Oxidation-Reduction reactions

Chapter 4
Kimia Dasar I (CH1101)
2021-2022
Outline
1. Define oxidation and reduction,
2. Define oxidizing agents and
reducing agents
3. Oxidation numbers
4. Balance oxidation/reduction
reactions
5. Stoichiometry of
oxidation/reduction reactions
INTRO

FeCl3 + 3NaOH → Fe(OH)3 + 3NaCl

Iron(III) chloride Iron(III) hydroxide

2FeCl3 + 2KI → 2FeCl2 + I2 + 2KCl

Iron(III) chloride Iron(II) chloride

• First, let’s give the name of the Fe compounds!

• Second, what is the difference of Fe compounds
on those reactions?
Oxidation-Reduction reactions
Electron transfer reactions
• Electrons transferred from one substance to another
• Also called redox reactions to emphasize that
reduction and oxidation must always occur together
• Important class of chemical reactions that occur in all
areas of chemistry and biology (combustion, rusting,
energy storage etc)

https://kaiserscience.wordpress.com/chemistry/chemical- http://www.electrochem.org/redcat- https://www.amazon.com/LG-Original-Battery-

reactions/combustion/ LGIP-430A-Lithium-Ion/dp/B002OE8Q6K
blog/tag/corrosion/
Oxidation-Reduction reactions
Involves 2 processes:
Oxidation = Loss of electrons
Na ⎯→ Na+ + e– Oxidation Half-Reaction
Reduction = Gain of electrons
Cl2 + 2e– ⎯→ 2Cl– Reduction Half-Reaction
Net reaction:
2Na + Cl2 ⎯→ 2Na+ + 2Cl–
• Oxidation and reduction always occur simultaneously
• Σ electrons lost by one substance = Σ electrons electrons
gained by second substance
• For a redox reaction to occur, something must accept
electrons that are lost by another substance
Oxidation-Reduction reactions
Oxidizing Agent (reduction process)
• Substance that accepts electrons
• Accepts electrons from another substance
• Substance that is reduced
• Cl2 + 2e– ⎯→ 2Cl–

Reducing Agent (oxidation process)

• Substance that donates electrons
• Releases electrons to another substance
• Substance that is oxidized
• Na ⎯→ Na+ + e–
Redox in fireworks
Net: 2Mg + O2 ⎯→ 2MgO
(white color fireworks)
Oxidation:
Mg ⎯→ Mg2+ + 2e –
• Loses electrons = oxidized
• Reducing agent
Reduction:
O2 + 4e– ⎯→ 2O2–
• Gains electrons = reduced
• Oxidizing agent

NOTE: different metals result in

different color
Concept check
Which species gets oxidized in the following
reaction?
2Ag+(aq) + Zn(s) ⎯→ Zn2+(s) + 2Ag(s)

A. Ag(s)
B. Ag+(aq)
C. Zn2+(aq)
D. Zn(s)
E. None of these, as this is not a redox reaction
Your Turn!
Which species functions as the oxidizing agent in
the following oxidation-reduction reaction?
Zn(s) + Pt2+(aq) ⎯→ Pt(s) + Zn2+(aq)

A. Pt(s)
B. Zn2+(aq)
C. Pt2+(aq)
D. Zn(s)
E. None of these, as this is not a redox reaction.
Your Turn!
In the following reaction, which species is the
reducing agent and which gets reduced?
2H+(aq) + Mn(s) ⎯→ Mn2+(aq) + H2(g)

A. H+ is the reducing agent and Mn gets reduced

B. H+ is the reducing agent and H+ gets reduced
C. Mn is the reducing agent and H+ gets reduced
D. Mn is the reducing agent and Mn gets reduce
E. Mn is the reducing agent and Mn2+ gets
reduced
Oxidation number
• Way to keep track of electrons
• Not all redox reactions contain O2 or ions
• Covalent molecules and ions often involved
e.g., CH4, SO2, MnO4–, etc.
• Defined by set of rules
• How to divide up shared electrons in compounds with covalent
bonds
• Often whole numbers but can be fractions
• Change in oxidation number of element
during reaction indicates redox reaction has
occurred

