AFJFOFB
‟^HEYFJIP MDED\\BHFH‑
 Ofpdrfe iei `isusue uetuj
uetuj ahaheubi tumfs aftf ju
juoifb
oifb Hpi`haidodmi ^heyfjit 
 Aheuofr 

DOHB;
JHODA^DJ <
AFCPX\ FO \FCI J>66626>39
AXW@FOICFB J>66626>62
WIPI EX\BFOIWF J>66626>>6
WF\PIJF J>66626><<
EX\ IE@\IYFEI J>66626>6=
BFWEIFPI J>66626><0
\HWJI FA
FAFOIYF ^\
^\FPI]I J>66626>08
EX\XO IO
IOAI WH
WHPYF]FPI W J>66626>8<
EX\ CFX[IFB J>66626><9
PIF\F H\@IPPF J>66626>76
WXP\F EX\ WFAWX@@IE J>666267<>
F\BFA WYF\IC J>66626866

^\DM\FA WPX@I JHWHBFPFE AFWYF\FJFP

CFJXOPFW JHWHBFPFE AFWYF\FJFP
XEISH\WIPFW BFWFEX@@IE
<>69
 

JFPF ^HEMFEPF\ 

Whmfof
Whmfof puki
puki `fe syujur
syujur pheuoi
pheuoiss pfekft
pfekftjfe
jfe jhbf`i
jhbf`irft
rft Foofb
Foofb W]P ftfs
oiapfb
oiapfbfe
fe jfruei
jfrueiff `fe rfbaft
rfbaftEyf
Eyf,, shbiem
shbiemmf
mf afjfofb
afjfofb Hpi`h
Hpi`haid
aidodm
odmii ^heyfj
^heyfjit
it
Aheuof
Aheuofrr pheuoi
pheuoiss yfem
yfem lhrku`
lhrku`uo
uo ‟^heyf
‟^heyfjit
jit Mdedrr
Mdedrrbhf
bhfh‑
h‑ iei lisf
lisf thrshohs
thrshohsfij
fijfe
fe
`hemfe thpft wfjtu.
Afjfofb iei `ititij lhrftjfe pf`f jdeshp `fsfr ^heyfjit Mdedrrbhfh shrtf
shauff jdapde
shau jdapdehe
he yfem
yfem thjfit
thjfit `hemfe
`hemfe pheyfj
pheyfjit
it thrshlu
thrshlut.
t. @fofa
@fofa pheyus
pheyusuef
uefe
e
afjfofb
afjfofb iei,
iei, thetu
thetu pheuoi
pheuoiss ahemfo
ahemfofai
fai lfeyfj
lfeyfj bfalft
bfalftfe
fe `ifetf
`ifetfrfe
rfeyf
yf thjeij 
thjeij 
 pheuoisfe, phehetufe afthri, `fe ofie shlfmfieyf yfem ti`fj lisf pheuois shlutjfe
sftu phrsftu. Efaue, bfo thrshlut ahrupfjfe prdshs phalhofkfrfe uetuj pheuois,
shofie itu pheuois aheyf`fri lfbwf jhofegfrfe `fe pheyusuefe afjfofb iei ti`fj 
ohpfs `fri lialiemfe `fe frfbfe `fri `dshe aftf juoifb Hpi`haidodmi ^heyfjit
Aheuofr, thafe-thafe, `fe shauf pibfj yfem throilft shbiemmf shauf jhe`fof-
jhe`fof yfem pheuois bf`fpi lisf thrftfsi.
^heuois kumf aheyf`fri lfbwf `fofa pheuoisfe afjfofb iei afsib lfeyfj 
jhjurfemfe lfij itu `fofa thjeij pheuoisfe afupue pheyfkife afthri ahemiemft
jhafapufe yfem `iaioiji pheuois thrlftfs. Dohb jfrhef itu, jritij `fe sfrfe `hai
 pheyhapureffe afjfofb iei sfemft pheuois lutubjfe. Fjbireyf, shadmf afjfofb
iei `fpft lhrafecfft `iafsf shjfrfem `fe `iafsf yfem fjfe `ftfem.

Afjfssfr, 62 Afrht <><>

^heuois

ii
 

@FCPF\ IWI

GDSH\ 
JFPF ^HEMFEPF\..........................
^HEMFEPF\................................................
............................................
.............................................
.......................ii
ii

@FCPF\ IWI............................................
IWI..................................................................
.........................................................
........................................iii
.....iii

LFL I..........................................
I................................................................
............................................
.......................................................6
.................................6

^HE@FBXOXFE...................................................................................................6

F. Oftfr Lhofjfem.....................................
Lhofjfem...........................................................
............................................
.....................................6
...............6

L. \uausfe Afsfofb............................................
Afsfofb..................................................................
............................................
.........................<
...<

G. Pukufe.................................
Pukufe.......................................................
............................................
......................................................<
................................<

@. Afecfft....................
Afecfft..........................................
............................................
............................................
...........................................7
.....................7

LFL II...........................................
II.................................................................
............................................
............................................
...............................0
.........0

PIEKFXFE ^XWPFJF.............................
^XWPFJF...................................................
........................................................
.......................................0
.....0

F. ^rhvfohesi ^heyfjit Mdedrrbhfh `i @ueif......................................

@ueif......................................................0
................0

L. ^rhvfohesi ^heyfjit Mdedrrbhfh `i Ie`dehsif................................................8

LFL III............................................
III..................................................................
............................................
....................................
............................
..............=
=

^HALFBFWFE.............................
^HALFBFWFE...................................................
............................................
...................................................
.............................==

F. @hcieisi ^heyfjit Mdedrrbhfh........................................................................=

L. @hcieisi Ehisshrif Mdedrrbfh.........................................................................2

G. Cfjtdr \isijd ^heyfjit Mdedrrbhfh...............................................................9

@. Mhkfof ^heyfjit Mdedrrbhfh.....................................

