Semi Steady State Solution
PME 311 | Reservoir Engineering
The radial diffusivity equation is given by –
1 𝜕 𝜕𝑃 φ𝜇𝑐 𝜕𝑃
𝑟 = … … … (1)
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑘 𝜕𝑡
The Eq. (1) can be solved under semi steady state flow conditions for
the geometry and radial pressure distribution shown in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1 Pressure distribution and geometry appropriate for the solution of
the radial diffusivity equation under semi steady state conditions
Semi Steady State Solution
PME 311 | Reservoir Engineering
For semi steady state condition
𝜕𝑃 𝑞
=− … … (2)
𝜕𝑡 𝑐𝜋𝑟𝑒 2 ℎφ
Substituting Eq. (2) into Eq. (1) ⇒
1 𝜕 𝜕𝑃 𝑞𝜇
𝑟 =− … … … (3)
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜋𝑟𝑒 2 𝑘ℎ
Rearranging and integrating Eq. (3)
𝜕𝑃 𝑞𝜇
𝑑 𝑟 =− 𝑟 𝑑𝑟
𝜕𝑟 𝜋𝑟𝑒 2 𝑘ℎ
𝜕𝑃 𝑞𝜇 𝑟 2
⇒ 𝑟 =− + 𝐶1 … … … (4)
𝜕𝑟 𝜋𝑟𝑒 2 𝑘ℎ 2
Where 𝐶1 is a constant of integration.
Course Teacher : MD. ZAYED BIN SULTAN
Semi Steady State Solution
PME 311 | Reservoir Engineering
𝜕𝑃
At 𝑟 = 𝑟𝑒 , = 0 ; thus Eq. (4) ⇒
𝜕𝑟
𝑞𝜇 𝑟𝑒
0=− + 𝐶1
𝜋𝑟𝑒 2 𝑘ℎ 2
𝑞𝜇
⇒ 𝐶1 =
2𝜋𝑘ℎ
Substituting this value into Eq. (4) ⇒
𝜕𝑃 𝑞𝜇 𝑟 2 𝑞𝜇
𝑟 = − +
𝜕𝑟 𝜋𝑟𝑒 2 𝑘ℎ 2 2𝜋𝑘ℎ
𝜕𝑃 𝑞𝜇 𝑟2
⇒ 𝑟 = 1− 2
𝜕𝑟 2𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝑟𝑒
𝜕𝑃 𝑞𝜇 1 𝑟
⇒ = − 2
𝜕𝑟 2𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝑟 𝑟𝑒
Course Teacher : MD. ZAYED BIN SULTAN
Semi Steady State Solution
PME 311 | Reservoir Engineering
Integrating once again
𝑃𝑟 𝑟
𝑞𝜇 1 𝑟
𝑑𝑃 = − 2 𝑑𝑟
𝑃𝑤𝑓 2𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝑟𝑤 𝑟 𝑟𝑒
𝑃𝑟
𝑞𝜇 𝑟2 𝑟
⇒ 𝑃 = ln 𝑟 −
𝑃𝑤𝑓
2𝜋𝑘ℎ 2𝑟𝑒 2 𝑟𝑤
𝑞𝜇 𝑟 1 𝑟 2 − 𝑟𝑤 2
⇒ 𝑃𝑟 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = ln −
2𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝑟𝑤 2 𝑟𝑒 2
𝑞𝜇 𝑟 1 𝑟2 𝑟𝑤 2
= ln − − 2
2𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝑟𝑤 2 𝑟𝑒 2 𝑟𝑒
𝑞𝜇 𝑟 𝑟2 𝑟𝑤 2
= ln − … … … (5) ≈0
2𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝑟𝑤 2𝑟𝑒 2 𝑟𝑒 2
Course Teacher : MD. ZAYED BIN SULTAN
Semi Steady State Solution
PME 311 | Reservoir Engineering
Eq. (5) is a general expression for the pressure as a function of the
radius.
In particular case, at 𝑟 = 𝑟𝑒 , 𝑃𝑟 = 𝑃𝑒 ; Eq. (5) ⇒
𝑞𝜇 𝑟𝑒 1
𝑃𝑒 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = ln − + 𝑆 … … … (6)
2𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝑟𝑤 2
This is the familiar well inflow equation under semi steady state
conditions.
