is the process of monitoring the situation in communities or areas known to be
vulnerable to slow onset hazards, and passing the knowledge of the pending hazard
to people in harm‟s way.
➢ To be effective, warnings must be related to mass education and training of the

population who know what actions they must take when warned.
The Disaster impact
➢This refers to the “real-time event of a hazard occurring and affecting elements at
risk.
➢The duration of the event will depend on the type of threat; ground shaking may only
occur in a matter of seconds during an earthquake while flooding may take place
over a longer sustained period.
During a disaster Phase
➢Response This refers to the first stage response to any calamity, which include for
examples such as setting up control rooms, putting the contingency plan in action,
issue warning, action for evacuation, taking people to safer areas, rendering medical
aid to the needy etc.,
➢simultaneously rendering relief to the homeless, food, drinking water, clothing etc. to
the needy, restoration of communication, disbursement of assistance in cash or kind.

During a disaster Phase
➢The emergency relief activities undertaken during and immediately following a
disaster, which includes immediate relief, rescue, and the damage needs assessment
and debris clearance.
The Post- disaster Phase
➢Recovery: Recovery is used to describe the activities that encompass the three
overlapping phases of emergency relief, rehabilitation and reconstruction.
➢Rehabilitation: Rehabilitation includes the provision of temporary public utilities and

housing as interim measures to assist long-term recovery.
Reconstruction: Reconstruction attempts to return communities to improved pre-
disaster functioning. It includes such as the replacement of buildings; infrastructure
and lifeline facilities so that long-term development prospects are enhanced rather
than reproducing the same conditions, which made an area or population vulnerable in
the first place.
Development: In an evolving economy, the development process is an ongoing activity.
Long-term prevention/disaster reduction measures for examples like construction of

embankments against flooding, irrigation facilities as drought proofing measures,
increasing plant cover to reduce the occurrences of landslides, land use planning,
construction of houses capable of withstanding the onslaught of heavy rain/wind
speed and shocks of earthquakes are some of the activities that can be taken up as
part of the development plan.
Disaster Management
Disaster - Categories
➢Disasters are not new to mankind. They have been the constant, though
inconvenient, companions of the human beings since time immemorial. Disasters
can be natural or human-made.
➢The High Power Committee on Disaster Management, constituted in 1999, has

identified 31 various disasters categorized into five major sub-groups

Causes
• There are different types on natural disasters and depending on different types of
disasters the causes are also different.
• For example, the causes of earthquake cannot be same as that of forest fire.
• Natural disasters are caused due to different reasons like soil erosion, seismic
activity, tectonic movements, air pressure, and ocean currents etc.
• The root causes of most of the natural disasters that occur on earth can be
attributed to the imbalance created in our environment. This imbalance may
either be in the form of air pollution, noise pollution or water pollution and the
collective effect of these imbalances are also one of the few reasons for natural
disaster.

Causes
• Natural activities taking place in earth’s crust as well as surface are the main
reasons for these disasters. Seismic activity caused by earth quakes have been
the root cause of volcanoes erupting and typhoons.
• The activity of moon determines the ocean waves which can get really high
during full moon and at times these can be really dangerous. It was also observed
that deadly December 2004 tsunami also occurred on a full moon night.
• Changing ocean currents are also dangerous at times and can result in changes of
water temperature which could result in a global food shortage by killing fish and
ocean plant life.

Differential Impacts
Severity of exposure
• The amount of exposure to the disaster is highly related to risk of future mental
problems. At highest risk are those that go through the disaster themselves. Next
are those in close contact with victims.
Gender and family

• Almost always, women or girls suffer more negative effects than do men or boys.
Disaster recovery is more stressful when children are present in the home.
Women with spouses also experience more distress during recovery.

Age
• Adults who are in the age range of 40-60 are likely to be more distressed after
disasters. The thinking is that if you are in that age range, you have more
demands from job and family. Research on how children react to natural disasters
is limited.

