Final Exam
for
Petroleum Engineering 620
Fluid Flow in Reservoirs
Department of Petroleum Engineering
Texas A&M University — Summer 2001
Instructor: Tom Blasingame
This package includes:
— Exam Guidelines
— Exam Problem 1
— Exam Problem 2
— Exam Problem 3
This document (as well as other files pertaining to PETE 620) are located at:
http://pumpjack.tamu.edu/~t-blasingame/P620_01B/
1
Petroleum Engineering 620 — Fluid Flow in Petroleum Reservoirs
Final Examination — Guidelines
Summer 2001
All work due by 5:00 p.m. Monday 20 August 2001
Deadline/Due Date
The final exam is due by 5:00 p.m. Monday 20 August 2001 at my office in
Richardson Rm. 401T. A penalty of 1 letter grade will be assigned for work submitted
after this deadline.
General Rules:
1. You are to work independently—collaborative efforts are not permitted (i.e.,
joint work). You are permitted to discuss problems—but sharing of solutions,
plots, programs, etc. will result in penalties of 1 to 2 letter grades. In extreme
cases, work sharing may result in a failure grade (F).
2. You must show all work for credit. Unsupported work will not be given credit.
3. You are given specific instructions for each problem, follow these guidelines
exactly—failure to do so will result in penalties.
4. Be as neat and organized as possible.
5. You must give an OUTLINE for each problem solution that also includes
references or other citations when appropriate.
Format for Individual Problems:
1. For derivation problems, YOU MUST USE THE FOLLOWING FORMAT:
— Type or write neatly, use lined paper (if handwritten) and ONLY write
(or print) on the front of the page.
— Number your pages as follows in the upper right corner of each page:
Problem #/page #/total pages for this problem.
2. For computer-aided solutions, YOU MUST PROVIDE THE FOLLOWING:
— Write a complete development of the equations and algorithms used and
give a written summary description of the problem.
— Include a copy of the computer code, the input file, and an abbreviated
output file for each case.
— For plots, you are to give a summary table (abbreviated to 1 or 2 pages)
of data for each plot, then present an appropriately scaled plot that clearly
identifies all regions of interest.
Report Format:
1. YOUR PROJECTS WILL NOT BE RETURNED FOR QUITE SOME TIME,
so if you want a copy then you need to make one before turning in your project.
2. The report is to be bound with the following information given on a coverpage:
Name: (printed)
Course: Petroleum Engineering 620
Date: Day-Month-Year
Assignment: Final Exam
3. Contents of the final exam report: Separate each section with a cover page that
includes a section title. Include the following materials in this order:
— The exam assignment sheets (this material)
— Project Summary (at least 1-2 pages, discuss results, observations, etc.)
— Problem 1
— Problem 2
— Problem 3
2
Petroleum Engineering 620 — Fluid Flow in Petroleum Reservoirs
Final Examination — Problem 1
Summer 2001
All work due by 5:00 p.m. Monday 20 August 2001
1. Derivation of a Rate Relations for Pseudosteady-State Flow (liquid)
Given:
You are given the following "liquid" relations for material balance and pseudosteady-
state radial flow. Assume Darcy units (no need for conversion factors).
Material Balance Equation: (valid for all times)
p = pi - B N p
V pct
Pseudosteady-State Flow Relation: (only valid for pseudosteady-state flow)
p = pwf + qbpss
Recall that the definition of the cumulative production, Np, is given by:
t
Np = q(t) dt or, a more useful result is given by, q = d (N p ).
dt
0
Required:
1.1. You are to derive the flowrate relation for each of the following cases:
1.1.a. pwf=constant
1.1.b. dpwf/dt=constant
1.1.c. pwf = f(t) (arbitrary)
Hints:
a. To start, take the time derivative of both the material balance and pseudosteady-state
flow relations — equate and establish the base differential equation.
b. At t=0, c = qi = 1 (pi-pwf).
bpss
3
Petroleum Engineering 620 — Fluid Flow in Petroleum Reservoirs
Final Examination — Problem 2
Summer 2001
All work due by 5:00 p.m. Monday 20 August 2001
2. Derivation of Pseudosteady-State Gas Flowrate Relation (p/z-Form)
Given:
This exercise involves the derivation of the p/z form of the pseudosteady-state gas flowrate
relation. The lead reference for this work is:
— Knowles, R.S.: Development and Verification of New Semi-Analytical Methods
for the Analysis and Prediction of Gas Well Performance, M.S. Thesis, Texas
A&M University, (August 1999).