The productivity index, from Eq. (6), can be expressed as
𝑞 2𝜋𝑘ℎ
𝑃𝐼 = = … … … (7)
𝑃𝑒 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 𝑟𝑒 1
𝜇 ln 𝑟 − 2 + 𝑆
𝑤
Course Teacher : MD. ZAYED BIN SULTAN
Semi Steady State Solution
PME 311 | Reservoir Engineering
One unfortunate aspect concerning the application of this equation is
that, while both 𝒒 and 𝑷𝒘𝒇 can be measured directly, the outer
boundary pressure cannot. It is therefore more common to express the
pressure drawdown in terms of 𝑷 − 𝑷𝒘𝒇 instead of 𝑷𝒓 − 𝑷𝒘𝒇 , since 𝑷,
the average pressure within the drainage volume, can readily be
determined from a well test. To express the inflow equation in these
terms requires the determination of the volume averaged pressure
within the radial cell as
𝑟𝑒
𝑟𝑤
𝑃𝑑𝑉
𝑃= 𝑟𝑒 … … … (8)
𝑟𝑤
𝑑𝑉
Course Teacher : MD. ZAYED BIN SULTAN
Semi Steady State Solution
PME 311 | Reservoir Engineering
Since, 𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎφ, dV = 2𝜋𝑟ℎφdr ; Eq. (8) can be expressed as
𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑒
𝑟𝑤
𝑃𝑟𝑑𝑟 𝑃 2𝜋𝑟ℎφdr 𝑃 2𝜋ℎφ 𝑟𝑑𝑟
𝑟𝑤 𝑟𝑤
𝑃= 𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑒 = 𝑟𝑒
𝑟𝑤
𝑟𝑑𝑟 𝑟𝑤
2𝜋𝑟ℎφdr 𝑟𝑤
2𝜋ℎφ 𝑟𝑑𝑟
𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑒
𝑟𝑤
𝑃𝑟𝑑𝑟 𝑟𝑤
𝑃𝑟𝑑𝑟
= =
𝑟 2 𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑒 2 − 𝑟𝑤 2
2 𝑟𝑤
2
2 2 2 𝑟𝑤 2
and since 𝑟𝑒 − 𝑟𝑤 = 𝑟𝑒 1− ≈ 𝑟𝑒 2 , then
𝑟𝑒 2
𝑟𝑒
2
𝑃= 2 𝑃𝑟𝑑𝑟 … … … (9)
𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑤
Course Teacher : MD. ZAYED BIN SULTAN
Semi Steady State Solution
PME 311 | Reservoir Engineering
Eq. (5) & Eq. (9) ⇒
𝑟𝑒
2 𝑞𝜇 𝑟 𝑟2
𝑃 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = 2 𝑟 ln − 2 𝑑𝑟 … … … (10)
𝑟𝑒 2𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝑟𝑤 𝑟𝑤 2𝑟𝑒
The first term in the integrand is evaluated using the method of
integration by parts. i.e.
𝑟𝑒
𝑟 2 𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑒 2
𝑟 ln 𝑑𝑟 ≈ 2 ln
𝑟𝑤 𝑟𝑤 𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑤 4
and
𝑟𝑒
𝑟3 𝑟𝑒 2
2 𝑑𝑟 ≈ 8
𝑟𝑤 2𝑟𝑒
Course Teacher : MD. ZAYED BIN SULTAN
Semi Steady State Solution
PME 311 | Reservoir Engineering
Combining these two results in Eq. (10), and including the mechanical
skin factor, results in the modified inflow equation
𝑞𝜇 𝑟𝑒 3
𝑃 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = ln − + 𝑆 … … … (11)
2𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝑟𝑤 4
Course Teacher : MD. ZAYED BIN SULTAN
Steady State Solution
PME 311 | Reservoir Engineering
The radial diffusivity equation is given by –
1 𝜕 𝜕𝑃 φ𝜇𝑐 𝜕𝑃
𝑟 = … … … (1)
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑘 𝜕𝑡
The Eq. (1) can be solved under steady state flow conditions for the
geometry and radial pressure distribution shown in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1 Pressure distribution and geometry appropriate for the solution of
the radial diffusivity equation under steady state conditions
Steady State Solution
PME 311 | Reservoir Engineering
For steady state condition
𝜕𝑃
= 0 … … … (2)
𝜕𝑡
Substituting Eq. (2) into Eq. (1) ⇒
1 𝜕 𝜕𝑃
𝑟 = 0 … … … (3)
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟
Rearranging and integrating Eq. (3)
𝜕𝑃
𝑑 𝑟 = 0 𝑑𝑟
𝜕𝑟
𝜕𝑃
⇒ 𝑟 = 𝐶1 … … … (4)
𝜕𝑟
Where 𝐶1 is a constant of integration.