Other factors specific to the survivor
Several factors related to a survivor's background and resources are important for
recovery from disaster. Recovery is worse if you:
• Were not functioning well before the disaster.
• Have had no experience dealing with disasters.
• Must deal with other stressors after the disaster.
• Have poor self-esteem.
• Think you are uncared for by others.
• Think you have little control over what happens to you.
• Lack the capacity to manage stress.

Other factors have also been found to predict worse outcomes:
• Bereavement (death of someone close)
• Injury to self or another family member
• Life threat
• Panic, horror, or feelings like that during the disaster
• Being separated from family (especially among youth)
• Great loss of property
• Displacement (being forced to leave home)

Developing countries
• These risk factors can be made worse if the disaster occurs in a developing
country. Disasters in developing countries have more severe mental health
impact than do disasters in developed countries.
Low or negative social support

• The support of others can be both a risk and a resilience factor. Social support can
weaken after disasters. This may be due to stress and the need for members of
the support network to get on with their own lives.

Resilience factors
• Human resilience dictates that a large number of survivors will naturally recover
from disasters over time. They will move on without having severe, long-lasting
mental health issues.
Social support
• Social support is one of the keys to recovery after any trauma, including disaster.
Through social support, you can also find:
• Practical help solving problems.
• A sense of being understood and accepted.
• Sharing of trauma experiences.
• Some comfort that what you went through and how you responded is not "abnormal."
• Shared tips about coping.

Hope
• Better outcomes after disasters or mass trauma are likely if you have one or more of the
following:
• Optimism (because you can hope for the future)
• Expecting the positive
• Confidence that you can predict your life and yourself
• Belief that it is very likely that things will work out as well as can reasonably be expected
• Belief that outside sources, such as the government, are acting on your behalf with your
welfare at heart
• Belief in God
• Positive superstitious belief, such as "I'm always lucky."
• Practical resources, including housing, job, money

Global Trends in Disasters
➢Disasters - natural or human-made are common throughout the world.
➢Disasters continue to occur without warning and are perceived to be on an

increase in their magnitude, complexity, frequency and economic impact.
➢During the second half of the 20th century, more than 200 worst natural disasters
occurred in the different parts of the world and claimed lives of around 1.4
million people. Losses due to natural disasters are 20 times greater (as % of GDP)
in the developing countries than in industrialized one.
➢ Asia tops the list of casualties due to natural disasters.

World Distribution of Disaster by type
Regional Distribution of Disaster by type
World Distribution of Disaster by origin
Regional Distribution of Disaster by origin
World’s Deadliest Disasters
World’s Deadliest Disasters
India’s Deadliest Disasters
Database- Indian Scenario
• India due to its geo-climatic and socio-economic condition is prone to various
disasters.
• During the last thirty years time span the country has been hit by 431 major disasters
resulting into enormous loss to life and property.
• According to the Prevention Web statistics, 143039 people were killed and about 150
crore were affected by various disasters in the country during these three decades.
• The disasters caused huge loss to property and other infrastructures costing more
than US $ 4800 crore.
Database- Indian Scenario
• Floods, earthquakes, cyclones, hailstorms, etc. are the most frequently occurring
disasters in India.
Major Disasters in India from 1980-2010
Urban Disasters
• Indian cities have vastly expanded – 377 million, or 31 per cent of Indians now
live in urban areas, up from 217.18 million and 26 per cent 20 years ago,
according to census data–increasing their vulnerability.
• The December 2015 Chennai flood claimed 270 lives and inflicted an economic
loss of more than Rs 15,000 crore (Rs 150 billion).
• On its heels, on January 4, an earthquake of 6.7 magnitude shook Manipur and

the Northeast, unraveling India’s lack of disaster preparedness.

