COVENANT UNIVERSITY

CANAANLAND, KM 10, IDIROKO ROAD

P.M.B 1023, OTA, OGUN STATE, NIGERIA.

COLLEGE: Engineering
DEPARTMENT: Petroleum Engineering
SESSION: 2022/2023 SEMESTER: Alpha
COURSE CODE: PET 531 CREDIT UNIT: 3
COURSE TITLE: Petroleum Production Engineering III
INSTRUCTION: ANSWER ALL QUESTION
TIME: 3 Hours
NOTE: Essential formulas and Chart are listed on the last page of the examination question
paper. Ensure that there is consistency in the units you are working with. Any inconsistency -
in units or where there is no unit would negatively affect your final mark.

1a. State six different types of flow meters used in Natural gas industry. (3 Marks)

1b. Highlight the advantages of orifice meter over other natural gas flow meter (3 Marks)

1c. The table below shows 24 hours readings from a square root orifice meter chart if the
meter is 50in X 100ib/in2 guage:

Table1: Differential and Static pressure readings from a Square root orifice meter chart

S/N Period Differential Static

Pressure Pressure
Reading Reading
1 12pm – 1am 7.1 8.4
2 1am – 2am 6.4 9.2
3 2am – 3am 6.8 8.6
4 3am – 4am 6.2 7.3
5 4am – 5am 7.5 7.4
6 5am – 6am 6.8 8.3
7 6am – 7am 7.2 8.1
8 7am – 8am 7.2 9.1
9 8am – 9am 6.1 6.4
10 9am – 10am 6.6 7.0
11 10am - 11am 7.0 8.2
12 11am – 12noon 5.3 8.1
13 12noon - 1pm 5.7 6.7
14 1pm – 2pm 6.8 7.2
15 2pm - 3pm 6.3 6.1
16 3pm – 4pm 6.4 7.1
17 4pm – 5pm 5.9 6.8
18 5pm – 6pm 5.5 7.0
19 6pm – 7pm 4.6 6.5
20 7pm – 8pm 6.3 7.3
21 8pm – 9pm 6.9 8.4
22 9pm – 10pm 7.2 7.5
23 10pm – 11pm 6.1 7.4
24 11pm – 12pm 6.5 8.8
(3 Marks)

and the orifice flow constant = 1057.97 Calculate:

a. Actual readings of the differential and static pressures for each hour.(3 Marks)

b. The total gas delivered in 24 hours in ft3. (1 Mark)

c. The average flow rate of the gas in ft3/hr. (1 Mark)

2a. Write on different methods used in the treatment of oil field emulsions. (3 Marks)

2b. Derive the expressions that can be used to determine equivalent diameter (De) for both
series and parallel network of pipelines using:
i. Weymouth’s equation without friction factor (3 Marks)
ii. Weymouth’s equation with friction factor. (3 Marks)

2c. It is desired to transport gas measured at standard conditions of 14.7psia and 60oFto an
industrial estate from a gas field. The gas is delivered to the pipeline at 350psia, and it is to be
transmitted through a non-horizontal and non-uniform pipelines network (whose parameters
are tabulated in Table 1) so the outlet pressure at the industrial estate is not less than 80psia,
assume the specific gravity of the gas to be 0.67 and the temperature of flow is 70oF. What is
the flow rate at which the gas is delivered to the estate? Assume friction factor for all
pipelines to be 0.0176. (5 Marks)

Table 1: Parameters for the Pipelines Network

Pipeline Length Diameter Angle of

Serial No (miles) (inches) inclination
PED I 245 9 18
PED 2 323 11 25
PED 3 127 7 14
 PED 4 305 13 35

3a. Derive the formulae used to determine the cumulative production and well’s life for an oil
well experiencing

i. Exponential decline (2 Marks)

ii. Harmonic decline (2 Marks)

3b. A well with initial production of 4500 bopd with decline rate of 0.08416/year, if b = 0.73,
calculate:

i. The production during the 16th year (1 Mark)

ii. The total production from the eleventh to the seventeenth year. (1 Mark)
iii. The gas production during the third year if gas oil ratio is 35200 scf/stb (1 Mark)
3c. A well starts production with production rate of 4500 BOPD, decline rate of 0.1263/year
and b = 1.0, after 20 years of production there was an alteration in the reservoir drive
mechanism resulting in new decline rate and b values of 0.2195/year and 0.86 respectively. If
the economic rate of the well is 300BOPD calculate:

a. The cumulative production during the first twenty (20) years (1 Mark)

b. The cumulative production during the first thirty two (32) years. (2 Marks)

c. The total production between 16th and 27th year. (2 Marks)

d. The total life of the well. (1 Mark)

e. The total un-produced oil in the reservoir after the abandonment at the economic rate of
300BOPD. (1 Mark)

4a. Discuss the industrial processing and treatment of natural gas. (2 Marks)

4b. Calculate the percentage increase in gas capacity for each case in Table 2, when a pipeline
of length 420 miles and diameter 8.5-in. has:

Table 2: Different Natural Gas Pipeline Looping Operations

Case Operation Details

1 45% of its length looped with 13-in. pipeline
2 60% of its length looped with 9-in. pipeline
3 52% of its length looped with 11-in. pipeline
4 Half of its length looped with 1ft. pipeline
5 One-third of its length looped with 1ft. 3-in. pipeline
(5 Marks)
4c. A pipeline of diameter 9-inches and length 450 miles was used to deliver natural gas from
a gas well to a gas processing plant. Due to increase in gas demand three major upgrade were
performed on the pipeline as tabulated in the table below:

Table 1: Different Looping Operations

S/N Operation Details

1 Initially
2 1st up-grade
3 2nd up-grade
4 3rd up-grade
Pipeline of diameter 9-in. and 450 miles long
45% of the initial pipeline was looped with an 11-in. pipeline
on the left hand side
The entire length of the initial pipeline was looped with a 13-in.
pipeline on the right hand side
The remaining length on the left hand side was looped with a
14-in. pipeline.

Calculate using Weymouth’s equation without friction factor:

a. The resulted percentage increase in flow rate from the first upgrade (2 Marks)

b. The resulted percentage increase in flow rate from the second upgrade (2 Marks)

c. The resulted percentage increase in flow rate from the third upgrade (3 Marks)

5a. Discuss two type of charts used in an orifice meter (2 Marks)

5b. Discuss the well stimulation operations used in the petroleum industry (4 Marks)

5c. The direct reading orifice chart detached from an orifice meter is as shown in the
attached. If the orifice flows constant C = 1258.

a. Calculate the total volume of gas delivered to the gas plant in ft3. (6 Marks)

b. Calculate the average gas flow rate in ft3/hr. (2 Marks)