COVENANT UNIVERSITY

CANAANLAND, KM 10, IDIROKO ROAD

P.M.B 1023, OTA, OGUN STATE, NIGERIA.
B. Eng. DEGREE EXAMINATION

COLLEGE: ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT: PETROLEUM ENGINEERING

SESSION: 2022/2023 SEMESTER: ALPHA
COURSE CODE: PET413 CREDIT UNIT: 3
COURSE TITLE: RESERVOIR ENGINEERING II TIME: 3 HOURS
INSTRUCTIONS: Attempt to answer ALL questions
Sharing of any material whatsoever is highly prohibited (Article 2.6.12 of CU Exam Manual).

Question 1: [14 marks]

a. The material balance equation that forms the bedrock of the fluid flow model could be described as the equality
of two differences. State each of the differences and the input variables governing each of them. (3 marks)
b. Present a simple workflow/algorithm you would implement in order to fit the infinite-acting straight line to a
plot of transient well test data. (3 marks)
c. An oil well is producing at a constant rate of 300 STB/D from a reservoir with properties listed in Table TQ1.
Table TQ1
Initial Pressure, Pi (psi) 3000 Porosity, φ (fraction) 0.3
Permeability, k (mD) 50 Oil Payzone Thickness, h (ft) 30
Well Radius, rw (ft) 0.5 Fluid Viscosity, µ (cp) 3
Oil Formation Volume Factor, Bo, 1.25 Total Compressibility, ct (psi-1) 1.0 ×10
-5

(RB/STB)
Reservoir Radius, re (ft) 745 Additional Pressure Drop due to 125
Skin, ΔPs, (psi)
i. Compute the time at which the Line Source solution starts to be valid. (2 marks)
ii. Calculate the time beyond which the Line Source solution is no longer valid. (2 marks)
iii. Calculate the time at which one can begin to approximate the Ei function with a logarithm expression,
at the wellbore. (2 marks)
iv. Calculate the radial extent of the damage zone given that the permeability at this zone is 25mD. (2
marks)

Question 2: [14 marks]

a. The general format of reservoir fluid flow models has been stated to be thus: 𝑃 = 𝑓(𝑟, 𝑡; 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠).
What consideration(s) could warrant the transformation of the model to a form devoid of the system parameters
factor? Write what this format would be after such transformation. (3 marks).
b. Model MQ-2 below is a solution to the diffusivity equation. Justify the addition on the right-hand-side within the
following contexts:
i. near-wellbore zone (1 mark)
ii. pressure drops (1 mark)
iii. dimensionlessness (1 mark)
1 −1
𝑃𝑤𝐷 = − 𝐸𝑖 ( ) + 𝑠 − − − − − − − 𝑀𝑄 − 2
2 4𝑡𝐷
c. A newly discovered oil well was produced at a constant rate of 115 STB/D. During the flow, bottom-hole pressures
were recorded as tabulated in Table TQ2a. Other rock and fluid properties are presented in Table TQ2b.
i. Present the drawdown semi-log plot. (4 marks)

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 ii. Estimate the absolute permeability. (1 mark)
iii. Given that the damaged/fractured zone extends 2.7ft deep into the reservoir, what is the permeability of this
zone? (3 marks)

Table TQ2a
Time, t (hrs) 0 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.5

Pressure, Pwf (psi) 3700 3639 3611 3583 3556 3530 3486 3440 3401 3332 3273 3159
Time, t (hrs) 2 3 4 5 6 8 10 12 15 20
Pressure, Pwf (psi) 3069 2939 2892 2837 2805 2762 2736 2730 2690 2662

Table TQ2b
Well Radius, rw (ft) 0.25 Porosity, φ (fraction) 0.186
Oil Payzone Thickness, h (ft) 8 Fluid Viscosity, µ (cp) 1.3
Oil Formation Volume Factor, Bo, 1.229 Total Compressibility, ct (psi-1) 1.4 ×10
-4
(RB/STB)

Question 3: [14 marks]

a. What measurement challenge is responsible for the wellbore storage (WBS) challenge? Without altering the
challenging measurement scheme; propose two solutions to the WBS challenge? (3 marks)
b. To demonstrate your understanding of Model MQ-3 below; express the coefficient 1688 as a product/quotient of its
three constituent factors. State the source or necessity of each factor. What is the constraint in the use of Model MQ-
3?
𝑞𝜇𝐵 1688ϕ𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟 2
𝑃(𝑟, 𝑡) = 𝑃𝑖 + 70.6 𝑙𝑛 ( ) − − − − − − − − − 𝑀𝑄 − 3
𝑘ℎ 𝑘𝑡
(3 marks)
c. The discovery well of an oil reservoir was tested (produced) at a constant rate for 321.2 hours to yield a cumulative
production of 4550 STB. Thereafter, the well was shut-in for a build-up test, and bottom-hole pressure was recorded
as presented in Table TQ3a. Other rock and fluid properties are given in Table TQ3b. It is known that the test
extended to pseudo-steady flow regime.
i. Present the Horner’s plot for the test (4 marks)
ii. Estimate the initial reservoir pressure (2 marks)
iii. Estimate the absolute permeability (2 mark)

Table TQ3a
Shut-in Time, Δt (hr) 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.75 1 2 3 4 5 7

Shut-in Pressure, Pws (psi) 2980 3100 3150 3200 3250 3275 3290 3315 3325 3330 3335 3342
Shut-in Time, Δt (hr) 10 15 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Shut-in Pressure, Pws (psi) 3350 3360 3364 3370 3372 3374 3375 3376 3377

Table TQ3b
Well Radius, rw (ft) 0.33 Porosity, φ (fraction) 0.12
Oil Payzone Thickness, h (ft) 44 Fluid Viscosity, µ (cp) 0.76
Oil Formation Volume Factor, Bo, 1.24 Total Compressibility, ct (psi-1) 3.6 ×10-5
(RB/STB)

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