Course Teacher : MD. ZAYED BIN SULTAN
Steady State Solution
PME 311 | Reservoir Engineering
But,
2𝜋𝑘ℎ𝑟 𝜕𝑃
𝑞=
𝜇 𝜕𝑟
𝜕𝑃 𝑞𝜇
⇒ 𝑟 = … … … (5)
𝜕𝑟 2𝜋𝑘ℎ
Eq. (4) and Eq. (5) ⇒
𝑞𝜇
⇒ 𝐶1 =
2𝜋𝑘ℎ
Substituting this value into Eq. (4) ⇒
𝜕𝑃 𝑞𝜇
𝑟 =
𝜕𝑟 2𝜋𝑘ℎ
Course Teacher : MD. ZAYED BIN SULTAN
Steady State Solution
PME 311 | Reservoir Engineering
Rearranging and integrating once again
𝑃𝑟 𝑟
𝑞𝜇 1
𝑑𝑃 = 𝑑𝑟
𝑃𝑤𝑓 2𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝑟𝑤 𝑟
𝑃𝑟
𝑞𝜇 𝑟
⇒ 𝑃 = ln 𝑟
𝑃𝑤𝑓
2𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝑟𝑤
𝑞𝜇 𝑟
⇒ 𝑃𝑟 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = ln … … … (6)
2𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝑟𝑤
Eq. (6) is a general expression for the pressure as a function of the
radius.
Course Teacher : MD. ZAYED BIN SULTAN
Steady State Solution
PME 311 | Reservoir Engineering
In particular case, at 𝑟 = 𝑟𝑒 , 𝑃𝑟 = 𝑃𝑒 ; Eq. (6) ⇒
𝑞𝜇 𝑟𝑒
𝑃𝑒 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = ln + 𝑆 … … … (7)
2𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝑟𝑤
This is the familiar well inflow equation under steady state conditions.
The productivity index, from Eq. (7), can be expressed as
𝑞 2𝜋𝑘ℎ
𝑃𝐼 = = … … … (8)
𝑃𝑒 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 𝑟𝑒
𝜇 ln 𝑟 + 𝑆
𝑤
Course Teacher : MD. ZAYED BIN SULTAN
Steady State Solution
PME 311 | Reservoir Engineering
The solutions of the radial diffusivity equation for both steady state
and semi-steady state flow conditions are summarized in table 6.1.
In each of the equations in table 6.1 In addition the mechanical skin
factor can be included in the equations.
Course Teacher : MD. ZAYED BIN SULTAN
Application of IE
PME 311 | Reservoir Engineering
Let us consider, for instance, the case of a well which has been
stimulated by steam soaking. In this type of stimulation several
thousand tons of steam are injected into the well and, upon re-
opening, the well will produce at a greatly increased rate. As a first
approximation it will be assumed that, due to the steam injection, the
temperature distribution can be described by a temperature step
function so that, for 𝑟𝑤 < 𝑟 < 𝑟ℎ , the temperature 𝑇𝑠 is uniform and
initially equal to the condensing steam temperature at the sandface.