Mdedrrbhfh...........................................................
......................................9
................9

H. ^ftdmhehsis Ehisshrif mdedrrbhf..................................................................

mdedrrbhf..................................................................66
66

C. Adrcdodmi Ehisshrif mdedrrbhfh..................................

mdedrrbhfh...................................................................6<
.................................6<

M. Afsf Iejulfsi Ehisshrif mdedrrbhf......................................

mdedrrbhf..............................................................67
........................67

B. Gfrf/Ah`if ^heuofrfe ^heyfjit Mdedrrbhfh...............................................60

iii
 

I. Gfrf ^hemdlftfe ^heyfjit Mdedrrbhfh......................................................

Mdedrrbhfh........................................................68
..68

K. Gfrf ^heghmfbfe ^heyfjit Mdedrrbhfh........................................................62

Mdedrrbhfh........................................................62

LFL IS..........................................
IS................................................................
............................................
.................................................
............................<>
.<>

^HEXPX^...............................
^HEXPX^.....................................................
............................................
............................................
...................................<>
.............<>

F. Jhsiapuofe..............
Jhsiapuofe....................................
............................................
............................................
.........................................<>
...................<>

L. Wfrfe......................................
Wfrfe............................................................
............................................
.................................................
...........................<>
<>

@FCPF\ ^XWPFJF..................................
^XWPFJF........................................................
..........................................................
....................................<6
<6

iv
 

LFL I

^HE@FBXOXFE

F. Oftf
Oftfrr Lho
Lhofj
fjfe
fem
m

Iechjsi Aheuofr Whjsufo (IAW) sfft iei ahekf`i phrafsfofbfe yfem ahaioiji
jhphetiemf
jhphetiemfe
e simeicijfe
simeicijfe `ijfrhefjfe
`ijfrhefjfe ghpfteyf
ghpfteyf pheyhlfrfe
pheyhlfrfe pheyfjit,
pheyfjit, tiemmieyf
tiemmieyf
 lifyf phemdlftfe, `fe aheiemjfteyf risijd pheuofrfe IAW ofieeyf. Ahemiemft
afbfoeyf
afbfoeyf lifyf phemdlftfe
phemdlftfe mdedrh
mdedrh `fe pheiemjftfe
pheiemjftfe phrkfofefe iethrefsidef
iethrefsidefo,
o,
iechjs
iechjsii mdedjd
mdedjdjfo
jfo ahekf`
ahekf`ii fegfaf
fegfafe
e `i lhrlfm
lhrlfmfi
fi ehmfrf,
ehmfrf, jbususe
jbususeyf
yf ehmfrf
ehmfrf
 lhrjhalfem. Lhrjhalfemeyf rhsisthesi thrbf`fp fetiaijrdlf ahrupfjfe sfofb
sftu
sftu cfjt
cfjtdr
dr utfa
utfaff yfem
yfem ahey
aheyhl
hlfl
fljf
jfe
e ph
phey
eyhl
hlfr
frfe
fe jd
jdet
etie
ieyu
yu `f
`fri
ri ie
iech
chjs
jsii
mdedjdjfo
mdedjdjfo.. Wfofbsftu
Wfofbsftu pheyfjit
pheyfjit yfem thrmdodem `ifjilftjfe
`ifjilftjfe dohb Iechjsi Aheuofr 
Aheuofr 
Whjsufo (IAW) f`fofb pheyfjit Mdedrrbfh.
Mdee
Mdeedr
drbh
bhfh
fh (MD)
(MD) `i`h
`i`hci
ciei
eisj
sjfe
fe shlfm
shlfmfi
fi ph
phey
eyfj
fjit
it ie
iech
chjs
jsii lf
lfjt
jthri
hri yf
yfem
em
`ishlf
`ishlfljf
ljfe
e dohb
dohb juafe
juafe  Ehisshrif
 Ehisshrif   mdedrrbdhf
 mdedrrbdhf,, suftu `ipodjdjus mrfa ehmftic.
Iechjsi uauaeyf thrkf`i pf`f fjtivitfs shjsufo shgfrf mheitd-mheitfo, efaue kumf
`fpft `ijfrhefjfe jdetfj shjsufo shgfrf drd-mheitfo `fe fed-mheitfo. ^f`f ofji-
ofji
ofji uaue
uaueyf
yf ahey
aheyhl
hlfl
fljf
jfe
e ur
urht
htri
riti
tiss fj
fjut
ut,, sh
shah
ahet
etfr
frff pf
pf`f
`f ph
phrh
rhap
apuf
ufe
e
aheyhlfljfe shrvisitis yfem auemjie sfkf fsiaptdaftij.
@i `ueif, mdedrrbhfh ahrupfjfe pheyfjit aheuofr shjsufo yfem `ishlfljfe
dohb lfjthri `hemfe kuaofb thrlfeyfj. Wh`femjfe `i Fahrijf Whrijft ahehapfti
urut
urutfe
fe jh
jh`u
`uff `h
`hem
emfe
fe shjit
shjitfr
fr 2<
2<>.
>.>>
>>>
> jf
jfsu
suss lf
lfru
ru ie
iechj
chjsi
si lf
lfjt
jthri
hri  Ehisshrif
 mdedrrbdhfh shtifp tfbue.< @i jdtf Whafrfem, kuaofb jfsus mdedrh lhr`fsfrjfe
ofpdrfe ruafb sfjit yfitu tfbue <>>= shlfeyfj << jfsus, tfbue <>>2 shlfeyfj 
6<> jfsus, tfbue <>>9 shlfeyfj =6 jfsus, tfbue <>6> shlfeyfj 60> jfsus, `fe
tfbue <>66 shlfeyfj 9= jfsus.
Dohb shlfl itu, pheuois ahemfemjft phalfbfsfe thrjfit ^heyfjit Mdeedrbhfh
fm
fmfr
fr `f
`fpf
pftt ahei
aheiem
emjf
jftj
tjfe
fe ph
phem
emht
htfb
fbuf
ufe
e pf
pfrf
rf ph
phal
alfg
fgff `f
`fof
ofa
a aheh
ahehau
aujf
jfe
e
iecdrafsi-iecdrafsi shrtf bfo-bfo yfem thrjfit `hemfe pheyfjit iei.

