Forest Ecosystem and Resources (Mike Jones)

1. Biogeography and climate

2. Forest as ecosystem
3. Forest uses and ecosystem services
4. Forest loss
5. Forest landscape restoration

Biomess, forest needs a lot of water, temperature and dryness

Tundra boreal  …  tropical

Forest and climate dynamic

Forest come back if we leave the land

Food web  circular economy  recycling nutrients

Liebig’s Law of the minimum (Growth is controlled by the availability of the scarcest
resource)

Nitrogen and Phosporus is very important for the plant.

Forest and precipitationsheds

People change the forest into they want.

Biological and cultural diversity.

Forest ES
Provisioning: food, wood, fresh water, medicinal
Regulating: Climate, carbon storage, moderation of hazard, water treatment, erosion
prevention, soil fertility, pollination, biological control
Supporting: habitat, genetic diversity
Cultural: recreational, health, tourism, inspiration

To maintain regulating and supporting, we need to manage provisioning

Land use trade-off

Reducing Carbon Emission REDD+

Developed country who has industrial society help the developing country to plant the trees
for climate mitigation

All we need actually the direct relation between the carbon producer and the policy makers.
FAO global forest change is decreasing rom 1990..
Forest loss  commodity driven deforestration, shifting agriculture, forestry, wildfire,
urbanization

Forest Landscape Restoration

NATURE BASED-SOLUTION for thesis  can we restore the coal mining land back into the
forest?

We cant go back because nature keep evolving and moving forward.

Astrid Taylor

Soil as an ecosystem

Soil  sand, clay and silt

Bacteria, fungus and protozoa live in the soil pores

The rhizosphere – the plant root interface

The helper (symbiotic relationship:
Rhizobacteria feed from this surface root and the bacteria gives the PO4, K+ and NO3
Mycorrhizal fungi  conneting to other plants

Because of the fertilizer, there are less bacteria and fungi in the soil because the plant not
really depands on them

How soil formed?

Factor from soil ; parent material, topography, climate, organism, time

Bedrock (immature soil)  young soil  mature soil 9layering on typical horizon)

Soil has 3 properties (texture (proportion of sand, silt and clay), mineralogy (chemical and
physical), they’re from parent material and organic matter (respond quickly with human
induced)

Soil organic matter is very important

Soil carbon system:

Process:

Higher C content on the soil will affect to soil structure, fertility and biological process. This
affects the flow of C, N, P and H2O in their respective cycle.

Soil management play critical role in whether the c remains in the soil or released at the
atmosphere
Soil N cycle:

Plant need N that convert N in air to water soluble by nitrogen bacteria to ammonia and
then bacteria also convert the ammonium into nitrites that could be absorbed by plants.

Nowadays, inorganic N provide by artificial fertilizer that could make the effect:
1. Emission into N2O
2. Eutrophication of lakes
Of course, it needs much energy to provide N fertilizer

Soil is an essential, finite and non-renewable natural resources.

Soil and Sustainable Agriculture

Why be concerned about soil?

- 60% food production on 2050
- 33% has been degraded
- Shortage of soil nutrients
- Little room for expansion in agriculture

Benefits of soil:
Huge diversity, more carbon than all above ground vegetation, earth’s largest water filter
storage and tank, food production

Soil erosion: loss of water and nutrients

Green (farmer) and Blue (engineer) water management

Soil erosion by wind, by tillage (low till farming is better)

Farming activity

Industrial scale (precission farming, technology intensive, high environmental impact)

Mixed farming
Individual small farming