The appropriate portion of this thesis (Appendix B) is attached for your use. You are free
to "follow" this work, but any and all derivations should include your own efforts.
Required:
2.1. Derivation of the p/z Form of the Pseudosteady-State Gas Flowrate Relations:
Gas Material Balance Relation:
p pi Gp
= 1 -
z zi G ........................................................................ (1)
Pseudosteady-State Gas Flow Equation: (p/z form)
µz p/z p dp
qg = Jg p .......................................... (2)
µ z d (p/z) d(p/z)
n pwf /z wf
You are to combine Eqs. 1 and 2 to yield: (pwf=constant, but pwf ≠ 0)
Rate Equation: (p/z form)
pwf/zwf 2
1-
pi/zi 2qgit pwf/zwf 1
1+ exp -
pwf/zwf 2 pwf/zwf G pi/zi p /z 2
1+ 1 - wf wf
pi/zi pi/zi pi/zi
qg(t) = qgi -1
pwf/zwf 2 pwf/zwf
1- 1 -
pi/zi pi/zi 2q t p /z 1
1- exp - gi wf wf
pwf/zwf G pi/zi pwf/zwf 2
1+ 1 -
pi/zi pi/zi
............................................................................................ (3)
Rate Equation: (qDd form)
2
(1 - pwD)
2 1+ exp (- pwD t Dd)
pwD (1 + pwD)
q Dd = -1
2 )
(1 - pwD (1 - pwD) .......................... (4)
1- exp (- pwD t Dd)
(1 + pwD)
4
Petroleum Engineering 620 — Fluid Flow in Petroleum Reservoirs
Final Examination — Problem 2
Summer 2001
All work due by 5:00 p.m. Monday 20 August 2001
2. (Continued)
Cumulative Production Equation: (GpDd form)
(1 - pwD)
1+ exp (- pwD t Dd)
(1 + pwD) .................................. (5)
G pDd = 1 – pwD
(1 - pwD)
1- exp (- pwD t Dd)
(1 + pwD)
Tasks:
2.1.a. Derive the p/z form of the pseudosteady-state gas flow relation for the case
of pwf=constant, but pwf ≠ 0. Provide the q g , qDd, and GpDd results. You
can use the attached Appendix B text from Knowles, but you must SHOW
ALL DETAILS in your work.
2.1.b. Comment on applications that could be made using these semi-analytical
models derived for the qg, qDd, and GpDd functions (recall that pwf=constant,
but pwf ≠ 0).
Hint:
a. Use the Appendix B text from Knowles. Knowles, R.S.: Development and
Verification of New Semi-Analytical Methods for the Analysis and Prediction
of Gas Well Performance, M.S. Thesis, Texas A&M University, (August
1999).
2.2 Derivation of the qDd-GpDd Identity for the p/z-Form of the Pseudo-steady-State Gas
Flow Relation.
You are to combine Eqs. 4 and 5 to yield:
Rate-Cumulative Production Equation: (qDd-GpDd form)
q Dd = 1 - 2 G + 1 G 2 ......................................... (6)
2 ) pDd (1 - p 2 ) pDd
(1 - pwD wD
Tasks:
2.2.a. Derive the qDd-GpDd identity for this case (Eq. 6). You can use the attached
Appendix B text from Knowles, but you must SHOW ALL DETAILS in
your work.
2.2.b. Comment on applications that could be made using this semi-analytical rate-
cumulative production performance model.
Hint:
a. Use the Appendix B text from Knowles. Knowles, R.S.: Development and
Verification of New Semi-Analytical Methods for the Analysis and Prediction
of Gas Well Performance, M.S. Thesis, Texas A&M University, (August
1999).
5
Petroleum Engineering 620 — Fluid Flow in Petroleum Reservoirs
Final Examination — Problem 3
Summer 2001
All work due by 5:00 p.m. Monday 20 August 2001
3. Solutions for a Well Produced at a Constant Bottomhole Flowing Pressure
Given:
This problem has been given to previous classes in different forms—be sure to solve the
problem as it is specifically posed in this examination (there are differences).