6
 

L. \uau
\uausf
sfe
e Afs
Afsfo
fofb
fb
6. Lfmfiafef
Lfmfiafef ^rhvfohesi
^rhvfohesi ^heyfjit
^heyfjit Mded
Mdedrrbhfh
rrbhfh `i `ueif4
`ueif4
<. Lfmfiafef
Lfmfiafef ^rhvfohe
^rhvfohesi
si ^heyfjit
^heyfjit Mdedrrbhfh
Mdedrrbhfh `i Ie`dehs
Ie`dehsif4
if4
7. Fpf itu ^he
^heyfj
yfjit
it Mdee
Mdeedrr
drrbhf
bhfh4
h4
0. Fpf itu Ehisshrif Mdedrbhf4
8. Fpf cfjt
cfjtdr
dr risijd
risijd phey
pheyfji
fjitt Mdedrr
Mdedrrbhf
bhfh4
h4
3. Lfmfia
Lfmfiafef
fef mhkfo
mhkfoff pheyfj
pheyfjit
it Mded
Mded rrbhf
rrbhfh4
h4
=. Lfmfiafef
Lfmfiafef pftdmheitfs
pftdmheitfs `fri pheyfjit
pheyfjit Mded
Mdedrrbhfh4
rrbhfh4
2. Lfmf
Lfmfia
iafe
feff adrc
adrcdo
dodm
dmii `fri
`fri Ehisshrif
 Ehisshrif Mdedrbhf4
Mdedrbhf4
9. Lfmf
Lfmfia
iafe
feff afsf
afsf iej
iejul
ulfs
fsii Ehisshrif Mdedrbhf4
Mdedrbhf4
6>. Lfmfiafef
Lfmfiafef gfrf pheuofrfe
pheuofrfe Ehisshrif
 Ehisshrif Mdedrbhf4
Mdedrbhf4
66. Lfmfiafef gfrf phemdlftfe pheyfjit Mdedrrbhfh4
6<. Lfmfiafef gfrf pheghmfbfe pheyfjit
pheyfjit Mdedrrbhfh4
Mdedrrbhfh4

G. Pukufe
6. Pukufe Xa
Xaua
Xetuj ahemhtfbui pheyfjit Mdedrrbhfh shgfrf ohlib riegi.
<. Puku
Pukufe
fe Jbu
busu
suss
- Xetuj
Xetuj ahem
ahemhtf
htfbui
bui ^rhv
^rhvfohe
fohesi
si ^heyf
^heyfjit
jit Mded
Mdedrrb
rrbhfh
hfh `i
`i `ueif
`ueif
- Xetuj
Xetuj ahemh
ahemhtfb
tfbui
ui ^rhvf
^rhvfohe
ohesi
si ^heyfj
^heyfjit
it Mdedr
Mdedrrbh
rbhfh
fh `i Ie`d
Ie`dehs
ehsif
if
- Xetu
Xetuj
j ahafb
ahafbfa
faii `hcie
`hcieisi
isi ^he
^heyf
yfji
jitt Mdeed
Mdeedrr
rrbh
bhfh
fh
- Xetu
Xetuj
j ahem
ahemht
htfb
fbui
ui `hci
`hciei
eisi
si Ehisshrif
 Ehisshrif Mdedrbhf
- Xetuj
Xetuj ahemht
ahemhtfbu
fbuii cfjtdr
cfjtdr risijd
risijd pheyfj
pheyfjit
it Mded
Mdedrrb
rrbhfh
hfh
- Xetu
Xetuj
j ahaf
ahafbf
bfai
ai mhk
mhkfof
fof phe
pheyf
yfji
jitt Mded
Mdedrr
rrbh
bhfh
fh
- Xetuj
Xetuj ahafbf
ahafbfai
ai pftd
pftdmhe
mheitf
itfss `f
`fri
ri phey
pheyfji
fjitt Mdedr
Mdedrrbh
rbhfh
fh
- Xetu
Xetuj
j aha
ahafb
fbfa
faii adr
adrcd
cdod
odmi
mi `fri
`fri Ehisshrif
 Ehisshrif Mdedrbhf
- Xetu
Xetuj
j ahem
ahemht
htfb
fbui
ui afs
afsff ieju
iejulf
lfsi
si Ehisshrif
 Ehisshrif Mdedrbhf
- Xetu
Xetuj
j ahem
ahemht
htfb
fbui
ui gfr
gfrff pheu
pheuof
ofrf
rfe
e Ehisshrif Mdedrbhf
- Xetuj
Xetuj ahemht
ahemhtfbu
fbuii gfrf
gfrf phem
phemdlf
dlftfe
tfe pheyfj
pheyfjit
it Mded
Mdedrrb
rrbhfh
hfh
- Xetuj
Xetuj ahemht
ahemhtfbu
fbuii gfrf
gfrf pheg
pheghmf
hmfbfe
bfe pheyfj
pheyfjit
it Mded
Mdedrrb
rrbhfh
hfh