Urban Disasters
• As many as 38 cities are located in zones with seismic susceptibility in the

government’s vulnerability atlas of India, as India Spend has reported.
• Categories vary from “very severe intensity zone” (Zone V), which includes the
most-vulnerable cities of Guwahati and Srinagar, to “severe intensity zone “(Zone
IV), such as Delhi, and “moderately severe intensity zone” (Zone III), such as
Mumbai and Chennai.
• The entire Northeast Region is marked as a “very high” vulnerability zone, prone
to earthquakes, floods, and storms.

Urban Disasters
• Poor land-use planning, indiscriminate approvals of building plans (often in

violation of environment and municipal bye-laws), and the absence of disaster-
risk assessment in urban design have resulted in what experts term concentrated
concretization, predisposing cities to disaster risks.
• Abating destruction-risk requires a mainstreaming of disaster planning. To do

that, the nodal agency - the Urban Local Body (ULB), whether municipal
corporation, or nagar panchayat (town council) - is key.

Pandemics
• History provides us several illustrations where epidemic outbreaks have led to
biological disasters.
• Accidental or deliberate release of harmful micro-organisms can also lead to

biological disasters. With the advent of bio-terrorism, there is a growing
realisation that biological agents can also be used as weapons of mass
destruction.

Pandemics
• The spread of Spanish Influenza of 1917-18, the Human Immunodeficiency Virus
(HIV) / Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome (SARS), Swine Flu (H1N1), Avian Influenza (H5N1), Middle East
Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), dengue, chikunguniya, Ebola outbreak in West
Africa and the recent Zika outbreak in several countries tested the capacities of
the public health delivery system in several countries.

Pandemics
• In India, the spread of dengue, chikunguniya, swine flu, avian influenza in hitherto non-
endemic regions in the past few years posed serious challenges to the health delivery
architecture in the country.
• The fallout of the Methyl Iso Cyanide gas leak in the Union Carbide Plant in Bhopal in
1984, alleged plague outbreaks in Beed and Surat in 1994, the avian influenza outbreak
in 2012 and 2013, swine flu in India in 2014 and 2015 have also been major challenges to
the public health delivery systems in the affected areas.

Pandemics
• The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), Government of India released the
“National Disaster Management Guidelines on the Management of Biological Disasters” in July
2008.
• The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare also disseminated the Guidelines on Ebola like
Guidelines for Safe Handling of Human Remains of Ebola Patients, Hospital Infection Control
Guidelines, Ebola Virus Fact Sheet, Guidelines on Contact Tracing and Management of Contact,
Guidelines for Sample Collection, Storage and Transportation, Guidelines for Clinical case
Management, Guidelines for healthcare providers, Advisory for Travellers visiting Countries
Affected with EVD, Advisory for Families Staying and Travellers Visiting Countries Affected with
EVD, Advisory for Airlines on EVD, Health Alert on EVD for Display at Airports etc.

Pandemics
• In the aftermath of the spread of Zika virus, the Ministry of Health
and Family Welfare, Government of India also released on
2nd February 2016 “Guidelines for Integrated Vector Management for
Control of Aedes Mosquito” and “Guidelines on Zika Virus Disease
following Epidemic in Brazil and other countries of America” to
strengthen preparedness and emergency response capacities in the
event of any reported case of Zika virus in India.

Complex Emergencies
• Some disasters can result from several different hazards or, more often, to a
complex combination of both natural and man-made causes and different causes
of vulnerability. Food insecurity, epidemics, conflicts and displaced populations
are examples
What is a complex emergency?
• The official definition of a complex emergency is “a humanitarian crisis in a
country, region or society where there is total or considerable breakdown of
authority resulting from internal or external conflict and which requires an
international response that goes beyond the mandate or capacity of any single
agency

Complex Emergencies
• Such “complex emergencies” are typically characterized by:
• extensive violence and loss of life; massive displacements of people;
widespread damage to societies and economies
• the need for large-scale, multi-faceted humanitarian assistance
• the hindrance or prevention of humanitarian assistance by political and

military constraints
• significant security risks for humanitarian relief workers in some areas

Complex Emergencies
Syria: Example of a Major Response
• A children’s crisis: Of the 9.3 million people affected by the crisis in Syria, nearly
half are children.
Major Challenges to Response:

• Attacks against humanitarian workers
• Intensive armed conflict and presence of extremist groups hampering aid delivery
• Limited partner movements and humanitarian access
• Protection of civilians, in particular children
• In complex emergencies, children are particularly vulnerable to grave violations.
State and non-state actors must protect children and other civilians.