2FeCl3 + 2KI → 2FeCl2 + I2 + 2KCl

How to assign oxidation number
1. Oxidation numbers must add up to charge on
molecule, formula unit or ion
2. Atoms of free elements have oxidation numbers of
zero
3. Metals in Groups 1A, 2A, and Al have +1, +2, and
+3 oxidation numbers, respectively
4. F in compounds always have –1 oxidation numbers
5. H in compounds usually have +1 oxidation
numbers, except in metal hydrides –1 (LiH, NaH
etc)
6. Oxygen has –2 oxidation number
7. Group 7A elements have –1 oxidation number
How to assign oxidation number

8. Group 6A elements have –2 oxidation number

9. Group 5A elements have –3 oxidation number
10. When there is a conflict between two of these rules
or ambiguity in assigning an oxidation number,
apply rule with lower number and ignore the
conflicting rule(s)
Example
(identify oxidation number)
1. Li2O
Li = +1, O =-2
atom biloks Jumlah atom total
Li +1 (rule 3) 2 +2
O -2 (rule 6) 1 -2
Total biloks 0 (rule 1)

1. CO2 (perbaiki)
O =-2
C (1 atom) × (x) = x
O (2 atoms) × (–2) = –4 (Rule 6)
sum = 0 (Rule 1)
x – 4 = 0 or x = +4
C is in +4 oxidation state
Concept check
Determine the oxidation number of Cl in ClO4–!

O (4 atoms) × (–2) = –8
Cl (1 atom) × (–1) = –1
(molecular ion) sum ≠ –1 (violates Rule 1)

Rule 6 for oxygen comes before Rule 7 for halogens

O (4 atoms) × (–2) = –8
Cl (1 atom) × (x) = x
sum = –1 (Rule 1)
–8 + x = –1 or x = 8 – 1
So x = +7;
Cl has oxidation state +7
Concept check
Assign oxidation states to all atoms:
• MgCr2O7
Mg =+2; O = –2; and Cr = x (unknown)
[+2] + [2x] + [7 × (–2)] = 0
2x – 12 = 0 x = +6
Cr is oxidation number of +6
• KMnO4
K =+1; O = – 2; so Mn = x
[+1] + [x] + [4 × (–2)] = 0
x–7=0 x = +7
Mn is oxidation number of +7
Your turn!
What is the oxidation number of each atom in
H3PO4?
A. H = –1; P = +5; O = –2
B. H = 0; P = +3; O = –2
C. H = +1; P = +7; O = –2
D. H = +1; P = +1; O = –1
E. H = +1; P = +5; O = –2

+1 +5 -2
H3PO4
Your turn!
What are the oxidation numbers of sodium and iodine
in potassium triiodide, KI3?
A. K = +1; I = 0
B. K = +1; I = -1
C. K = -1; I = -3 So I3 is -1 total
+1
D. K = +1; I = –1/3 Therefore, -1/3
E. K = +1; I = –2/3 for each I atom
KI3
Oxidation numbers can be fractions because they
represent an average number of ‘excess’ electrons
(or lack thereof) on the atoms – in this case,
one extra electron on the three iodide atoms
Recognizing Redox reactions

Reduction and oxidation can be deduced from changes

in oxidation numbers
Your turn!
Assign oxidation numbers to all atoms in the
following reaction and use them to determine
which species gets reduced.

+2 -2 -1/3 +2.5 -2 -1
2S2O32- + I3– ⎯→ S4O62- + 3I–
X + -2 (3) = -2
X – 6 = -2
A. I3– X = +4
B. I– S = +4/2 = +2

C. S4O62- I is reduced from -1/3 to -1

D. S2O32-
Your turn! (homework)
Chlorine dioxide, ClO2 is used to kill bacteria in food
and beverage industries. It is unstable but can be
prepared by the following reaction

Cl2 + 2NaClO2 ⎯→ 2ClO2 + 2NaCl

Identify the substances that oxidized and reduced,

as well as the oxidizing and reducing agents in the
reaction!
Balancing Redox reactions
A solution of K2Cr2O7
oxidizes Fe2+ to Fe3+ in an
acidic solution, while the
orange dichromate ion is
reduced to Cr3+