<
 

@. Afecff
ecfftt
f. Lfmi
Lfmi ^heuois
^heuois
@fpft ahefalfb phemhtfbufe pheuois thetfem bfo-bfo yfem lhrjfitfe `hemfe
^heyfjit Mdedrrbhf. Whrtf shlfmfi sfofbsftu syfrft jhouousfe pheuois `i
aftf juoifb Hpi`haidodmi ^heyfjit Aheuofr.
 l. Lfmi ^halfgf
@fpft ahefalfb phemhtfbufe phalfgf thrjfit `hemfe ^heyfjit Mdedrrbhf.

7
 

LFL II

PIEKFXFE ^XWPFJF

F. ^rhvf
^rhvfohe
ohesi
si ^heyf
^heyfjit
jit Mdedr
Mdedrrb
rbhfh
hfh `i
`i @ueif
@ueif
@i `ueif, mdedrrbhfh ahrupfjfe pheyfjit aheuofr shjsufo yfem `ishlfljfe
dohb lfjthri `hemfe kuaofb thrlfeyfj. Wh`femjfe `i Fahrijf Whrijft ahehapfti
urut
urutfe
fe jh
jh`u
`uff `h
`hem
emfe
fe shjit
shjitfr
fr 2<
2<>.
>.>>
>>>
> jf
jfsu
suss lf
lfru
ru ie
iechj
chjsi
si lf
lfjt
jthri
hri  Ehisshrif
 mdedrrbdhfh shtifp tfbue. 
Aheurut ]BD, pf`f tfbue <>>2 thrkf`i pheiemjftfe iechjsi E. Mdedrrbdhfh
yfem
yfem simeic
simeicijf
ijfe
e shofie
shofie `i lheuf
lheuf Hrdpf
Hrdpf `fe `fhrfb Piaur Phemfb
Phemfb,, yfitu
yfitu `fri
`fri
shlfeyfj 2=,= kutf jfsus pf`f tfbue <>>8 ahekf`i 6>3,6 kutf jfsus pf`f tfbue
<>>2. ^f`f Lheuf Fcrijf iesi`hesi phe`hritf mdedrh phrhapufe shlfeyfj 9,3 kutf
Xeivhrsitfs Jristhe Afrfeftbf < jfsus, sh`femjfe ofji-ofji shlfeyfj 66,3 kutf
jfsus. ^f`f Pfbue <>>2, `i Lheuf Fahrijf phe`hritf mdedrh phrhapufe 0,0 kutf
jfsus, sh`femjfe ofji-ofji shlfeyfj 3,3 kutf jfsus.
@i Fsif Phemmfrf iesi`hesi phe`hritf mdedrh phrhapufe shlfeyfj =,8 kutf
jfsus, sh`femjfe ofji-ofji 62,> kutf jfsus. Iesi`hesi phe`hritf mdedrh phrhapufe
`i Lheuf Hrdpf shlfeyfj 6,9 kutf jfsus, sh`femjfe ofji-ofji shlfeyfj 6,3 kutf
jfsus. @i Piaur
Piaur themfb
themfb iesi`hesi
iesi`hesi phe`hritf mdedrh phrhapufe
phrhapufe shlfeyfj
shlfeyfj 6,< kutf
jfsus sh`femjfe ofji-ofji 6,9 kutf jfsus. @ftf ahemhefi IAW shgfrf jhshourubfe
aheurut W@JI <>6<. Ofji-ofji jfwie usif 68-80 tfbue yfem lhrdlft IAW jh
joieij, `djthr, ftfu thefmf jhshbftfe ofieeyf shlfeyfj 08%, 2% ahalhoi dlft
she`irii jh fpdtij, 3% ahalhoi dlft `fri sualhr
she`ir sualhr ofie shofie fpdtij,
fpdtij, `fe shlfeyfj 
shlfeyfj 
79% ti`fj ahofjujfe phemdlftfe IAW.
Whofie itu, 
itu,  shafji
shafjie
e lhrjhalfem
lhrjhalfemeyf
eyf zfafe ]BD kumf ahehaujfe cfjtf
 lfbwf ti`fj jurfem `fri <8 kutf jfsus lfru `ithaujfe shtifp tfbue `i shourub
`ueif. Ghethr cdr `ishfsh gdetrdo
gdetrdo fe` prhvhetide
prhvhetide (G@G) ahaphrjirfjfe shjitfr 
2<>.>>>
2<>.>>> jfsus mdedrh
mdedrh aueguo
aueguo shtifp tfbueeyf
tfbueeyf `i FW. Femjf iechjsi mdedrh `fri
6>3,=
6>3,= jfsus
jfsus phr 6>>.>>
6>>.>>>
> pdpuof
pdpuofsi
si pf`f
pf`f tfbue
tfbue <>
<>6<
6< ahekf`
ahekf`ii 6>3,6
6>3,6 jfsus
jfsus phr 
6>>.>>
6>>.>>>
> pdpuof
pdpuofsi
si pf`f
pf`f tfbue
tfbue <>67,
<>67, efaue
efaue shofaf
shofaf phrid`
phrid`hh <>>9
<>>9 biemmf
biemmf <>67
<>67
femjf iechjsi aheiemjft shjitfr 2,<%.