During production, 𝑇𝑠 will decrease due to heat losses by conduction
and convection. For 𝑟 > 𝑟ℎ , the temperature is the original reservoir
temperature 𝑇𝑟 . The situation at any time during the production cycle
is shown in fig. 6.2,
Course Teacher : MD. ZAYED BIN SULTAN
Application of IE
PME 311 | Reservoir Engineering
where 𝜇𝑜ℎ and 𝜇𝑜𝑐 are the viscosities of the oil at temperatures 𝑇𝑠 and
𝑇𝑟 , respectively.
Fig. 6.2 Pressure profile during the steam soak production phase
Course Teacher : MD. ZAYED BIN SULTAN
Application of IE
PME 311 | Reservoir Engineering
If the inflow equations are formulated under steady state flow
conditions, the result will be as follows
𝑞𝜇𝑜ℎ 𝑟
𝑃𝑟 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = ln 𝑟𝑤 < 𝑟 ≤ 𝑟ℎ
2𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝑟𝑤
and
𝑞𝜇𝑜𝑐 𝑟
𝑃𝑟 − 𝑃ℎ = ln 𝑟ℎ ≤ 𝑟 < 𝑟𝑒
2𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝑟ℎ
In particular
𝑞𝜇𝑜ℎ 𝑟ℎ
𝑃ℎ − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = ln … … … (1)
2𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝑟𝑤
and
𝑞𝜇𝑜𝑐 𝑟𝑒
𝑃𝑒 − 𝑃ℎ = ln … … … (2)
2𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝑟ℎ
Course Teacher : MD. ZAYED BIN SULTAN
Application of IE
PME 311 | Reservoir Engineering
Adding Eq. (1) and Eq. (2) ⇒
𝑞 𝑟ℎ 𝑟𝑒
𝑃𝑒 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = 𝜇𝑜ℎ ln + 𝜇𝑜𝑐 ln
2𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝑟𝑤 𝑟ℎ
𝑞𝜇𝑜𝑐 𝜇𝑜ℎ 𝑟ℎ 𝑟𝑒
= ln + ln
2𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝜇𝑜𝑐 𝑟𝑤 𝑟ℎ
Therefore, PI for stimulated well
𝑞 2𝜋𝑘ℎ
=
𝑃𝑒 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 𝜇 𝜇𝑜ℎ 𝑟ℎ 𝑟
𝑜𝑐 𝜇 ln 𝑟 + ln 𝑟𝑒
𝑜𝑐 𝑤 ℎ
and since the inflow equation for an unstimulated well is
𝑞𝜇𝑜𝑐 𝑟𝑒
𝑃𝑒 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = ln
2𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝑟𝑤
Hence,
𝑞 2𝜋𝑘ℎ
𝑃𝐼 = =
𝑃𝑒 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 𝜇𝑜𝑐 ln 𝑟𝑒
𝑟𝑤
Course Teacher : MD. ZAYED BIN SULTAN
Application of IE
PME 311 | Reservoir Engineering
Then the effect on the productivity index due to steam soaking can be
expressed as
PI stimulated well
PI ratio increase =
PI unstimulated well
𝜇 𝑟 𝑟
2𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝜇𝑜𝑐 𝜇𝑜ℎ ln 𝑟ℎ + ln 𝑟𝑒
