10 List of Bacterial infections

Human Bacterial
Bacteria Responsible
infections

Pulmonary Tuberculosis Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Diphtheria Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Cholera Vibrio cholerae

Leprosy Mycobacterium leprae

Pertussis Bordetella pertussis

Tetanus Clostridium tetani

Plague Yersinia pestis

Gonorrhea Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Syphilis Treponema pallidum

Salmonellosis Salmonella enteritis

 PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS
Tuberculosis (TB) is a potentially serious infectious disease that
mainly affects the lungs. The bacteria that cause tuberculosis are
spread from person to person through tiny droplets released into the
air via coughs and sneezes.
PHOTO REFERENCE:
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com
%2Ftuberculosis.html&psig=AOvVaw3q-
x0CexKTVnuHYhWOUJ9F&ust=1636087428675000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=2ahUK
Ewjprarh8v3zAhUPHqYKHZPLDucQr4kDegUIARDNAQ

CAUSES ,MODE OF TRANSMISSION

What are the 5 causes of TB?

Risk factors for TB include:

 Close contact. Having close contact with someone who has an active

TB.
 Low immunity. Immunocompromised status like those
with HIV, cancer, or transplanted organs increases the risk of
acquiring tuberculosis.
 Substance abuse. People who are IV/injection drug users and
alcoholics have a greater chance of acquiring tuberculosis.
 Inadequate health care. Any person without adequate health care
like the homeless, impoverished, and the minorities often develop
active TB.
 Immigration. Immigration from countries with a high prevalence of
TB could affect the patient.
 Overcrowding. Living in an overcrowded, substandard housing
increases the spreading of the infection.

TB bacteria are spread through the air from one person to

another. The TB bacteria are put into the air when a person with TB
disease of the lungs or throat coughs, speaks, or sings. People
nearby may breathe in these bacteria and become infected.
 SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Typical symptoms of TB include:

 a persistent cough that lasts more than 3 weeks and

usually brings up phlegm, which may be bloody.
 weight loss.
 night sweats.
 high temperature.
 tiredness and fatigue.
 loss of appetite.
 swellings in the neck.

PHOTO REFERENCE:
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com
%2Farticle%2Fsupercharged-tuberculosis-made-in-
india1%2F&psig=AOvVaw3XiQUDdnvJIop1QXTcm8Nt&ust=1636086798114000&source=
images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAwQjhxqFwoTCKCq0rHw_fMCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAQ
STAGE OF DISEASE
There are 3 stages of TB: exposure, latent, and active
disease. A TB skin test or a TB blood test can often diagnose
the infection. But other testing is also often needed.
Treatment exactly as recommended is needed to cure the
disease and prevent its spread to other people.
PREVENTION
There are 3 stages of TB: exposure, latent, and active disease. A
TB skin test or a TB blood test can often diagnose the infection. But
other testing is also often needed. Treatment exactly as
recommended is needed to cure the disease and prevent its spread
to other people.
A healthy immune system
Having a healthy immune system is the best form of defence against TB: 60%
of adults with a healthy immune system can completely kill TB bacteria.

DIAGNOSIS
The Mantoux tuberculin skin test (TST) or the TB blood test can be used to
test for M. tuberculosis infection. Additional tests are required to confirm TB
disease. The Mantoux tuberculin skin test is performed by injecting a small
amount of fluid called tuberculin into the skin in the lower part of the arm

TREATMENT
If you have an active TB disease you will probably be treated with a
combination of antibacterial medications for a period of six to 12 months. The
most common treatment for active TB is isoniazid INH in combination with
three other drugs—rifampin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol.
NURSING INTERVENTIONS
Nursing interventions for the patient include:

 Promoting airway clearance. The nurse instructs the

patient about correct positioning to facilitate drainage and
to increase fluid intake to promote systemic hydration.
 Adherence to the treatment regimen. The nurse should
teach the patient that TB is a communicable disease and
taking medications is the most effective means of preventing
transmission.
 Promoting activity and adequate nutrition. The nurse
plans a progressive activity schedule that focuses on
increasing activity tolerance and muscle strength and a
nutritional plan that allows for small, frequent meals.
 Preventing spreading of tuberculosis infection. The nurse
carefully instructs the patient about important hygienic
measures including mouth care, covering the mouth and
nose when coughing and sneezing, proper disposal of
tissues, and handwashing.
 Acid-fast bacillus isolation. Initiate AFB isolation
immediately, including the use of a private room with
negative pressure in relation to surrounding areas and a
minimum of six air changes per hour.
 Disposal. Place a covered trash can nearby or tape a lined
bag to the side of the bed to dispose of used tissues.
 Monitor adverse effects. Be alert for adverse effects of
medications.