0
 

L. ^rhvf
^rhvfohe
ohesi
si ^heyfj
^heyfjit
it Mdedrr
Mdedrrbhf
bhfhh `i Ie`dehsi
Ie`dehsif
f
Mded
Mdedrr
rrbd
bdhf
hfhh ahr
ahrupf
upfjfe
jfe pheyfj
pheyfjit
it yfem
yfem ahapue
ahapueyfi
yfi iesi`h
iesi`hes
es yfem
yfem tiemmi
tiemmi
`ifetfrf Iechjsi ^heyfjit Aheuofr Whjsufo (^AW). Iechjsi iei thrkf`i shgfrf oufs `i
shourub `ueif `hemfe prhvfohesi yfem ohlib tiemmi `i lhrlfmfi ehmfrf lhrjhalfem
thrafsuj Ie`dehsif. (Kfwfs, <>>2)
@i Ie`dehsif, Jhahethrife
Jhahethrife Jhshbftfe pf`f tfbue <>>= `fe <>66 ahofjujfe
ahofjujfe
survhi
survhi yfem
yfem `ijhef
`ijhefoo `hemfe
`hemfe efaf
efaf survhi
survhiofe
ofess thrpf`
thrpf`u
u lidodm
lidodmis
is `fe phriofj
phriofju
u
(WPL^).
(WPL^). Bfsio WPL^ <>>= yfem `ituois
`ituois Austijfwfti
Austijfwfti ht fo . (<>>9) aheyhlutjfe
 prhvfohesi pheyfjit mdedrh lhrkuaofb 0.779 jfsus thr`iri `fri wfeitf phjhrkf shjs
ofemsu
ofemsuem
em (]^WO)
(]^WO) shlfey
shlfeyfj
fj 6.2=<
6.2=< jfsus,
jfsus, wfeitf
wfeitf phjhrkf
phjhrkf shjs
shjs ti`fj
ti`fj ofemsu
ofemsuem
em
(]^WPO) shlfeyfj 6.6>8 jfsus, wfrif shlfeyfj 86< jfsus `fe ohofji shjs ohofji
(OWO)
(OWO) shlfey
shlfeyfj
fj 28> jfsus. Bfsio
Bfsio WPL^
WPL^ <>66
<>66 yfem
yfem `ituoi
`ituoiss dohb
dohb Jhahet
Jhahethrif
hrife
e
Jhshbftfe \I (<>66) aheyhlutjfe prhvfohesi pheyfjit mdedrh lhrkuaofb 0.300
jfsus thr`iri `fri ]^WO shlfeyfj <.<=9 jfsus, ]^WPO shlfeyfj 6.020 jfsus,
wfrif shlfeyfj 032 jfsus `fe OWO shlfeyfj 067 jfsus.
Bhryfei (<>66) thofb ahofjujfe phehoitife thrbf`fp phe`hritf mdedrh ahoiputi
iesi`hesi, jfrfjthristij `fe pheftfofjsfeffe phemdlftfe pf`f phrid`h <>>2-<>6>
`i \W Fo-Isofa Lfe`uem. Bfsio phehoitife thrshlut `fri 27 `ftf rhjfa ah`is
 phe`hritf mdedrh, iesi`hesi thrtiemmi yfitu pf`f tfbue <>6> (02,<%), afydritfs
 phe`hritf mdedrh f`fofb ofji-ofji `hemfe usif jfthmdri `hwfsf <8-0> tfbue
(80,<<
(80,<<%),
%), lhjhrkf
lhjhrkf shlfmf
shlfmfii wirfswf
wirfswfstf
stf (72,88
(72,88%)
%) `fe lhrstft
lhrstftus
us tho
thofb
fb aheijf
aheijfb
b
(87,>6%).
Jhkf`ife IAW `i Ie`dehsif ghe`hruem aheiemjft shgfrf jhshourubfe (Mdedrh,
Wicioi
Wiciois)
s) thrgftf
thrgftftt pf`f
pf`f tfbue
tfbue <>66
<>66 shlfey
shlfeyfj
fj 66.<2>
66.<2> `fri
`fri kuaofb
kuaofb thrshl
thrshlut
ut jfsus
jfsus
mbdedrrbhf shlfeyfj 8.676 (08,0%) jfsus, siciois shlfeyfj 0=<8 (06,2%) jfsus,
`f
`fe
e pf
pf`f
`f tfbu
tfbue
e <>
<>6<
6< ahei
aheiem
emjf
jftt sh
shlf
lfey
eyfj
fj 67
67.>
.>07
07 jf
jfsu
suss yf
yfem
em th
thr`
r`ist
istri
rilu
lusi
si
shlfeyfj 3>>7 (03,>%) jfsus mdedrrbhf, 8<63 (0>,>%) jfsus siciois (Jhahejhs
\I, <>6>).
^rhvfohesi iechjsi aheuofr shjsufo `fofa bfo iei mdedrrbhf pfoiem lfeyfj 
`ithau
`ithaujfe
jfe `i jdtf
jdtf lfe`u
lfe`uem,
em, yfitus
yfitushlf
hlfeyf
eyfj
j 7=,0%,
7=,0%, `i jdtf
jdtf Wurflf
Wurflfyf
yf 69,2%,
69,2%,
sh`femjfe `i kfjfrtf shlfeyfj< 9,2%. Jhlfeyfjfe phe`hritf pheyfjit aheuofr 

