2558
5, SEPTEMBER 2015
Three-Phase Fault Detection During
Power Swing by Transient Monitor
Jalal Khodaparast and Mojtaba Khederzadeh, Senior Member, IEEE
Abstract—Distance relays are immune to inadvertent operation
during power swings by a block known as “power swing blocking
(PSB)”. Its main function is discriminating faults from power
swings. However, if a fault occurs during a power swing, PSB
should be de-blocked and let the distance relay to operate normally
and clear the fault accordingly. Meanwhile, discrimination of a
three-phase fault from a power swing is the most difficult task due
to their likelihood. This paper proposes a new method to overcome
this issue by monitoring the transient period established in the
process of current dynamic phasor estimation. In this regard,
transient monitor (TM) index, which is the difference between the
estimated current samples regenerated from the calculated dy-
namic phasors and the actual sample values, is used to distinguish
the fault from the power swing. Fourier-Taylor transformation
is applied to estimate the dynamic phasor of the current signal.
Simulation results verify the inherent potential of the proposed
method to overcome the issue.
Index Terms—Distance relay, dynamic phasor, power swing
blocking, three-phase fault, transient monitor.
I. INTRODUCTION
P OWER systems are prone to faults, which should be iden-
tified and cleared in due time to protect the equipments
and allow normal operation of the system, thereafter. Distance
relay is used to protect the transmission line by measuring the
apparent impedance in order to estimate the distance to fault.
Power swing is a phenomenon that creates large fluctuations of
active and reactive powers between two areas of an electrical
system following severe disturbances such as line faults, loss of
generating units, and switching heavy loads. It could affect the
distance relay's behavior, which may result in the relay malfunc-
tion. Recent blackouts indicate the involvement of Zone 3 of
distance relays during system stressed conditions such as power
swings [1]–[5].
The main task of power swing blocking (PSB) unit is to pre-
vent unintended operation of the relay during stable or unstable
power swing. The most common technique in order to detect a
power swing is based on different rates of impedance changes.
In other words, when a fault occurs, the impedance change rate
from a normal-load point to fault-point is significantly faster
than power swing condition [5]. When a fault occurs during a
Manuscript received March 16, 2014; revised July 01, 2014 and September
14, 2014; accepted October 13, 2014. Date of publication November 06, 2014;
date of current version July 17, 2015. Paper no. TPWRS-00372-2014.
The authors are with the Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran 1658953571, Iran (e-mail: J_Khoda-
parast@sbu.ac.ir; khederzadeh@pwut.ac.ir).
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TPWRS.2014.2365511
0885-8950 © 2014 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS, VOL. 30, NO.
power swing, the PSB should differentiate it from power swing
to unblock relay. Due to the presence of the negative and zero
sequences, the detection procedure of unsymmetrical faults is
easier than that of symmetrical ones.
Different methods are proposed to solve this problem. Power
swing center voltage (SCV) is a method which is proposed in
[6], but has the difficulty in choosing an appropriate threshold;
meanwhile, it has a relatively long detection time (two cycles).
Wavelet transform utilization is introduced in [7]; however,
it needs relatively high sampling rate (40.96 KHz). In [8], a
method based on extracting the high frequency component en-
ergy of the forward and backward traveling waves is proposed.
Differential power based fault detection technique is also pro-
posed, which makes use of auto regression technique to predict
the future samples [9]; however, it needs a lot of simulations
to select the appropriate parameters of the regression method.
Approximate entropy of the signal to detect the fault during the
power swing is proposed in [10]. In [11], superposition the-
orem is used for detection of direction, selection of the faulted
phase, and detection of power swing. While the method does
not require complicated mathematical operations, setting the
threshold value is a difficult task. Another method is proposed
in [12] that uses the decaying dc component of the fault current,
extracted by the Prony analysis as an index of presence of a
fault. In [13], a technique based on negative sequence compo-
nent of the current signal is used for detecting all types of faults;
however, it is applicable only to compensated lines. In [14],
a method based on the maximum change rate of three-phase
active and reactive powers is proposed, which is zero during
fault and higher than 0.7 during power swing; nevertheless,
the method ignores the resistive component of the impedance.