Complex Emergencies
In Somalia, for example, where over two decades of civil conflict have resulted in
the loss or damage of vital information on land and water systems and their use,
the Somalia Water and Land Information Management Unit was set up by FAO to
produce baseline data, assess natural resources and recover as much data as
possible.
In addition, the Food Security and Nutrition Analysis Unit for Somalia is an FAO-
managed Unit that provides vital and lifesaving information and analysis of food
insecurity and malnutrition in the country, informing development planning and
facilitating emergency response.

Climate Change
Climate change refers to a change in the climate that persists for decades or longer,
arising from either natural causes or human activity (adapted from IPCC, 2007 in
UNISDR, 2009).
Climate change is already modifying the frequency and intensity of many weather-
related hazards (IPCC, 2014) as well as steadily increasing the vulnerability and
eroding the resilience of exposed populations that depend arable land, access to
water, and stable mean temperatures and rainfall (UNISDR, 2015a).

Impacts of Climate Change
• Decreasing agricultural yields in warmer environments due to heat stress, which
has major implications for the livelihoods of the rural poor, and can also lead to
migration to urban areas, which increases the population exposed to natural
hazards in such locations (UNISDR, 2015).
• Rising sea levels, which will increase hazards in low-lying coastal areas - the
population of coastal areas has grown faster than the overall increase in global
population (UNISDR, 2009).

Impacts of Climate Change
• More severe and frequent extreme precipitation events, which will intensify
existing patterns of extensive risk when combined with the increases in the
population and assets exposed due to migration from rural areas.
• Changes in the geographic distribution of weather-related hazards, which may

lead to new patterns of risk.
• Decreasing resilience, which is likely to disproportionately affect poorer countries

and communities meaning that climate change is also a driver of poverty.

S. No Topics Reference web links
1.1 Introduction to Disasters http://www.undp.org/content/dam/india/docs/disaster_management_in_india.pdf
1.2 Concepts and definitions (disaster, hazard,

https://ndma.gov.in/images/policyplan/dmplan/National%20Disaster%20Management%20Plan%20Ma
vulnerability, resilience, risks) y%202016.pdf
1.3 Disasters classification, causes, impacts https://www.unisdr.org/2005/mdgs-drr/national-reports/India-report.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK11792/
(including social, economic, political,
environmental, health, psychological etc.)
1.4 Differential impacts In terms of caste, class, https://www.ptsd.va.gov/public/types/disasters/effects_of_disasters_risk_and_resilience_factors.asp
gender, age, location, disability

https://www.childfund.org/Content/NewsDetail/2147489272/
1.5 Global trends in disasters http://www.undp.org/content/dam/india/docs/disaster_management_in_india.pdf
1.6 Urban disasters https://scroll.in/article/801920/disaster-risks-grow-as-indias-cities-flounder
1.7 Pandemics https://www.ijidonline.com/article/S1201-9712(16)30038-8/fulltext
1. http://www.ifrc.org/en/what-we-do/disaster-management/about-disasters/definition-of-
1.8 Complex emergencies hazard/complex-emergencies/
2. http://www.fao.org/emergencies/emergency-types/complex-emergencies/en/
1.9 Climate change https://www.preventionweb.net/risk/climate-change

