15/2021 PPE hydro All Noles - Evernote ort HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER PLANT ~ A facility at which electric energy is produced by hydroelectric generators Site Selection for a Hydro Power plant Availability of Water Water storage Water Head Accessibility of site Distance from the load center Geological characteristics of the site Plant Capacity 1. Micro Hydel plants ~ capacity less than SMW 2. Medium Capacity plants ~ capacity between SMW and 100MW 3. High Capacity plants — capacity between 101MW to 1000MW 4, Super hydro plants - capacity greater than 1000MW_ Basic Parts of High Head Hydre-Electric Power Plant: Reservoir ~ stores the water coming from the upper river or water falls Headwater — the water in the reservoir or upper pool ‘ Spillway ~ a weir in the reservoir which discharges excess water so that the head of the plant will be maintained. Dam ~ the concrete structure that encloses the reservoir Slit Sluice - a chamber which collects the mud and through which the mud is discharged ‘Trash Rack ~ a screen which prevents the leaves, branches and other water contaminants t enter into the penstock Valve- opens or closes the entrance of the water into the penstock. Surge Chamber - a standpipe connected to the atmosphere and attached to the penstock so that the water will be at atmospheric pressure. Penstock ~ the channe! that leads the water from the reservoir to the turbine. A long pipe or the shaft that earres the water flowing form the reservoir towards the power generation wnt comprised of the turbines and generator. The water in the penstock possesses kinelic eneny due to its motion and potential energy duc to its height Hydraulic Turbine — a device that convents the energy of the water into mechanical energy. Generator — converts the mechanical energy of the turbine into electrical energy output Draft tube ~ connects the turbine outlet to the tail water so thatthe turbine can be set above the tail water level. A pipe that conducts the water from the turbine to the tailrace so that the turbine can be set above the tail water level. Is an empty structure made beneath the turbine Purpose;] to reduce the velocity head losses of the water:2)to allow the turbine to be set above the tailrace to facilitate inspection and maintenance. Tailrace — a channel which leads the water from the turbine to the tail water. A canal that is used to carry the water away from the plant Tail water ~ the water that is discharged from the turbine Undershot wheel - water enters at the bottom of the wheel tangential to its periphery and impinges on the bucket or vanes. hitps:tiwwn.everote.comiclentwebi#?an=true&n=aedBed38-0920-4abt-hda7-2870281720a18 4815/2021 Al Noles - Evernote Breast Shot wheel ~ a wheel used for heads up to 16f1, where water enters between the bottom and top of the whee! at an angle and is prevented from leaving the whee! by a bre wall on the side of the wheel Over shot wheel a wheel used for high heady, where water enters the Whect atthe top by being discharge from a fume Spiral ease ~ it conducts the water around the reaction type turbine HYDRO BLECTIIC POWER PLANT A IMPULSE EVEL atte Tenses | Gms teat wit Kinds of Turbine Turbines are sometimes classified according to their principle of operation AN turbi ‘operate by impulse or reaction, or by combination of these principles. In a the force ofa fast-moving fluid striking the blades makes the rotor spin. In the rotor tums primarily as a result of the weigh or pressure of a fluid on the blades. ‘Turbines are commonly classified by the type of fluid that turns them, According to this method, there are four main kinds of turbines, bitps svn. evernote.comvcentweb#7an-trueSn-aedBed38-0620-4abr-b4e7-281c281720018 2615/2021 Al Noles - Evernote wurbines 2. Steam turbines 3. Gas turbines 4, Wind turbines Water turbines = also called hydraulic turbines, Most water turb9nes are driven by water from waterfalls or by water that is stored behind dams, The turbines are used! primary to power electric we tors at hydroelectric plants, The type of water irbine used ala plant depends on the hhead available. A Head is the distance the water falls before it strikes the turbine. Heads range from about 2,5 meters to more than 300 meters. Kinds of Water Turbine a. Pelton wheel ~ is an impulse turbine. It is used with heads of more than 300meters. A Pelton’s rotor consists of a single wheel mounted on a horizontal axle, The wheel has cup-shaped buckets around its perimeter. Water from a lake or reservoir drops toward the turbine through a long pipe called penstock. One to six nozzles at the end of the penstock increase the water's velocity and aim the water toward the buckets. The force of these high-speed jets of water against the buckets turns the whee! b. Francis turbine ~ The rotor is enclosed in a casing. Its wheel has as many as 24 curved blades. Its axle is vertical. The wheel of a Francis turbine operates, underwater. Itis encircled by a ring of guide vanes, which can be opencd or closed to control the amount of water flowing past the wheel. The spaces between the vanes act as nozzles to direct the water toward the center of the wheel, The rotor is turned chiefly by the weight or pressure of the flowing water. Kaplan turbine — is used for heads of less than 30meters. The Kaplan rotor resembles a ship’s propeller. It has from three to eight blades on a vertical axl. Itworks in a manner similar to that of Francis turbine, Both the Kaplan turbine and Francis turbine are Reaction Turbine, Impulse turbine ~ converts the energy of fluid in the form of pressure. Reaction turbine — converts the energy by reaction on rotor blades, when the fluid undergoes a change of momentum. Performance of Hydroelectric Power Plant: 1. Gross Head, hg = the difference between head water and tail water elevations,(The difference in elevation between the head water level and tail water level) hitps:iwwn.everote.comiclentiwebi#?an=true&n=aedBed38-0920-4abt-hda7-2670281720a18 3515/2021 6 [A Notas -Evernota Ihe = how =e Friction Head loss, hy is the head lost by the flow in a stream or conduit due to frietional disturbances set up by the moving Muid and its containing conduit and by wntermolecular friction, =m (Darey Equation) (Morse Equation) where’ £= coefficient of friction (Moody friction factor) L.= total Iength of pipe, in meters (Length of penstock) velocity, m/sec 81 misec* inside diameter, meters (Friction head loss is usually expressed as @ percentage of the gross head) Nel head or Effective Head, h = difference betw a the gross head and the friction head hh y= hy Penstock efficiency, Ei ~ the ratio of the net head to the gross head beak Volume flow rate of water, Q (Discharge or rate of flow) = the product of the velocity and A we d V velocity , see Water Power, Pw ~ the power generated from an elevated water supply by the use of hhydraulie turbines Pom Qdh :KW cter of penstock Where 5 = specific weight of water or density 9.81 KNim" 1000ky/m! Brake Power , BP (turbine ot BP = 2nTn Turbine efficiency, 1 Drake torque n= rpm a515/2021 Al Noles - Evernote 0 convene, He 10, Generator Speed, N Ne BO ° Where > frequeney (usualy 60 bz) Pp \ber of poles (even number) usually divisible by 4 11 hydraulic efficiency, na 12, Head of pelton (Impulse) Turbine ~ power-eneration prime mover in which fuid under pressure enters a stationary nozzle where iis pressure (potental)energy is converted 10 velocity (kinetic) energy and absorbed by the rotor. beat Where V = velocity of jt P= inlet gage pressure G=981 m/sec? 13. Head of reaction (Francis and Kaplan) Turbine = power-generation prime mover utilizing 7 steady flow principle of fuid acceleration where nozzles are mounted on the moving element velocityof jet Yah Where D = diameter of runner, meters N speed of runner, rev/sec 81 m/sec? hitps:iwwn.everote.comiclentiwebi?a rreSn=aed8ed38-0920-4abt-b4aT-e8 126420818 35