Another method is proposed in [15] based on detection of the
fundamental frequency component created on the instantaneous
three-phase active power after inception of a symmetrical fault;
however, it assumes that the fault resistance is negligible. In
[16], an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system is proposed that
in spite of its fast response, re-training is required whenever the
power system experiences major changes.
In this paper, an index named transient monitor (TM) is used
as an indicator of a fault during a power swing. The proposed
method is based on comparing the calculated TM and the speci-
fied threshold. It will detect the fault whenever the TM exceeds
the predetermined threshold during a power swing. As phasor
estimation is the major part of this index calculation, dynamic
phasors are used to enhance the performance of the method. The
threshold value is determined by phasor estimation accuracy. As
dynamic phasors are used to extract the signals, so the threshold
value is reduced.
Traditionally, the phasor is defined for steady state sinusoidal
signals with constant amplitude and phase. However, the power
KHODAPARAST AND KHEDERZADEH: THREE-PHASE FAULT DETECTION DURING POWER SWING BY TRANSIENT MONITOR 2559

Fig. 1. Two-machine system with distance relay.

system is actually in dynamic condition. In the dynamic con-

dition, the amplitude and phase varies with time, which intro-
duces the concept of dynamic phasor [17]. Due to lack of rec-
ommended specific algorithm to estimate phasor in IEEE Std.
C37.118, phasor estimation has attracted a lot of attention [18].
Different algorithms are proposed to estimate the dynamic pha-
sors [19]–[24]. In this paper, the amplitude and phase of the
power system variables are considered as time dependent and
are represented by second-order Taylor polynomials, estimated
by the least square method.
The contributions of the paper are summarized as follows:
• Dynamic phasors are used to calculate apparent impedance
seen by distance relay to enhance the performance of the
relay during stressed conditions like power swing.
• A relevant index is introduced to discriminate a power
swing from a three-phase fault, especially when the relay is
blocked during a power swing and a three-phase fault oc-
curs. It is worth noting that monitoring the transient period
using dynamic phasors is a new contribution well suited Fig. 2. Z locus for a) pure power swing and b) fault during power swing.
for this application.
The paper is organized as follows: Section II briefly describes
the concept of power swing and inception of a fault during a this scenario continues until it reaches to an equilibrium point.
power swing. TM using dynamic phasors as a tool for discrimi- Once a fault occurs, the impedance leaves the power swing locus
nation of a fault from a power swing is presented in Section III. immediately and reaches to the line . At this time, the relay
Section IV deals with the error analysis originated by noise. must detect the fault and trip quickly. This scenario is shown
Section V presents simulation results to verify the proposed in Fig. 2(b). This paper proposes a technique (using TM) for
approach. detecting this situation (faults) during the power swing.

II. POWER SWING AND FAULT DURING POWER SWING III. TRANSIENT MONITOR
The effect of power swing on the performance of distance TM is introduced to examine the quality of phasor estimation.