8
 

shjsufo (mdedrrbhf) f`fofb usif 68-<9 tfbue, thtfpi f`f kumf lfyi yfem thrtuofr 
`fri ilueyf (Ohstfri,<>>2).
Lhlhrfp
Lhlhrfpff phehoi
phehoitife
tife `i Wurflf
Wurflfyf,
yf, Kfjfrtf
Kfjfrtf `fe Lfe`ue
Lfe`uem
m thrbf`
thrbf`fp
fp wfeitf
wfeitf
 phekfkf shjs (]^W) aheuekujjfe lfbwf jfsus‗jfsus prhvfohesi  mdedrrbdhfh
 lhrjisfr fetfrf =,0‗8>% `fri (Yuwded ht fo., <>>6
<>>6).
). ^f`f `hjf`h
`hjf`h thrfjb
thrfjbir
ir iei,
tiemjft jhkf`ife IAW thrus ahemfofai pheiemjftfe. Chedahef iei thrutfaf thrkf`i
 pf`f jhodapdj rhsijd tiemmi `fe sfofb sftu jhodapdj rhsijd tiemmi f`fofb ]^W
(]i`d`d, <>>2). @i jdtf Whafrfem, kuaofb jfsus mdedrh lhr`fsfrjfe ofpdrfe
ruafb sfjit yfitu tfbue <>>= shlfeyfj << jfsus, tfbue <>>2 shlfeyfj 6<> jfsus,
tfbue <>>9 shlfeyfj
shlfeyfj =6 jfsus, tfbue <>6> shlfeyfj
shlfeyfj 60> jfsus, `fe tfbue <>66
shlfeyfj 9= jfsus.
Whofie
Whofie itu,
itu, `fofa
`fofa prdcio
prdcio jhshbf
jhshbftfe
tfe prdvie
prdviesi
si Kfwf Phemfb
Phemfb yfem
yfem `ituoi
`ituoiss dohb
dohb
@iefs Jhshbftfe ^rdviesi Kfwf Phemfb (<>60) aheyhlutjfe lfbwf kuaofb jfsus
 lfru pheyfjit aheuofr shjsufo pf`f tfbue <>66 shlfeyfj 6>.=8< jfsus, tfbue
<>6< shlfeyfj 2.3=6 jfsus, tfbue <>67 shlfeyfj 6>.0=6 jfsus.

3
 

LFL III

^HALFBFWFE

F. @hciei
@hcieisi
si ^heyf
^heyfjit
jit Mdedr
Mdedrrbh
rbhfh
fh

Mdedrh
Mdedrh f`fofb
f`fofb pheyfj
pheyfjit
it aheuof
aheuofrr shjsuf
shjsufoo yfem
yfem pfoiem
pfoiem shriem
shriem `ithau
`ithaujfe
jfe,,
`iafsyfrfjft pheyfjit mdedrh ohlib `ijhefo shlfmfi pheyfjit jhegiem efefb ftfu
urhtritis mdedrh (Wfri, Ausoia, `fe Xocfb, <>6<).
Mdedrh
Mdedrh (MD)
(MD) `i`hci
`i`hcieis
eisijf
ijfe
e shlfmf
shlfmfii iechjsi
iechjsi lfjthr
lfjthrii yfem
yfem `ishlf
`ishlfljf
ljfe
e dohb
dohb
juafe
juafe  Ehisshrif mdedrrbdhf,
mdedrrbdhf, suftu `ipodjdjus mrfa ehmftic. Iechjsi uauaeyf
thrkf`i
thrkf`i pf`f
pf`f fjtivi
fjtivitfs
tfs shjsuf
shjsufoo shgfrf
shgfrf mheitd
mheitd-mh
-mheit
eitfo,
fo, efaue
efaue `fpft
`fpft kumf
kumf jdetfj 
jdetfj 
shjsufo shgfrf drd-mheitfo `fe fed-mheitfo. ^f`f ofji-ofji uauaeyf aheyhlfljfe
urhtritis fjut, shahetfrf pf`f phrhapufe aheyhlfljfe shrvisitis yfem auemjie
sfkf
sfkf fsia
fsiatd
tdaf
afti
tij.
j. Xrht
Xrhtri
riti
tiss mded
mdedrh
rh sh
shri
riem
emjf
jfoi
oi `i
`itf
tfe`
e`fi
fi `h
`hem
emfe
fe th
thrk
rkf`
f`ie
ieyf
yf
 phrf`femfe pf`f urhtrf yfem `itfe`fi `hemfe f`feyf pus yfem jhoufr `fri
dricisi
dricisiua
ua urhtrf
urhtrf hjsthr
hjsthreua
eua,, rfsf pfefs,
pfefs, mftfo
mftfo `i lfmife
lfmife `istfo
`istfo urhtrf
urhtrf,, `isuri
`isurif,
f,
 pdofjisurif, jhoufreyf `ub tulub `fri ukuem urhtrf
urhtrf yfem jf`fem `ishrtfi `frfb, `fe
rfsf eyhri sfft hrhjsi (Wfaldeu, Eid`h, `fe ^fe`hohjh, <>63).
Mdedrh ahrupfjfe sfofb sftu pheyfjit Iechjsi Aheuofr Whjsufo (IAW) yfem
`ishlf
`ishlfljf
ljfe
e dohb
dohb lfjthr
lfjthrii  Ehisshrif mdedrrbdhfh yfitu lfjthri `ipodjdjus Mrfa
ehmftic
ehmftic.. ^heuof
^heuofrfe
rfe pheyfj
pheyfjit
it iei ahofou
ahofouii jdetfj
jdetfj shjsuf
shjsufoo `fe lfjthr
lfjthrii iei `fpft
`fpft
ahemie
ahemiechj
chjsi
si phrauj
phraujffe
ffe aujdsf
aujdsf pf`f
pf`f drmfe
drmfe urdmhe
urdmheitf
itfoo (ohbhr
(ohbhr rfbie,
rfbie, urhtrf,
urhtrf,
rhjtua) (Gfshy ht fo .,
., <>6>). Whofie itu lfjthri iei kumf `fpft ahemiechjsi shofput
aftf pf`f lfyi yfem ofbir ahofoui kfour edrafo (Lrddjs ht fo .,
., <>67).
^heyfjit Mdedrh f`fofb pheyfjit yfem `ifjilftjfe f`feyf iechjsi aheuofr 
shjsufo
shjsufo `fe `ishlflj
`ishlfljfe
fe dohb
dohb lfjthri
lfjthri  E. mdedrrbdhfh yfem `fpft aheyhlfljfe
iechjsi pf`f urhtrf, shrvijs, feus, `fe themmdrdjfe (lhrmfetuem lhetuj jdetfj 
shjs yfem
yfem `iofju
`iofjujfe
jfe).
). Aijrdd
Aijrddrmf
rmfeis
eisah
ah ahahro
ahahroujf
ujfe
e jdetfj
jdetfj ofemsu
ofemsuem
em `hemfe
`hemfe
aujdsf `fri ie`ivi`u yfem thriechjsi, lifsfeyf sfft buluemfe shjsufo.