Cr2O72- + Fe2+ → Cr3+ + Fe3+

Balancing Redox reactions

Cr2O72- + Fe2+ → Cr3+ + Fe3+

• Many redox reactions in aqueous solution

involve H2O and H+ or OH–
• Balancing the equation cannot be done
without special techniques
• Start with acidic solution then work to
basic conditions!
Balancing Redox reactions
Cr2O72- + Fe2+ → Cr3+ + Fe3+
1. Separate the equations into half reactions
Fe2+ ⎯→ Fe3+ (oxidation)
Cr2O72– ⎯→ Cr3+ (reduction)

2. Balance each half-reaction for number

and type of atoms and charges.
(For reactions in an acidic medium, add H2O to
balance the O atoms and H+ to balance the
H atoms)

Oxidation: Fe2+ ⎯→ Fe3+ + e-

Balancing Redox reactions
Reduction: Cr2O72– ⎯→ 2Cr3+ + 7H2O
To balance H atom, add 14 H+
= +6 +0 14 H+ + Cr2O72– ⎯→ 2Cr3+ + 7H2O
= +6
= +6
Balance the charge
14 H+ + Cr2O72– + 6e – ⎯→ 2Cr3+ + 7H2O
3. Add the two half-equations together and
balance the final equation by inspection. The
electrons on both sides must cancel.
(Fe2+ ⎯→ Fe3+ + e-)☓6
14 H+ + Cr2O72– + 6e – ⎯→ 2Cr3+ + 7H2O
14H+ + Cr2O72– + 6Fe2+ ⎯→ 2Cr3+ + 7H2O+ + 6Fe3+
Balancing Redox reactions
14H+ + Cr2O72– + 6Fe2+ ⎯→ 2Cr3+ + 7H2O+ + 6Fe3+
4. Verify that the equation contains the
same type and numbers of atoms and the
same charges on both sides of the equation.
Note: balanced reaction above for acid media

5. To change into balanced reaction in

alkaline media we need to add OH – for every
H+ to both sides
14OH – + 14H+ + Cr2O72– + 6Fe2+ ⎯→ 2Cr3+ + 7H2O+ + 6Fe3++ 14OH–
14H2O + Cr2O72– + 6Fe2+ ⎯→ 2Cr3+ + 7H2O+ + 6Fe3++ 14OH–
7H2O + Cr2O72– + 6Fe2+ ⎯→ 2Cr3++ 6Fe3++ 14OH–
Your turn!
Which of the following is a correctly balanced
reduction half-reaction?

A. Fe3+ + e– ⎯→ Fe
B. 2Fe + 6HNO3 ⎯→ 2Fe(NO3)3 + 3H2
C. Mn2+ + 4H2O ⎯→ MnO4– + 8H+ + 5e–
D. 2O2– ⎯→ O2 + 4e–
E. Mg2+ + 2e– ⎯→ Mg
Your turn! (homework)
Balance the following equation:
H2SO3 + MnO4- ⎯→ SO42- + Mn2+
The reaction occurs in an acidic solution.

5H2SO3 + 2MnO4- ⎯→ 5SO42- + 2Mn2+ +3H2O + 4H+

Your turn! (homework)
Balance the following equation in an basic solution

SO32- + MnO4- ⎯→ SO42- + MnO2

2H+ + 3SO32- + 2MnO4- ⎯→ 3SO42- + 2MnO2 + H2O (acid)

H2O + 3SO32- + 2MnO4- ⎯→ 3SO42- + 2MnO2 + 2OH- (basic)
Stoichiometry in Redox reactions
Like any other stoichiometry problem
• Balance redox reaction
• Use stoichiometric coefficients to relate mole of
one substance to moles of another

Types of problems
• Start with mass or volume of one reactant and
find mass or volume of product
• Perform titrations
• Have limiting reactant calculations
• Calculate percentage yields
Stoichiometry in Redox reactions
(homework)
Example: How many grams of Na2SO3 (126.1
g/mol) are needed to completely react with 12.4 g
of K2Cr2O7 (294.2 g/mol)?

First need balanced redox equation

8H+(aq) + Cr2O72–(aq) + 3SO32–(aq) → 3SO42–(aq) +
2Cr3+(aq) + 4H2O
Then do calculations
1. mass K2Cr2O7  moles K2Cr2O7  moles Cr2O72–(aq)
2. moles Cr2O72–(aq)  moles 3SO42–(aq)
3. moles SO32–(aq)  moles Na2SO3  g Na2SO3