relay is well described by a simple two-machine model as shown It is actually the difference of real input samples and the recom-
in Fig. 1. and are the voltages behind transient reac- puted samples obtained by phasor estimation [25]. A sinusoidal
tances with constant magnitude and variable phase during a signal is described as
power swing. leads by the angle . Bus B is supposed
as an infinite bus and as the total impedance (including trans- (2)
mission line and transient reactances of the machines); thereby, where is the amplitude of signal , is the sample number,
the apparent impedance seen by the distance relay is is the phase angle in radians, and ( is the sample
per cycle). Conventional (static) phasor is expressed as
(1) (3)

Based on (2) and with samples per cycle, we have

For a constant and different ratio, the locus of
as shown in Fig. 2 is a circular arc or a straight line. According
to Fig. 2, for , the swing-impedance locus is a
straight line perpendicular to line at its midpoint, where
the voltage becomes zero (similar to a fault), i.e., and
are in phase opposition . The main application of
these arcs is to determine values of by intersecting swing-
impedance loci and arcs. Fig. 2(a) shows an example of stable
power swing. For instance, impedance starts from in (4)
its first swing, reaches to , and then returns back;
2560
Equation (4) is a discrete time signal
in terms of static phasor's Taylor-Fourier coefficients
and represents the conjugate operator. These coef-
ficients are estimated from the least square method:
(5)
where is the Hermitian transpose operator. Re-computing the
samples from the estimated phasor is as follows:
(6)
The difference between the input and recomputed sample
data, calculated from the phasor estimates, is considered as the
error of estimation process [25]:
(7)
Therefore, TM is calculated by
(8)
Pure sinusoidal input results in zero value for TM because the
estimated phasor is exactly equal to the input. However, during
a pure power swing, the signal could be defined as
(9)
where is sample per swing frequency, and is the amplitude
of the envelope of the signal. Therefore, during power swing,
the first column of is obtained as
(10)
Regarding (10), the result is approximately zero because the
variation of amplitude is negligible during low frequency oscil-
lation:
(11)
However, when a fault occurs during the power swing, the input
signal of phasor estimation process is considered as
(12)
where is the starting sample of a fault, is the amplitude,
and . When the first sample of the fault is
observed in the data window, is not equal to zero anymore,
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS, VOL. 30, NO. 5, SEPTEMBER 2015
because the last inserted sample is noticeably different from the
others:
(13)
The difference between TM values during a pure power
swing and during a fault condition is an indication of fault
inception. By increasing the value of this difference, the reli-
ability of the fault detection method based on TM enhances.
Therefore, phasor should be estimated more accurately during
power swing. As the amplitude and phase of the voltage/current
signal have variable values during a power swing, dynamic
phasor concept is the best tool for this condition. A sinusoidal
quantity with variable amplitude and phase is defined as
(14)
where and are the variable amplitude and phase of
the signal, respectively; is the dynamic phasor expressed
as
(15)
In order to approximate dynamic phasor, second-order Taylor
series of around is given by
(16)
According to the equations presented in [17] and for
N samples of the signal in (14), the discrete time signal
in terms of its Taylor-Fourier
coefficients is extracted as
(17)
where matrix is in the basic form of in (4) with the dif-
ference that it contains first and second derivative of dynamic
phasor.
These coefficients are calculated by least square method as
(18)
The difference between input and recomputed sample data,
calculated from the dynamic phasor estimates, is considered as
the error of estimation process:
(19)
Therefore, the first array of is obtained as
(20)
where are constant parameters. The accuracy
of phasor estimation obtained by dynamic phasor is higher than
static one due to consideration of first and second derivatives of
KHODAPARAST AND KHEDERZADEH: THREE-PHASE FAULT DETECTION DURING POWER SWING BY TRANSIENT MONITOR
Fig. 3. Flowchart of the proposed method.
the phasor. The result of (20) is approximately zero like (10), but
its value is relatively lower than (10), which represents lower
TM for dynamic phasor during power swing compared to the
static one.
In this paper, dynamic phasor of currents is calculated based
on second-order Taylor-Fourier method and TM index is used
to detect three-phase fault during power swing. Current signal is
considered as input signal because its TM is higher than voltage.
A flowchart of proposed method is shown in Fig. 3.
IV. ERROR ANALYSIS
Noise is an unwanted part of every signal in real condition
and affects the accuracy of phasor estimation part of the pro-
posed method. Noise is considered zero-mean Gaussian noise
in the input signal. By adding a sinusoidal quantity with vari-
able amplitude and phase to Gaussian noise, (21) is resulted as
(21)
where is a zero-mean Gaussian noise with a variance of .
