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Grading:
"B" grade — All portions of ALL Home-
work Problems are satisfactorily completed.
"A" grade — All portions of ALL Home-
work AND Exam Problems are satisfactorily
completed.
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This document (as well as other files pertaining to PETE 620) are located at:
http://pumpjack.tamu.edu/~t-blasingame/P620_00B/
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In this assignment you are to reproduce the developments given by Eqs. 7.2-7.9
(Section 7.1, pgs. 122-125) of the Hornbeck text, Numerical Methods.
Part 2: Functional Approximations using Least Squares
Rework Illustrative Problem 7.2 given in the Hornbeck text, Numerical Methods.
You are to show all details of the derivations—including the setup and solution of
the normal equations. Failure to do so will result in you repeating the exercise until
all details are shown.
Plot the data and approximating functions on a single summary plot (note example
below).
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Required:
1.1. Derive the ∂pp/∂t term using the gas material balance equation (Eq. 3).
∂ pp μ i c gi 1
Hint: ∂t = – μ c g c G q
gi
1.2. Substitute the ∂pp/∂t term from 1.1 into Eq. 1 (assume that ct≈cg), and solve the
resulting relation for:
V p 1
Hint: use G = B = B φ hπ (re2–rw2 )
gi gi
qBgiμ i r 2e 2 2
r - 1 (r -rw) + s
ppr= ppwf+ ln
2π kh (r2e -r2w) rw 2 (r 2e -r2w) ........................................(4)
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kt (Darcy Units).....................................................................(4)
tD =
φμ c t r w 2
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2.2. Using the solutions given in Part 2.1, you are to perform the following tasks:
2.2.a. "Infinite-Acting" Reservoir Case:
Derive the qD(rD=1,tD) function using Eq. 12.
Note: The tasks assigned in Parts 2.2.a and 2.2.b are potentially VERY DIFFI-
CULT, and there is no guarantee of an explicit solution—your effort
should be significant. For some guidance, you can consult:
Conduction of Heat in Solids, 2nd edition, H. Carslaw and J. Jaeger,
Oxford Science Publications (1959), Sec. 13.5, p. 334-336 ("Infinite-Act-
ing" Reservoir Case).
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The Ozkan-Raghavan3,4 Laplace domain solution for a well with either a uniform
flux or infinite conductivity vertical fracture in an infinite-acting homogeneous
reservoir is given by
pORD,inf (x D ≤1,yD =0) =
u (1+x D) u (1-x D)
1 K 0(z) dz + K 0(z) dz
2s u
0 0 ......................(3)
Required:
2.1. You are to derive the following: (show all steps)
2.1.a. The "Gringarten, Ramey, and Raghavan" solution (Eq. 1).
2.1.b. The "Houze, Horne, and Ramey" solution (Eq. 2).
2.1.c. The "Ozkan-Raghavan" Laplace domain solution (Eq. 3).
Hints:
Problem 2.1.a.: Use the Gringarten, Ramey, and Raghavan reference (ref. 1).
Problems 2.1.b. and 2.1.c.: Use the notes from Reservoir Flow Solutions
Lecture 4 — Solutions for the Behavior of a Fractured Well in a Bounded
Cir-cular Reservoir: Infinite and Finite-Acting Reservoir Cases.
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∞ e -t
E 1 (x) = dt
x t
Error function, erf(x):
x -t 2
erf(x) = 2π e dt
0
2.3. Solution Plots
Plot the pwD(tDxf) solutions given by Gringarten-Ramey-Raghavan1 (Part 2.1.a)
and those obtained via numerical inversion of the infinite-acting reservoir
solution in the Laplace domain (i.e., the Laplace transform solution derived in
Part 2.1.c).
Plot requirements:
Use xD=0.732 (the infinite conductivity vertical fracture case)
Use the range: 1x10-4<tDxf<1x104.
Plot the pwD(tDxf) solutions on both semilog (x-axis) and log-log
format plots—both pwD(tDxf) solutions are to be plotted on the same
graph.
Special Functions:
The required special functions—E1(x), erf(x), and the integral of K0(x) are pro-
vided in the Fortran program AS_SPFN.FOR, this code should give acceptable
results. The AS_SPFN.FOR code is located in the final exam folder at:
http://pumpjack.tamu.edu/~t-blasingame/P620_00B/
References:
1. Gringarten, A.C., Ramey, H.J., Jr., and Raghavan, R.: "Unsteady-State Pressure
Distributions Created by a Well With a Single Infinite-Conductivity Vertical Frac-
ture," SPEJ. (Aug. 1974) 347-360.
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2. Houze, O.P., Horne, R.N., and Ramey, H.J., Jr.: "Pressure-Transient Response of
an Infinite-Conductivity Vertical Fracture in a Reservoir with Double-Porosity
Behavior," SPEFE (September 1988) 510-518.
3. Ozkan, O. and Raghavan, R.: "New Solutions for Well-Test-Analysis Problems:
Part 1—Analytical Considerations," SPEFE (Sept. 1991) 359-368.
4. Ozkan, O. and Raghavan, R.: "New Solutions for Well-Test-Analysis Problems:
Part 2—Computational Considerations, and Applications," SPEFE (Sept. 1991)
369-378.
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