𝑜𝑐 𝑤 ℎ
= 𝑟𝑒
2𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝜇𝑜𝑐 ln 𝑟
𝑤
𝑟
ln 𝑟𝑒
𝑤
=𝜇 𝑟 𝑟𝑒
𝑜ℎ ℎ
ln + ln
𝜇𝑜𝑐 𝑟𝑤 𝑟ℎ
Course Teacher : MD. ZAYED BIN SULTAN
Application of IE
PME 311 | Reservoir Engineering
Field Data
𝑇𝑟 = 113℉ 𝑇𝑠 = 525℉
𝜇𝑜𝑐 = 980 cp 𝜇𝑜ℎ = 3.2 cp
𝑟𝑒 = 382 ft 𝑟ℎ = 65 ft
𝑟𝑤 = 0.23 ft
Then
𝑟
ln 𝑟𝑒
𝑤
PI ratio increase = 𝜇 𝑟ℎ 𝑟𝑒
𝑜ℎ
ln
𝜇𝑜𝑐 𝑟𝑤 + ln 𝑟ℎ
382
ln 0.23
=
3.2 65 382
ln + ln
980 0.23 65
= 4.14
Course Teacher : MD. ZAYED BIN SULTAN
Exercise#6.1
PME 311 | Reservoir Engineering
Fig. 6.3 Pressure profiles and geometry (Exercise 6.1)
The inflow equations appropriate for the pressure distribution shown
in fig. 6.3 are
𝑞𝜇 𝑟
𝑃𝑟 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = ln 𝑟𝑤 < 𝑟 ≤ 𝑟𝑎
2𝜋𝑘𝑎 ℎ 𝑟𝑤
and
𝑞𝜇 𝑟 𝑟2
𝑃𝑟 − 𝑃𝑎 = ln − 𝑟𝑎 ≤ 𝑟 < 𝑟𝑒
2𝜋𝑘𝑒 ℎ 𝑟𝑎 2𝑟𝑒 2
Course Teacher : MD. ZAYED BIN SULTAN
Exercise#6.1
PME 311 | Reservoir Engineering
In particular case, at 𝑟 = 𝑟𝑎 , 𝑃𝑟 = 𝑃𝑎
𝑞𝜇 𝑟𝑎
𝑃𝑎 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = ln … … … (1)
2𝜋𝑘𝑎 ℎ 𝑟𝑤
and at 𝑟 = 𝑟𝑒 , 𝑃𝑟 = 𝑃𝑒
𝑞𝜇 𝑟𝑒 1
𝑃𝑒 − 𝑃𝑎 = ln − … … … (2)
2𝜋𝑘𝑒 ℎ 𝑟𝑎 2
Adding Eq. (1) and Eq. (2) ⇒
𝑞𝜇 𝑟𝑒 1 𝑘𝑒 𝑟𝑎
𝑃𝑒 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = ln − + ln
2𝜋𝑘𝑒 ℎ 𝑟𝑎 2 𝑘𝑎 𝑟𝑤
𝑞𝜇 𝑟𝑒 1 𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑒 𝑘𝑒 𝑟𝑎
= ln − + ln − ln + ln
2𝜋𝑘𝑒 ℎ 𝑟𝑤 2 𝑟𝑎 𝑟𝑤 𝑘𝑎 𝑟𝑤
𝑞𝜇 𝑟𝑒 1 𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑒 𝑘𝑒 𝑟𝑎
= ln − + ln + ln
2𝜋𝑘𝑒 ℎ 𝑟𝑤 2 𝑟𝑎 𝑟𝑤 𝑘𝑎 𝑟𝑤
Course Teacher : MD. ZAYED BIN SULTAN
Exercise#6.1
PME 311 | Reservoir Engineering
𝑞𝜇 𝑟𝑒 1 𝑟𝑤 𝑘𝑒 𝑟𝑎
𝑃𝑒 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = ln − + ln + ln
2𝜋𝑘𝑒 ℎ 𝑟𝑤 2 𝑟𝑎 𝑘𝑎 𝑟𝑤
𝑞𝜇 𝑟𝑒 1 𝑟𝑎 𝑘𝑒 𝑟𝑎
= ln − − ln + ln
2𝜋𝑘𝑒 ℎ 𝑟𝑤 2 𝑟𝑤 𝑘𝑎 𝑟𝑤
𝑞𝜇 𝑟𝑒 1 𝑘𝑒 𝑟𝑎
∴ 𝑃𝑒 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = ln − + − 1 ln
2𝜋𝑘𝑒 ℎ 𝑟𝑤 2 𝑘𝑎 𝑟𝑤
Which must be equivalent to
𝑞𝜇 𝑟𝑒 1
𝑃𝑒 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = ln − +𝑆
2𝜋𝑘𝑒 ℎ 𝑟𝑤 2
Therefore
𝑘𝑒 − 𝑘𝑎 𝑟𝑎
𝑆= ln
𝑘𝑎 𝑟𝑤
Course Teacher : MD. ZAYED BIN SULTAN
Exercise#6.1
PME 311 | Reservoir Engineering
2) Before stimulation
𝑘𝑒 − 𝑘𝑎 𝑟𝑎 𝑟𝑤 = 0.333 ft
𝑆1 = ln
𝑘𝑎 𝑟𝑤 𝑟𝑎 = 4.333 ft
𝑘𝑒
𝑘𝑒 − 100 4.333 𝑘𝑒
= ln 𝑘𝑎 =
𝑘𝑒 0.333 100
100
4.333
= 100 − 1 ln
0.333
= 254.02
After stimulation
𝑟𝑎 = 10.333 ft