In this condition, (22) is the matrix form of (21) based on N
samples of the noisy signal, as
(22)
where and , , and are
matrices defined in (17). By assuming the covariance matrix of
noise as . (where is a unit matrix), the solution of
(22) based on least square method is [25]
(23)
Covariance matrix of the phasor estimation error is
obtained as
(24)
2561
Fig. 4. Amplitude estimation during power swing using dynamic phasor.
where is the exact value of the phasor and is the estimated
one. (sample per cycle) and (variance of input error) are
two parameters which affect the output of (24). has inverse
relationship with the phasor estimation error, while has di-
rect relationship, which will be demonstrated in the simulation
results.
V. SIMULATION RESULTS
Simulations are performed for different operating conditions
with dynamic phasor estimation during power swing and three-
phase fault.
A. Evaluation of Dynamic Phasor Estimation
Test signal (25) is used to validate the proposed method in
estimating the dynamic phasor in power swing condition:
(25)
where
The result of phasor estimation is shown in Fig. 4. Power
swing is composed of amplitude and phase modulation.
Fig. 4 shows only the amplitude estimation. Errors on the
order of are provided by this method (second-order
Fourier-Taylor transform) which indicates that a low threshold
value for the diagnosis process is required.
B. Effect of Sampling Frequency and Noise Variance on the
Accuracy of Phasor Estimation
Standard deviation of dynamic phasor estimation depends
on error variance of additive noise and sampling frequency
of the input signal. Higher sampling rates produce lower
estimation errors, while lower variances of the input noise
produce lower error values. In order to show the effect of noise
variance and sampling frequency on the standard deviation
simultaneously, the test signal (25) is utilized; this is sampled
at six different sampling rates (8, 16, 32, 64, 128, and 256
times per cycle) and additive noise with nine different vari-
ances .
Fig. 5 shows the standard deviation of 1000 phasor estimation
2562
Fig. 5. Effect of variance and frequency sampling on standard deviation of
dynamic phasor estimation error.
Fig. 6. Frequency responses of second-order Taylor-Fourier (dynamic phasor).
errors. This figure clearly indicates the direct relationship of
the error standard deviation and noise variance, meanwhile its
inverse relationship with the sampling frequency.
C. Harmonic and Frequency Analysis
Frequency analysis illustrates the relationship between the
input signal and output signal in the frequency domain. It is done
by exciting the estimator with a complex exponential sequence
signal , where is fundamental angular frequency and
is the harmonic order).
The frequency response of dynamic phasor estimation
method is shown in Fig. 6. As shown in this figure, the mag-
nitude response is unsymmetrical. This is well explained by
the fact that the asymmetries belong to complex filters. It
is apparent when the input signal corresponds to a constant
amplitude and constant phase signal that this method works
properly with a gain equal to 1 p.u. in the magnitude response.
This frequency domain analysis simply shows the advantage of
dynamic phasor method in comparison to the static phasor in
oscillating condition.
The main feature of an appropriate method is to provide a gain
with value of 1 p.u. around the positive fundamental frequency
and a zero-gain in the negative fundamental frequency. This is
mainly because the signal model corresponds to two rotary com-
ponents; the first one rotates at positive and the second one ro-
tates at negative fundamental frequency. Therefore, complete
elimination of negative and complete passing of positive signal
is the main duty of the method. This feature could be accessible
by the dynamic phasor concept as shown in Fig. 6. The flatter
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS, VOL. 30, NO. 5, SEPTEMBER 2015
interval around the fundamental frequency leads to lower distor-
tions in the phasor estimation. The more persistent flat gain of
the method validates the strength of the dynamic phasor concept
in oscillating conditions. This figure also helps to explain the
behavior of the dynamic phasor method when other frequency
components are present in the input signal. This method pro-
vides zero-gain in non-fundamental components, which demon-
strates its ability to remove the harmonic impacts in the output.
So, this method does not have difficulties in harmonic condi-
tions, and as a consequence, presence of harmonics has no ef-
fect on the fault detection approach.