REFERENCE: Pulmonary Tuberculosis Nursing Care

Management and ...
https://nurseslabs.com
 DIPHTHERIA
Diphtheria is a serious infection caused by strains of bacteria
called Corynebacterium diphtheriae that make toxin (poison). It
can lead to difficulty breathing, heart failure, paralysis, and even
death. CDC recommends vaccines for infants, children, teens, and
adults to prevent diphtheria. search icon.

REFERENCE PHOTO

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki
%2FCorynebacterium_diphtheriae&psig=AOvVaw2sKqRIzdlnCUjmwu5TASr-
&ust=1636076797569000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=2ahUKEwiVkYOUy_3zAhULx4sBH
Q9sBEEQr4kDegUIARDeAQ
CAUSES ,MODE OF TRANSMISSION
Causes of diphtheria may include:

 Non Immunization. Among nonimmunized

populations, diphtheria most often occurs during fall
and winter, although summer outbreaks have occurred.
 Poor socioeconomic conditions. The disease spreads
more quickly and is more prevalent in poor
socioeconomic conditions, where crowding occurs and
immunization rates are low.
 Travel history. International travel could pose a risk to
persons who are unvaccinated or inadequately
vaccinated.

Diphtheria bacteria spread from person to person,

usually through respiratory droplets, like from coughing or
sneezing. People can also get sick from touching infected open
sores or ulcers.
 SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
The main symptoms of diphtheria are:
 a thick grey-white coating at the back of your throat.
 a high temperature (fever) of 38C or above.
 feeling sick.
 sore throat.
 headache.
 swollen glands in your neck.
 difficulty breathing and swallowing

REFERENCE PHOTO: https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F

%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki
%2FDiphtheria&psig=AOvVaw0yyMewwXELrvffzZ9ytkyj&ust=1636076893680000&sour
ce=images&cd=vfe&ved=2ahUKEwiMqe3By_3zAhU3x4sBHWH5B9MQr4kDegUIARDMAQ

STAGE OF DISEASE
Diphtheria stages
They usually start two to five days after exposure. Symptoms often come on
fairly gradually, beginning with a sore throat and fever. In its early stages,
diphtheria may be mistaken for a severe sore throat. Other symptoms include
a low-grade fever and enlarged lymph nodes (swollen glands) located in the
neck.
PREVENTION
Vaccination. Keeping up to date with recommended vaccines is the
best way to prevent diphtheria. In the United States, there are four
vaccines used to prevent diphtheria: DTaP, Tdap, DT, and Td. Each
of these vaccines prevents diphtheria and tetanus; DTaP and Tdap
also help prevent pertussis (whooping cough)

DIAGNOSIS
 Bacteriologic culturing. Bacteriologic culturing is essential to
confirm the diagnosis of diphtheria.
 Toxigenicity testing. Perform toxigenicity testing using the
Elek test to determine if the C diphtheriae isolate produces
toxin.
 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test. The PCR test can
detect nonviable C diphtheriae organisms from specimens
taken after antibiotic therapy has been initiated.