=
 

L. @hciei
@hcieisi
si Ehiss
Ehisshr
hrif
if Mdedr
Mdedrrbf
rbfhh

 E. mdedrrbdhfh ftfu
mdedrrbdhfh  ftfu mdedjdjus ahrupfjfe juafe lhetuj miekfo lhr`ifahthr 
>,2 aijrde. @ipodjdjus, ti`fj lhrmhrfj shgfrf fjtic, `fe ti`fj lhrspdrf. Wtrfie
viruoh
viruohe,
e, thrutf
thrutfaf
af ahapue
ahapueyfi
yfi pioi
pioi `i phrauj
phraujffe
ffeeyf
eyf.. Mdedjd
Mdedjdju
juss ahapue
ahapueyfi
yfi
 lhlhrfpf kheis pofsai`, gdetdbeyf phalfwf mhe rhsisthe pf`f phaluftfe lhtf-
ofjtfafsh `fe pheisioiefsh.
^f`f
^f`f tfbue
tfbue 62
62=9
=9,,  E. mdedrrbdhfh `ithaujfe dohb Ehisshr `hemfe puofsfe
sh`iffe
sh`iffe bfpusf
bfpusfe
e `fri
`fri hjsu`f
hjsu`ftt urhtrf,
urhtrf, vfmief
vfmief,, `fe jdekue
jdekuemti
mtivf.
vf. Mdedjd
Mdedjdjus
jus
thrafsuj mdodemfe `ipodjdjus lhrlhetuj liki jdpi `hemfe ohlfr >,2οa, pfekfem
6,3οa, `fe lhrsicft tfbfe fsfa. Juafe iei lhrsicft mrfa ehmftic, yfem throibft `i
oufr ftfu `i `fofa sho pdoiadrcdeujohfr (ohujdsit), ti`fj tfbfe ofaf `iu`frf lhlfs,
ghpft afti pf`f jhf`ffe jhriem, ti`fj tfbfe subu `i ftfs 79¾ G, `fe ti`fj tfbfe
thrbf`fp zft `hsiechjtfe. Fcieitfs juafe sfemft lfij pf`f aujdsf hpitho ofpis
mhphem yfem lhoua lhrjhalfem (iaftur, pf`f wfeitf prhpulhrtfs) sh`femjfe
hpitho trfesisidefo `fe lhrofpis pipib ohlib rhsisthe thrbf`fp juafe mdedjdjus iei.
F`fpue
F`fpue urutfe tfjsdedai
tfjsdedai `fri lfjthri  Ehisshrif Mdedrrbhf f`fofb shlfmfi
 lhrijut;

@dafie; Lfgthrif 
Lfgthrif 
Cioua; ^rdthdlfgthrif 
^rdthdlfgthrif 
Jhofs; Lhtfprdthdlfgthrif 
Lhtfprdthdlfgthrif 
Dr`d;  Ehisshrifohs 
 Ehisshrifohs 
Cfaioi;  Ehisshrifghfh 
 Ehisshrifghfh  
Mheus;  Ehisshrif  
 Ehisshrif
Wphsihs; mdedrrbdhfh 
 E. mdedrrbdhfh
Efaf liedaifo 
liedaifo 
 Ehisshrif mdedrrbdhfh
mdedrrbdhfh
([dpc 6228) Prhvisfe 6228Z6Q

 E. mdedrrbdhfh ftfu
mdedrrbdhfh  ftfu mdedjdjus ahrupfjfe juafe lhetuj miekfo lhr`ifahthr 
>,2 aijrde. @ipodjdjus, ti`fj lhrmhrfj shgfrf fjtic, `fe ti`fj lhrspdrf. Wtrfie
viruoh
viruohe,
e, thrutf
thrutfaf
af ahapue
ahapueyfi
yfi pioi
pioi `i phrauj
phraujffe
ffeeyf
eyf.. Mdedjd
Mdedjdju
juss ahapue
ahapueyfi
yfi
 lhlhrfpf kheis pofsai`, gdetdbeyf phalfwf mhe rhsisthe pf`f phaluftfe lhtf-
ofjtfafsh `fe pheisioiefsh.