D. Fault Detection During Power Swing
To demonstrate the proposed fault detection method, a series
of simulations are carried out on a two-machine system, shown
in Fig. 1. To excite the power swing with different slip frequen-
cies, displacement angle of source , i.e., , is considered as
follows:
(26)
where is a constant scaling coefficient, is the damping
time constant, and is the slip frequency. Power system
frequency is 50 Hz and it is sampled at 2 kHz. The data of the
power system, shown in Fig. 1, are: , ,
, , . The
power system condition during power swing is: Fault posi-
tion=100% of the line length, Load angle= , Fault inception
time=1 s, Fault duration=0.2 s, Swing frequency=5 Hz.
The impedance locus for this condition is determined and
shown in Fig. 7(a). According to this figure, the impedance starts
to move at =0.4 s and enters into the protective relay's charac-
teristics of distance relay due to the power swing. In this condi-
tion, the distance relay is blocked to avoid inadvertent tripping
during power swing; meanwhile, a fault occurs at =1 s. So
the impedance leaves the power swing locus immediately and
reaches to the fault impedance point at =1.06 s. Distance relay
should detect this condition and be unblocked.
TM calculated by dynamic phasor which is proposed in this
paper is used to detect this condition. TM calculation procedure
for current dynamic phasor is shown step by step in Fig. 7(b).
The value of TM during power swing is negligible due to the
high accuracy of dynamic phasor estimation as demonstrated
before. When three-phase fault is initiated , TM shows
an upward trend due to a series of windows in phasor estima-
tion process which contain both pre-fault and fault data [shaded
boxes in Fig. 7(b)]. According to this figure, by determining a
low threshold value, the proposed method can detect the fault
during a power swing, accurately.
In order to examine the accuracy of the proposed method
in detecting a fault during power swing, superimposed current
method is used and their corresponding results for three dif-
ferent cases (based on Table I) are shown in Fig. 8. Super-
imposed method is based on extracting superimposed compo-
nent, created at fault time. The changes created during transi-
tion from a normal state to a fault state in a power system com-
monly known as superimposed component could be considered
as an index to distinguish the fault. This component is calcu-
lated based on subtracting the expected no-fault current sample
from the latest measured sample [8].
KHODAPARAST AND KHEDERZADEH: THREE-PHASE FAULT DETECTION DURING POWER SWING BY TRANSIENT MONITOR
Fig. 7. Step by step evaluation of the proposed fault detection method. (a) Z
locus of power swing, (b) Current transient monitor.
Case 1) Regarding Fig. 8(a), both methods show appropriate
behavior in this condition. By allocating threshold
about 0.3 for superimposed method, three-phase
fault can be detected correctly. This value is about
0.01 for the proposed method.
Case 2) Regarding Fig. 8(b), the proposed method can de-
tect the fault accurately as the previous case but
superimposed method needs a high value for the
threshold (about 0.8) which is due to the high angle
difference between the two machine voltages
2563
TABLE I
DIFFERENT CASES FOR COMPARISON BETWEEN PROPOSED
AND SUPERIMPOSED METHOD
Fig. 8. Comparison of the proposed and superimposed methods in different
cases based on Table I. (a) Case 1. (b) Case 2. (c) Case 3.
. Therefore, the reliability of the superimposed
method in this condition is very low.
Case 3) Regarding Fig. 8(c), a three-phase fault is initiated
with during a power swing with frequency
of 2 Hz. Superimposed method actually loses its
ability to detect the fault during power swing, while
the proposed method operates successfully in this
condition like the previous cases.
E. Results for the WSCC
For evaluation of the proposed method's performance in a
large system, three-machine WSCC is considered and simulated
in MATLAB [Fig. 9(a)] [13]. Distributed models are used for
transmission lines, and saturation effect is considered for trans-
formers. A distance relay is considered at bus-8 on line 8–9. A
three-phase fault is simulated on line 6–9 at 0.6 s and is cleared
after 0.05 s by opening the breakers of both ends (CB1, CB2).
This event causes a power swing on line 8–9 and is observed by
relay R. Needless to say, any fault on line 8–9 during a power
swing should also be detected immediately. During this power
swing, a three-phase fault occurs on this line at 1.5 s, 400 km
far away from relay R. The voltage waveform of phase-A seen
by R is shown in Fig. 9(b).