TREATMENT
 Specific antitoxin. Specific antitoxin is the mainstay of
therapy and should be administered on the basis of clinical
diagnosis because it neutralizes free toxin only.
 Isolation. Individuals are placed in strict isolation (respiratory
tract colonization) or contact isolation (cutaneous colonization
only) until at least 2 subsequent cultures taken 24 hours apart
after cessation of therapy demonstrate negative results.
 Using diphtheria antitoxin to stop the toxin made by the
bacteria from damaging the body. This treatment is very
important for respiratory diphtheria infections, but it is rarely
used for diphtheria skin infections. Using antibiotics to kill and
get rid of the bacteria.
NURSING INTERVENTIONS
The nursing interventions for Diptheria are the following:

 Improve thermoregulation. Maintain room

temperature; advise the client to wear thin clothes that
absorb sweat easily; encourage to increase oral fluid
intake, and administer antipyretics as ordered.
 Improve caloric intake. Monitor calorie intake and
quality of food consumption; provide foods that
stimulate the appetite, and measure the bodyweight
daily.
 Improve airway clearance. Auscultate breath sounds,
note the presence of an additional breath sounds; place
the client in a comfortable position that can aid
maximum lung expansion; help performs chest
physiotherapy; and suction secretions as needed.

REFERENCE: Pulmonary Tuberculosis Nursing Care Management

and ...https://nurseslabs.com ›
 CHOLERA
Cholera is an acute, diarrheal illness caused by infection of the
intestine with the toxigenic bacterium Vibrio cholerae serogroup
O1 or O139. An estimated 2.9 million cases and 95,000 deaths occur
each year around the world. The infection is often mild or without
symptoms, but can be severe

PHOTO REFERENCE:https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https
%3A%2F%2Fwww.mydr.com.au%2Fcholera
%2F&psig=AOvVaw0YW2uPMbVzLLYh3II_xFrg&ust=16360769964
86000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=2ahUKEwiBi_Dyy_3zAhVey4s
BHSqGAkEQr4kDegUIARDZAQ
CAUSES ,MODE OF TRANSMISSION
Cholera can be an endemic, epidemic, or a pandemic disease.

 Environmental factors. Primary infection in humans is

incidentally acquired. Risk of primary infection is
facilitated by seasonal increases in the number of
organisms, possibly associated with changes in water
temperature and algal blooms; secondary transmission
occurs through fecal-oral spread of the organism
through person-to-person contact or through
contaminated water and food.
 Host factors. Malnutrition increases susceptibility to
cholera. Because gastric acid can quickly render an
inoculum of V cholerae noninfectious before it reaches
the site of colonization in the small bowel,
hydrochlorhydria or achlorhydria of any cause
(including Helicobacter pylori infection, gastric surgery,
vagotomy, use of H2 blockers for ulcer disease)
increases susceptibility; infection rates of household
contacts of cholera patients range from 20-50%. Rates
are lower in areas where infection is endemic and
individuals, especially adults, may have preexisting
vibriocidal antibodies from previous encounters with
the organism.

A person can get cholera by drinking water or eating food

contaminated with cholera bacteria. In an epidemic, the source of
the contamination is usually the feces of an infected person that
contaminates water or food. The disease can spread rapidly in areas
with inadequate treatment of sewage and drinking water.
 SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
 profuse watery diarrhea, sometimes described as “rice-water stools”
 vomiting
 thirst
 leg cramps
 restlessness or irritability

PHOTO REFERENCE:https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F
%2Fwww.factinate.com%2Fthings%2F42-pandemic-facts-cholera
%2F&psig=AOvVaw1l2iD1N4iBMa7UNv7qoMeW&ust=1636081143675000&sourc
e=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAwQjhxqFwoTCIDkvKjb_fMCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAK

STAGE OF DISEASE
A typical case of cholera shows 3 stages :
 Stage of evacuation.
 2 Stage of collapse.
 Stage of collapse.
 Stage of recovery.
PREVENTION
1. Make sure to drink and use safe water to brush your teeth, wash and prepare
food, and make ice