𝑘𝑒 − 10𝑘𝑒 10.333
𝑆2 = ln 𝑘𝑎 = 10𝑘𝑒
10𝑘𝑒 0.333
1 − 10 10.333
= ln
10 0.333
= − 3.09
Course Teacher : MD. ZAYED BIN SULTAN
Exercise#6.1
PME 311 | Reservoir Engineering
and since
2𝜋𝑘𝑒 ℎ
𝑃𝐼 =
𝑟 1
𝜇 ln 𝑟𝑒 − 2 + 𝑆
𝑤
then
2𝜋𝑘𝑒 ℎ
𝑃𝐼𝑢𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙 =
660 1
𝜇 ln 0.333 − 2 + 254.02
and
2𝜋𝑘𝑒 ℎ
𝑃𝐼𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙 =
660 1
𝜇 ln 0.333 − 2 − 3.09
Course Teacher : MD. ZAYED BIN SULTAN
Exercise#6.1
PME 311 | Reservoir Engineering
𝑃𝐼𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙
PI ratio increase =
𝑃𝐼𝑢𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙
660 1
ln 0.333 − 2 + 254.02
=
660 1
ln 0.333 − 2 − 3.09
261.11
=
4
= 65.3
Course Teacher : MD. ZAYED BIN SULTAN
Generalized IE
PME 311 | Reservoir Engineering
The semi steady state inflow equation is given by
𝑞𝜇 𝑟𝑒 3
𝑃 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = ln − +𝑆
2𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝑟𝑤 4
This equation can be expressed in a generalized form by introducing
the so-called Dietz shape factor, 𝐶𝐴 , as
𝑞𝜇 1 4𝐴
𝑃 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = ln +𝑆
2𝜋𝑘ℎ 2 𝛾𝐶𝐴 𝑟𝑤 2
Course Teacher : MD. ZAYED BIN SULTAN
Generalized IE
PME 311 | Reservoir Engineering
𝑞𝜇 𝑟𝑒 3
𝑃 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = ln − +𝑆
2𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝑟𝑤 4
𝑟𝑒 3
ln −
𝑟𝑤 4
𝑟𝑒
= ln − ln 𝑒 3 4
𝑟𝑤
2 1 2
𝑟𝑒 3 2 1 2
= ln − ln 𝑒
𝑟𝑤
2
1 𝑟𝑒 1
= ln − ln 𝑒 3 2
2 𝑟𝑤 2
1 𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑤 2
= ln
2 𝑒3 2
𝑟𝑒 2 4𝜋𝑟𝑒 2 4𝐴 4𝐴 4𝐴
= = = =
𝑟𝑤 2 𝑒 3 2 4𝜋𝑟𝑤 2 𝑒 3 2 56.32𝑟𝑤 2 𝛾31.6𝑟𝑤 2 𝛾𝐶𝐴 𝑟𝑤 2
Generalized IE
PME 311 | Reservoir Engineering
in which
𝐴 is the area being drained
𝛾 is the exponential of Euler’s constant and is equal to 1.781
𝐶𝐴 is the Dietz shape factor
31.6 is the value of 𝐶𝐴 for a well at the center of a circle (Fig. 6.4)
Therefore, the generalized form of inflow equation under semi steady
state conditions becomes
𝑞𝜇 1 4𝐴
𝑃 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = ln +𝑆
2𝜋𝑘ℎ 2 𝛾𝐶𝐴 𝑟𝑤 2
Course Teacher : MD. ZAYED BIN SULTAN
PME 311 | Reservoir Engineering
Reference
Fundamentals of Reservoir Engineering
L.P. Dake
ELSEVIERE