For verification of the proposed method in different condi-
tions, six different cases are considered (as listed in Table II)
and the corresponding results are shown in Figs. 10 and 11.
2564
Fig. 9. WSCC simulation. (a) Single-line. (b) Phase A bus voltage measured
by relay R for inception of fault at 1.5 s during power swing started at 0.65 s.
TABLE II
DIFFERENT STUDY CASES DURING POWER SWING FOR WSCC
According to Fig. 10, the threshold value is determined around
0.7 A based on different switching simulations to improve the
security of the proposed method during a noisy condition (Case
B) and a load increasing (Case D) event. The proposed method
operates successfully in harmonic condition (Case A) because
Fourier-Taylor method of phasor estimation removes harmonic
from the output. In the compensated line condition (Case C),
the threshold value of 0.7 A is also appropriate. Detecting
unsymmetrical faults during power swing is best employed
by using negative sequence component. The proposed method
also behaves satisfactorily for unsymmetrical faults according
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS, VOL. 30, NO. 5, SEPTEMBER 2015
Fig. 10. TMs of different cases A, B, C, and D based on Table II for WSCC.
Fig. 11. TMs of different cases E and F based on Table II for WSCC.
Fig. 12. Threshold values of different presented methods.
to Fig. 11, where Case E is for a two-phase fault and Case F is
for a single-phase fault during a power swing.
F. Comparison With Other Methods
Three common methods in discriminating fault from power
swing are considered for comparison. These are proposed in
[15] (method 1), in [14] (method 2), and in [11] (method 3).
The methods 1, 2, and 3 and the proposed method are applied
to WSCC and the results are presented in Fig. 12. According to
Fig. 12, the proposed method provides the least threshold value,
so it is the most reliable method.
KHODAPARAST AND KHEDERZADEH: THREE-PHASE FAULT DETECTION DURING POWER SWING BY TRANSIENT MONITOR
VI. CONCLUSION
During a power swing, the trajectory of the apparent
impedance seen by a distance relay may enter into its operating
zones, thereby appearing as a fault and causing inadvertent
relay operation, which may lead to unwanted consequences and
affect the system's security.
Power swing blocking unit is designed to prevent this mal-
function in the distance relay. However, if a fault occurs during
stable or unstable power swing, it should be detected and it is
necessary to unblock the relay. In this paper, a new method is
presented to detect a symmetrical fault during a power swing.
The proposed approach is based on the transient variations at
the beginning of the fault inception time that could be well cap-
tured by transient monitor extracted by dynamic phasor estima-
tion method. The transient monitor index is introduced to dif-
ferentiate between the fault and power swing. For validation of
the proposed method, different fault locations, swing frequen-
cies, and fault inception times (different ) are examined during
the power swing period. According to the results, the proposed
method demonstrates its ability to unblock distance relay in dif-
ferent relevant conditions.
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Jalal Khodaparast was born in Iran in 1987. He re-
ceived the B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees in electrical en-
gineering from Shahrood University of Technology,
Shahrood, Iran, in 2008 and 2010, respectively, and is
currently pursuing the Ph.D. degree in the Electrical
and Computer Engineering Department, Abbaspour
Collage of Technology, Shahid Beheshti University,
Tehran, Iran.
His research interests are wide area protection,
flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS), power
system dynamics, digital signal processing, power
electronics, and power quality.
M. Khederzadeh (SM'06) received the B.Sc. degree
in electrical engineering from Sharif University of
Technology, Tehran, Iran, in 1980, the M.Sc. degree
in electrical engineering from Tehran University,
Tehran, Iran, in 1990, and the Ph.D. degree in
electrical engineering from Sharif University of
Technology in 1996.
He was a Postdoctoral Fellow with the University
of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada, from 2004
to 2005. Currently, he is an Associate Professor and
Director of the Power System Protection and Control
Research Center, Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Shahid Be-
heshti University, Tehran, Iran. His research interests include power system pro-
tection, control and monitoring, and power system dynamics.