2. Wash your hands often with soap and safe water

3. Use latrines or bury your poop; do not poop in any body of water

4. Cook food well (especially seafood), keep it covered, and eat it hot. Peel fruits
and vegetables

5. Clean up safely in the kitchen and in places where the family bathes and
washes clothes
DIAGNOSIS
 Stool examination. Although observed as a gram-negative organism,
the characteristic motility of Vibrio species cannot be identified on a
Gram stain, but it is easily seen on direct dark-field examination of the
stool.
 Stool culture. V cholerae is not fastidious in nutritional requirements
for growth; however, it does need an adequate buffering system if
fermentable carbohydrate is present because viability is severely
compromised if the pH is less than 6, often resulting in autosterilization
of the culture.
 Serotyping and biotyping. Specific antisera can be used in
immobilization tests; a positive immobilization test result (ie, cessation
of motility of the organism) is produced only if the antiserum is specific
for the Vibrio type present; the second antiserum serves as a negative
control.
 Hematologic tests. Hematocrit, serum-specific gravity, and serum
protein are elevated in dehydrated patients because of resulting
hemoconcentration; when patients are first observed, they generally
have a leukocytosis without a left shift.
 Metabolic panel. Serum sodium is usually 130-135 mmol/L, reflecting
the substantial loss of sodium in the stool; serum potassium usually is
normal in the acute phase of the illness, reflecting the exchange of
intracellular potassium for extracellular hydrogen ion in an effort to
correct the acidosis; hyperglycemia may be present, secondary to
systemic release of epinephrine, glucagon, and cortisol due to
hypovolemia; patients have elevated blood urea nitrogen
and creatinine levels consistent with prerenal azotemia.

TREATMENT
Antibiotics/Antimicrobials
Effective antibiotics to treat cholera are doxycycline, azithromycin, and
tetracycline.
NURSING INTERVENTIONS
The nursing interventions on a patient diagnosed with
cholera are:

 Monitor intake and output. Note number,

character, and amount of stools; estimate
insensible fluid losses like diaphoresis;
measure urine specific gravity and observe for
oliguria.
 Weigh daily. Daily weight is an indicator of
overall fluid and nutritional status.
 Maintain hydration. Replace ongoing fluid losses
until diarrhea stops.
 Administer medications as indicated. Give an
oral antibiotic to the patient with severe
dehydration as prescribed.

REFERENCE: Pulmonary Tuberculosis Nursing Care Management

and ...https://nurseslabs.com ›
 LEPROSY
Leprosy, also known as Hansen's disease, is a chronic
infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. The
disease mainly affects the skin, the peripheral nerves,
mucosal surfaces of the upper respiratory tract and the eyes.
Leprosy is known to occur at all ages ranging from early
infancy to very old age.

PHOTO REFERENCE:https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F
%2Fwww.discovermagazine.com%2Fhealth%2Fleprosy-reborn-how-a-long-maligned-disease-
might-unlock-the-secrets-of-stem-
cells&psig=AOvVaw2BuIkcsKAoDY04UNdmaGRd&ust=1636081571134000&source=images
&cd=vfe&ved=2ahUKEwjatJ743P3zAhWSxYsBHQNBD-oQr4kDegUIARDRAQ
 CAUSES ,MODE OF TRANSMISSION
Hansen's disease (also known as leprosy) is an infection caused by slow-
growing bacteria called Mycobacterium leprae. It can affect the nerves,
skin, eyes, and lining of the nose (nasal mucosa). With early diagnosis and
treatment, the disease can be cured

It's believed that the disease spreads when a person who has
leprosy coughs or sneezes. When a healthy person repeatedly
breathes in the infected droplets, this may spread the disease. It
takes a lot of exposure to catch leprosy.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

 Discolored patches of skin, usually flat, that may be numb and
look faded (lighter than the skin around)
 Growths (nodules) on the skin.
 Thick, stiff or dry skin.
 Painless ulcers on the soles of feet.
 Painless swelling or lumps on the face or earlobes.
 Loss of eyebrows or eyelashes.
 STAGE OF DISEASE
Classification Symptoms Disease response

Can heal on its own,

Tuberculoid A few flat lesions, some large and persist, or may
leprosy numb; some nerve involvement progress to a more
severe form
May persist, revert to
Borderline Lesions similar to tuberculoid but
tuberculoid, or
tuberculoid more numerous; more nerve
advance to another
leprosy involvement
form
Reddish plaques; moderate May regress, persist,
Mid-borderline
numbness; swollen lymph nodes; or progress to other
leprosy
more nerve involvement forms
Borderline Many lesions, including flat
May persist, regress,
lepromatous lesions, raised bumps, plaques,
or progress
leprosy and nodules; more numbness
Many lesions with bacteria; hair
loss; more severe nerve
Lepromatous
involvement with peripheral Doesn’t regress
leprosy
nerve thickening; limb weakness;
disfigurement

PREVENTION
Prevention of contact with droplets from nasal and other secretions from patients
with untreated M. leprae infection is currently the most effective way to avoid the
disease. 