— The governing relations for this case are:
‡ Dimensionless Diffusivity Equation
2
1 ∂ r ∂pD = ∂ pD + 1 ∂pD = ∂pD .............................................. (1)
r D ∂rD D ∂rD ∂r
2 rD ∂rD ∂tD
D
‡ Dimensionless Variables
r D = r/r w ............................................................................... (2)
(pi - p(r,t))
pD = (Darcy Units).................................................... (3)
(pi - pwf )
tD = kt (Darcy Units).................................................... (4)
φµc t r w 2
‡ Initial Condition (Uniform Pressure Distribution)
pD(r D,t D<0) = 0 ....................................................................... (5)
‡ Inner Boundary Condition (Constant Pressure at the Well)
pD(r D=1,t D) = 1 ....................................................................... (6)
‡ Outer Boundary Conditions
a. "Infinite-Acting" Reservoir
pD(r D→∞,t D) = 0 (No reservoir boundary) ................................ (7)
b. "No Flow" at the Outer Boundary
∂p
r D ∂r D = 0 (No flux across the reservoir boundary) .............. (8)
D r D=r eD
c. Constant Pressure Boundary
pD(r eD,t D) = 0 (Constant pressure at the reservoir boundary)........ (9)
You are given the following Laplace domain identity for the dimensionless rate profile,
for the case of a well produced at a constant wellbore pressure:
d pD
q D(r D=1,u) = – r D ................................................. (10)
dr D
r D=1
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Petroleum Engineering 620 — Fluid Flow in Petroleum Reservoirs
Final Examination — Problem 3
Summer 2001
All work due by 5:00 p.m. Monday 20 August 2001
3. (Continued)
Required:
3.1. You are to derive the following q D(r D=1,u) solutions: (Laplace domain solutions)
3.1.a. "Infinite-Acting" Reservoir Case
Cylindrical Source Form
K ( u)
q D(r D=1,u) = 1u 1 ........................................................ (11)
K 0( u)
Line Source Form
q D(r D=1,u) = 1u 1 ......................................................... (12)
K 0( u)
3.1.b. "No Flow" at the Outer Boundary Case
Cylindrical Source Form
u K 1( u) I 1( ur eD) - u I 1( u) K 1( ur eD)
q D(r D=1,u) = 1u ............... (13)
I 0( u) K 1( ur eD) + K 0( u) I 1( ur eD)
Line Source Form
I 1( ur eD)
q D(r D=1,u) = 1u ...................... (14)
I 0( u) K 1( ur eD) + I 1( ur eD) K 0( u)
or, rearranging slightly, we have:
q D(r D=1,u) = 1u 1 .................................. (15)
K 1( ur eD)
K 0( u) + I 0( u)
I 1( ur eD)
3.2. Using the solutions given in Part 2.1, you are to perform the following tasks:
3.2.a. "Infinite-Acting" Reservoir Case:
— Derive the qD(rD=1,tD) function using Eq. 12.
3.2.b. "No Flow" at the Outer Boundary Case:
— Derive the qD(rD=1,tD) function using Eq. 15.
Note: The tasks assigned in Parts 2.2.a and 2.2.b are potentially VERY DIFFI-
CULT, and there is no guarantee of an explicit solution—your effort should
be significant. For some guidance, you can consult:
Conduction of Heat in Solids, 2nd edition, H. Carslaw and J. Jaeger,
Oxford Science Publications (1959), Sec. 13.5, p. 334-336 ("Infinite-Act-
ing" Reservoir Case).
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Petroleum Engineering 620 — Fluid Flow in Petroleum Reservoirs
Final Examination — Problem 3
Summer 2001
All work due by 5:00 p.m. Monday 20 August 2001
3. (Continued)
3.3. Presuming the following solutions:
"Infinite-Acting" Reservoir Case: (transient flow only)
q Dcp(r D=1,t D) ≈ 1 ........................................... (16)
1 t
4 D
ln γ 2
2 e r
D
"No Flow" at the Outer Boundary Case: (pseudosteady-state flow only)
1 -2 1
q Dcp(r D=1,t D) ≈ exp 2 t D ............ (17)
ln(r eD) – 3/4 r eD ln(r eD) – 3/4
3.3.a. You are to "combine" Eqs. 16 and 17 to yield a "total performance" solutions
— i.e., a relation for all tD. You may have to resort to semi-analytical ex-
pansions and/or "switch" conditions to turn one solution on and the other
solution off.
