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Description:
Gas Turbine is a combustion engine in applications, much above 10MW. Large units regularly
operate in 100MW to approximately 230MW. Gas turbines burn fuels such as oil, nature gas and
pulverized (powdered) coal.
Working Principle:
Air is compressed (squeezed) to high pressure by a compressor.
Then fuel and compressed air are mixed in a combustion chamber and ignited.
Hot gases are given off, which spin the turbine wheel.
In the gas turbine power plant air is compressed in a compressor. This compressed air then
passes through a combustion chamber where the temperature of the compressed air rises. That
high temperature and high-pressure air is passed through a gas turbine. In turbine the compressed
air is suddenly expanded; hence it gains kinetic energy, and because of this kinetic energy the air
can do mechanical work for rotating the turbine.
In a gas turbine power plant, the shaft of turbine, alternator and air compressor are common.
The mechanical energy created in the turbine is partly utilised to compress the air. Gas turbine
power plants are mainly used as standby auxiliary power supplier in a hydroelectric power plant.
It generates auxiliary power during starting of a hydroelectric power plant.
It is simple in construction. There is no need for boiler, condenser and other accessories
as in the case of steam power plants.
Storage of fuel requires less area and handling is easy
The cost of maintenance is less
Cheaper fuel such as kerosene, paraffin, benzene and powdered coal can be used which
are cheaper than petrol and diesel.
Gas turbine plants can be used in water scarcity areas.
Less pollution and less water is required.
The constant loss is quite smaller in gas turbine power plant compared to a steam turbine
power plant because in the steam turbine power plant boiler has to run continuously even
when the system does not supply load to the grid.
Disadvantages:
66% of the power developed is used to drive the compressor. Therefore the gas turbine
unit has a low thermal efficiency. Because of its lower efficiency, a gas turbine power
plant cannot be utilized for commercial production of electricity instead it is normally
used to supply auxiliary power to other conventional power plants such as hydroelectric
power plant
The running speed of gas turbine is in the range of (40,000 to 100,000 rpm) and the operating
temperature is as high as 110-12600℃ . For this reason special metals and alloys have to be
used for the various parts of the turbine. The temperature of the furnace is quite high in a
gas turbine power plant. This makes the system lifespan smaller than that of an
equivalent steam turbine power plant.
High frequency noise from the compressor is objectionable.
The mechanical energy created in the turbine is also utilised to run the air compressor.
Since a major portion of mechanical energy created in the turbine is utilised to run the air
compressor the overall efficiency of gas turbine power plant is not as high as an
equivalent steam turbine power plant.
Not only have that, the exhaust gases in gas turbine power plant curries significant heat
from the furnace. This also causes the efficiency of the system low further.
To start power plant pre-compressed is required. So before actual starting of the turbine
air should be pre-compressed which requires an auxiliary power supply for starting a gas
turbine power plant. Once the plant is started there is no more need of supplying external
power but at starting point external power is essential.
KJ
Compressor work; Wc = mCp (T2-T1) where Cp = 1.0 for air
kg−° K
k k
T3 V T3 P3 k−1
P3V = P4V
3 4
T4
= ( 34 ¿ ¿ k−1 T4
= (P ¿¿ k
4
Wn W t −W C
5. Cycle Efficiency; ղ = QA
= QA
1
In terms of rp: ղ = 1- k−1
k
** given the consideration from process 1-4
rp
Ideal Actual
Compressor Work Wc = mCp (T2-T1) Ideal compressor work Wc
Wc’ = compressor efficiency
= ղc
Wc’= mCp (T2’-T1)
Heat Added QA = mCp (T3 - T2) QA = mCp (T3 - T2)
Heat supplied by Qf = mfQh = marfQh
fuel
Where: Qh = heating value of fuel
Turbine work Wt = mCp (T3-T4) Wt’= ideal turbine work x turbine efficiency
Wt’= Wt x ղ t
Net Turbine Work Wn = Wt - Wc Wn = Wt’ - Wc’
1
Thermal efficiency ղ th = 1- k−1
rp k
Compressor T '2−T 1
efficiency ղc =
T 2−T 1
Combustor Heat absorbed by air
ղ ce =
efficiency Heat absorbed by fuel
1
C p ( T 2−T 1 ) + (V 22−V 12)
ղ ce = 2
mf Qh
Cycle efficiency Wn W n'
ղ= QA
ղ= Q
A
Problem set
1. In a gas turbine operating on the air standard cycle, the air enters the compressor
at 100KPa and 30°C at the rate of 20 m3/sec and is compressed to 500KPa. The
maximum temperature is 780°C and the exit pressure of the turbine is 100KPa.
Determine the net turbine power. Answer. 4853W
2. Air enters the compressor of a gas turbine at 100KPa and 30°C at the rate of 20
m3/sec and is compressed to 500KPa. The maximum temperature is 780°C and the
exit pressure of the turbine is 100KPa. What is the net turbine power and cycle
efficiency if the compressor efficiency is 80% and the turbine efficiency is 85%?
Answer: 2496KW. 18.94%
3. Air enters the compressor of a gas turbine at 100KPa and 25°C with a volume
flow rate of 4 m3/sec. The compressor pressure ratio is 8 and its isentropic
efficiency is 90%. At the inlet to the turbine, the pressure is 900KPa and 1127°C
temperature. The turbine has an isentropic efficiency of 85% and the exit pressure
is 100KPa. On the basis of an air- standard analysis, what is the thermal
efficiency of the cycle in percent? Answer:33.26%