2
 

 Ehisshrif mdedrrbdhfh (md

(mdedg
edgdgg
dggi)
i) ahrupf
ahrupfjfe
jfe lfjthr
lfjthrii utfaf
utfaf pheyhl
pheyhlfl
fl
iechjsii aheuofr
iechjs aheuofr shjsufo
shjsufo yfitu mdedrh yfem `ituo
`ituofrjfe
frjfe ahofoui buluemfe
buluemfe shjsufo.
Lfjt
Lfjthr
hrii ie
ieii lifsf
lifsf ahey
aheyhr
hrfe
fem
m hp
hpit
itho
ho ju
juld
ldi`
i` ftfu
ftfu jd
jdou
ouae
aefr
fr pf
pf`f
`f ph
phra
rauj
ujff
ffe
e
ahalrfe aujdsf shphrti yfem thr`fpft pf`f urhtrf, vfmief, rhjtua, `fe cfriem.
Afeusif ahrupfjfe sftu-sftueyf bdst lfmi lfjthri iei (Ohldcch `fe ^ihrgh, <>66).
G. Cfjtd
Cfjtdrr \isij
\isijd
d ^heyf
^heyfjit
jit Mded
Mdedrrb
rrbhfh
hfh

Cfjtdr risijd yfem `fpft ahaigu thrkf`ieyf pheyfjit mdedrrbhf fetfrf ofie;
6. Lhrmfe
Lhrmfeti-m
ti-mfet
fetii p
pfsfe
fsfemfe
mfe shjsuf
shjsufoo
<. Bdadsh
Bdadshjsu
jsufo
fo `fe ^WJ
^WJ (^hjhr
(^hjhrkf
kf Whjs
Whjs Jdahrsi
Jdahrsifo)
fo)
7. ]feitf usif
usif prf pulhrtfs
pulhrtfs `fe ahedpfush
ahedpfush ohlib
ohlib rhetfe
rhetfe thrjhef
thrjhef mdedrh
mdedrh
0. Lfyi
Lfyi `hem
`hemfe
fe ilu
ilu ahe`
ahe`hri
hritf
tf mded
mdedrh
rh
8. Buluemfe
Buluemfe shjsufo
shjsufo `hemfe
`hemfe phe`hrit
phe`hritff mdedrh
mdedrh tfepf ahemmu
ahemmuefjfe
efjfe prdthj
prdthjsi
si
ftfu jde`da (Prifstuti <>63).
@. Mhkfo
Mhkfof
f ^heyf
^heyfjit
jit Mdedr
Mdedrrbh
rbhfh
fh

Mhkfof pheyfjit mded

mdedrh
rh `fpft lhrsicft
lhrsicft siaptdaftij
siaptdaftij afupue fsiaptdaftij
fsiaptdaftij..
Lfjthri E.
Lfjthri E. mdedrrbdhfh aheyhrfem ahalrfe aujdsf thrutfaf ahalrfe aujdsf
`hemfe kheis hpitho jdouaefr shlfmfi thapft iechjsieyf. Hpitho kheis iei lfeyfj 
`ikuapfi pf`f shrvijs, rhjtua, cfriem, `fe jdekuemtivf shbiemmf afeichstfsi joieis
iechjsi mdedrh lhrsicft vfriftic.
^f`ff prif
^f` prif `hemfe
`hemfe mdedrh
mdedrh,, jhoubf
jhoubfe
e urhtrit
urhtritis
is fjut
fjut pfoiem
pfoiem shriem
shriem `ikuap
`ikuapfi.
fi.
Jhoubfe
Jhoubfe iei `ishrtfi
`ishrtfi `hemfe
`hemfe jhoufreyf
jhoufreyf `isgb
`isgbfrmh
frmh puruohet `fri foft jhofaie `fe
rfsf eyhri sfft jhegiem. @isisi ofie, jhauemjiefe lhsfr ofji-ofji auemjie ti`fj 
fjfe aheyf`fri mhkfof lfbwf if thofb ahemiefp mdedrh, jfrhef lhlhrfpf ofji-ofji
ahafem
ahafem ti`fj
ti`fj ahe`fp
ahe`fpftj
ftjfe
fe mhkfof
mhkfofeyf
eyf.. Mhkfof
Mhkfof yfem
yfem pfoiem
pfoiem uaua
uaua `fe pfoiem
pfoiem
 phrtfaf `ijhefoi f`fofb rfsf pfefs ftfu thrlfjfr jhtijf lufem fir jhgio. Whthofb itu
fjfe `iijuti dohb mhkfof ofieeyf lhrupf ;
 Crhjuhjsi lufem fir jhgio yfem gujup shriem

 Jhoufreyf efefb `fri pheis (ththsfe gfirfe) lhrwfref putib, jueiem, jrha
ftfu jhbikfu-bikfufe)
 Lhemjfj `fe jhahrfbfe lujffe pheis