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Module-I

EHS 403: Disaster Management

Department of Civil Engineering, GIT, GITAM, Visakhapatnam 2

➢India’s geo-climatic conditions as well as its high degree of socio-economic

➢A disaster is an extreme disruption of the functioning of a society that causes

Department of Civil Engineering, GIT, GITAM, Visakhapatnam 3

➢Disasters are sometimes classified according to whether they are “natural”

➢Disasters caused by chemical or industrial accidents, environmental pollution,

Department of Civil Engineering, GIT, GITAM, Visakhapatnam 4

Department of Civil Engineering, GIT, GITAM, Visakhapatnam 5

• “A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society involving

UNISDR- United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction

Department of Civil Engineering, GIT, GITAM, Visakhapatnam 6

• "Disaster" means a catastrophe, mishap, calamity or grave occurrence in any

Department of Civil Engineering, GIT, GITAM, Visakhapatnam 7

➢Hazard is a dangerous phenomenon, substance, human activity, or condition that

Department of Civil Engineering, GIT, GITAM, Visakhapatnam 8

➢Heightened vulnerabilities to disaster risks can be related to expanding

Department of Civil Engineering, GIT, GITAM, Visakhapatnam 9

Department of Civil Engineering, GIT, GITAM, Visakhapatnam 11

• Nature of the hazard

• Vulnerability of the elements which are affected

• Economic value of those elements

Department of Civil Engineering, GIT, GITAM, Visakhapatnam 12

➢Examples of mitigation measures which are hazard specific include water

• However, it may not completely avert or eliminate the threats.

2) Mitigation or reduction of risk of any disaster or its severity or consequences,

4) Preparedness to deal with any disaster,

5) Prompt response to any threatening disaster situation or disaster,

6) Assessing the severity or magnitude of effects of any disaster

7) Evacuation, rescue and relief, and

8) Rehabilitation and reconstruction.”

➢ These can be represented as a disaster management cycle.

➢The basic disaster management cycle consist of six main activities

➢Preparedness includes the formulation of viable emergency plans, the development

➢Preparedness therefore encompasses those measures taken before a disaster event

➢ To be effective, warnings must be related to mass education and training of the

the needy, restoration of communication, disbursement of assistance in cash or kind.

➢Rehabilitation: Rehabilitation includes the provision of temporary public utilities and

Long-term prevention/disaster reduction measures for examples like construction of

➢The High Power Committee on Disaster Management, constituted in 1999, has

Department of Civil Engineering, GIT, GITAM, Visakhapatnam 31

Department of Civil Engineering, GIT, GITAM, Visakhapatnam 33

Department of Civil Engineering, GIT, GITAM, Visakhapatnam 34

Gender and family

Department of Civil Engineering, GIT, GITAM, Visakhapatnam 35

Department of Civil Engineering, GIT, GITAM, Visakhapatnam 36

Department of Civil Engineering, GIT, GITAM, Visakhapatnam 37

Department of Civil Engineering, GIT, GITAM, Visakhapatnam 38

Low or negative social support

Department of Civil Engineering, GIT, GITAM, Visakhapatnam 39

Department of Civil Engineering, GIT, GITAM, Visakhapatnam 40

Department of Civil Engineering, GIT, GITAM, Visakhapatnam 41

➢Disasters continue to occur without warning and are perceived to be on an

➢ Asia tops the list of casualties due to natural disasters.

Department of Civil Engineering, GIT, GITAM, Visakhapatnam 42

• On its heels, on January 4, an earthquake of 6.7 magnitude shook Manipur and

Department of Civil Engineering, GIT, GITAM, Visakhapatnam 55

• As many as 38 cities are located in zones with seismic susceptibility in the

Department of Civil Engineering, GIT, GITAM, Visakhapatnam 56

• Poor land-use planning, indiscriminate approvals of building plans (often in

• Abating destruction-risk requires a mainstreaming of disaster planning. To do

Department of Civil Engineering, GIT, GITAM, Visakhapatnam 57