3.3.b. You are to compare the result obtained from 3.3.a to the numerical inverse
Laplace transform of Eq. 15. You are to use the Stehfest algorithm and the
following parameters:
— 1x101 <tD < 1x108
— reD = 1x103
You are to plot the qD(rD=1,tD) solutions as follows:
— log(qD(rD=1,tD)) versus tD
— log(qD(rD=1,tD)) versus log(tD)
The Gaver-Stehfest formula for numerical Laplace transform inversion is given by:
ln(2) n ln(2)
fGaver-Stehfest(n,t) = t ∑ Vi f t i
i=1
And the Stehfest extrapolation coefficients are given as:
Min i,n n
2
∑ n -k !k!(k -1)!(i-k)!(2k-i)!
n +i k 2 (2k)!
Vi = (-1)2
k= i+1 2
2
You are free to use any programming device you wish—most students will
probably prefer to use MS Excel to compute the numerical inversion, and the easiest
mechanism for Excel is to have the coefficients already computed. The Gaver-
Stehfest coefficients are given in a table attached to this assignment.
This part of the exam (3.3.b) is likely to be time consuming (setup, debugging,
etc.) be sure to factor this into your efforts.
Petroleum Engineering 620 — Fluid Flow in Petroleum Reservoirs
Final Examination — Problem 3
Summer 2001
All work due by 5:00 p.m. Monday 20 August 2001
3. (Continued)
Coefficients for the Gaver-Stehfest Algorithm
V(I,2) V(I,4) V(I,6) V(I,8) V(I,10) V(I,12) V(I,14) V(I,16) V(I,18)
V(1,J) 2 -2 1 -3.333333E-01 8.333333E-02 -1.6666666E-02 2.77777777777E-03 -3.968253968253968E-04 4.960317460317460E-05
V(2,J) -2 26 -49 4.833333E+01 -3.208333E+01 1.6016666E+01 -6.40277777777E+00 2.133730158730159E+00 -6.095734126984128E-01
V(3,J) --- -48 366 -9.060000E+02 1.279000E+03 -1.2470000E+03 9.24050000000E+02 -5.510166666666667E+02 2.745940476190476E+02
V(4,J) --- 24 -858 5.464666E+03 -1.562366E+04 2.7554333E+04 -3.45979277777E+04 3.350016111111111E+04 -2.630695674603174E+04
V(5,J) --- --- 810 -1.437666E+04 8.424416E+04 -2.6328083E+05 5.40321111111E+05 -8.126651111111111E+05 9.572572013888889E+05
V(6,J) --- --- -270 1.873000E+04 -2.369575E+05 1.3241387E+06 -4.39834636666E+06 1.007618376666667E+07 -1.735869484583333E+07
V(7,J) --- --- --- -1.194666E+04 3.759116E+05 -3.8917055E+06 2.10875917777E+07 -7.324138297777778E+07 1.824212226472222E+08
V(8,J) --- --- --- 2.986666E+03 -3.400716E+05 7.0532863E+06 -6.39449130444E+07 3.390596320730159E+08 -1.218533288309127E+09
V(9,J) --- --- --- --- 1.640625E+05 -8.0053365E+06 1.27597579550E+08 -1.052539536278571E+09 5.491680025283035E+09
V(10,J) --- --- --- --- -3.281250E+04 5.5528305E+06 -1.70137188083E+08 2.259013328583333E+09 -1.736213111520684E+10
V(11,J) --- --- --- --- --- -2.1555072E+06 1.50327467033E+08 -3.399701984433333E+09 3.945509690352738E+10
V(12,J) --- --- --- --- --- 3.5925120E+05 -8.45921615000E+07 3.582450461700000E+09 -6.526651698517500E+10
V(13,J) --- --- --- --- --- --- 2.74788847666E+07 -2.591494081366667E+09 7.873006832822083E+10
V(14,J) --- --- --- --- --- --- -3.92555496666E+06 1.227049828766667E+09 -6.855644419612083E+10
V(15,J) --- --- --- --- --- --- --- -3.427345554285714E+08 4.198434347505357E+10
V(16,J) --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 4.284181942857143E+07 -1.716093471183929E+10
V(17,J) --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 4.204550039102679E+09
V(18,J) --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- -4.671722265669643E+08