There is no commercially available vaccine available to prevent leprosy. However,

there are reports that using BCG vaccine alone, the BCG vaccine along with heat-
killed M. leprae organisms, and other preparations may be protective, help to clear
the infection or possibly shorten treatment. Except for BCG being obtainable in
some countries, these other preparations are not readily available.
DIAGNOSIS
To confirm the diagnosis, your doctor will take a sample of your skin or
nerve (through a skin or nerve biopsy) to look for the bacteria under the
microscope and may also do tests to rule out other skin diseases.

TREATMENT
The currently recommended MDT regimen consists of three medicines: dapsone,
rifampicin and clofazimine. This treatment lasts six months for pauci-bacillary and 12
months for multi-bacillary cases. MDT kills the pathogen and cures the patient.

NURSING INTERVENTIONS
Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by the acid-fast
bacillus Mycobacterium large. Some important nursing
interventions for leprosy patient are pointed out below:
1. Diagnose the impaired tissue integrity and monitor the characteristics
of the lesion such as size, color, odor, and drainage.
2. Clean the wounds with saline or nontoxic substances as indicated.
3. Apply a sterile bandage to cover the wounds and maintain an aseptic
technique.
4. Examine the wound damage daily during each dressing change.
5. Compare the changes in ulcer daily and record regularly.
6. Routinely monitor the temperature and color of skin.
7. Encourage the affected people to maintain regular medical care
with Multidrug therapy (MTD).
8. Keep continuing to follow up with the affected leprosy patient to
identify relapse of leprosy disease.
9. Monitor any signs of adverse effects regarding medications and take
proper action.
10. Protect hands and feet to avoid inadvertent injury and prevent
chronic disability.

REFERENCE:https://www.healthline.com/health/leprosy
 Pertussis
Pertussis (whooping cough) is a respiratory tract infection characterized by a
paroxysmal cough.

 Pertussis was first identified in the 16th century.

 In 1906, Bordet isolated the most common causative organism,
Bordetella pertussis.
 As a result of vaccination, however, the number of cases reported
decreased by more than 99% from the 1930s to the 1980s.
 The disease is still a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in
infants younger than 2 years.

PHOTO REFERENCE:https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F
%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fpertussis%2Fabout%2Fphotos.html&psig=AOvVaw3_lyLn4DyVWK-
bjBPmbeZz&ust=1636082253945000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=2ahUKEwis9em93_3zAh
U9K6YKHbdXA6cQr4kDegUIARDCAQ
CAUSES ,MODE OF TRANSMISSION
Pertussis, a respiratory illness commonly known as whooping cough, is
a very contagious disease caused by a type of bacteria called Bordetella
pertussis. These bacteria attach to the cilia (tiny, hair-like extensions)
that line part of the upper respiratory system. The bacteria release
toxins (poisons), which damage the cilia and cause airways to swell.

Pertussis is a very contagious disease only found in humans. Pertussis

spreads from person to person. People with pertussis usually spread the
disease to another person by coughing or sneezing or when spending a
lot of time near one another where you share breathing space. Many
babies who get pertussis are infected by older siblings, parents, or
caregivers who might not even know they have the disease.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

 Runny nose
 Low-grade fever (generally minimal throughout the course of the
disease)
 Mild, occasional cough
 Apnea – a pause in breathing (in babies)
PHOTO REFERENCE: https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F
%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki
%2FWhooping_cough&psig=AOvVaw3fKDQYTOmUhJS3dZebA5HJ&ust=163608252
8488000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=2ahUKEwiX1d7A4P3zAhWcwYsBHbXaCtM
Qr4kDegUIARCPAg
 STAGE OF DISEASE
 Stage 1- Catarrhal phase. The initial phase includes
nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, and sneezing, variably
accompanied by low-grade fever, tearing, and
conjunctival suffusion; pertussis is most infectious
during catarrhal phase, but may remain communicable
for 3 or more weeks after the onset of cough.
 Stage 2- Paroxysmal phase. Patients in the second
phase present with paroxysms of intense coughing
lasting up to several minutes; in older infants and
toddlers, the paroxysms of coughing occasionally are
followed by a loud whoop; posttussive vomiting and
turning red with coughing are common in affected
children.
 Stage 3- Convalescent phase. Patients in the third
stage have a chronic cough, which may last for weeks.
PREVENTION
Other than vaccination and booster immunization with
Tdap, there’s no effective way to prevent pertussis. The
bacteria is simply too contagious, and the symptoms too
similar to those of the common cold, to realistically stop its
spread.
Still, there are two things you can do to reduce the
symptoms and spread of whooping cough, should this
bacteria sneak into your family circle:

 Wash your hands. Hand hygiene is a universal

recommendation. When possible, wash hands or use
alcohol-based rubs after touching nasal secretions.
 Cover your nose and mouth when coughing
or sneezing. Encourage children to do the same.
 DIAGNOSIS
 Chest radiography. Chest radiography may reveal perihilar
infiltrates or edema with variable degrees of atelectasis.
 Blood work. Leukocytosis with absolute lymphocytosis occurs
during the late catarrhal and paroxysmal phases; in infants
aged 90 days or younger, early serial monitoring of WBC
counts is crucial for identifying risk and determining the
prognosis of infants with pertussis.
 Cultures. The results of blood culture are uniformly negative
because B pertussis grows solely in the respiratory epithelium;
recovery rates are highest during the catarrhal or early
paroxysmal phase and are low after the fourth week of illness.
 PCR assay and ELISA. PCR assays and antigen detection are
increasingly used to assist in diagnosing pertussis; advantages
include greater sensitivity, more rapidly available results, and
use later in the disease course; although this or a positive
culture is the case definition for reporting pertussis to the CDC
or the WHO, some are now recommending confirmation with
ELISA before declaring an epidemic.

TREATMENT
 Antibiotics. The Committee on Infectious Disease (COID) of
the American Academy of Pediatrics currently recommends
promptly treating all household and other close contacts with
erythromycin to limit secondary transmission
 Vaccines, inactivated, bacterial. Active immunization
increases resistance to infection; vaccines consists of
microorganisms or cellular components that act as antigens.
NURSING INTERVENTIONS
The nursing interventions for a patient with pertussis include:

 Educate about coughing and breathing. Teach the patient the proper

ways of coughing and breathing. (e.g., take a deep breath, hold for 2
seconds, and cough two or three times in succession).
 Promote effective coughing. Educate the patient about
optimal positioning (sitting position), use of pillow or hand splints when
coughing, use of abdominal muscles for more forceful cough, use of
quad and huff techniques, use of incentive spirometry, and importance
of ambulation and frequent position changes.
 Educate about proper positioning. Position the patient upright if
tolerated. Regularly check the patient’s position to prevent sliding down
in bed.
 Encourage increase in oral fluid. Encourage patient to increase fluid
intake to 3 liters per day within the limits of cardiac reserve and renal
function.
 Administer medications as prescribed. Give medications as
prescribed, such as antibiotics, mucolytic agents,
bronchodilators, expectorants, noting effectiveness and side effects.
 Provide chest physiotherapy. Provide postural drainage, percussion,
and vibration as ordered.

REFERENCE: ·https://nurseslabs.com/pulmonary-tuberculosis/
 Tetanus
Tetanus is an infection caused by bacteria called
Clostridium tetani. When the bacteria invade the body,
they produce a poison (toxin) that causes painful
muscle contractions. Another name for tetanus is
“lockjaw”. It often causes a person's neck and jaw
muscles to lock, making it hard to open the mouth or
swallow.

PHOTO REFERENCE:https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F
%2Fwww.nfid.org%2Finfectious-diseases%2Ftetanus
%2F&psig=AOvVaw0B2Z_DI_17cWjfTVz5dskX&ust=1636082832656000&source=i
mages&cd=vfe&ved=2ahUKEwiM0uPR4f3zAhV-zIsBHfWMD6cQr4kDegUIARDWAQ
 CAUSES ,MODE OF TRANSMISSION
 Wounds contaminated with dirt, poop (feces), or spit
(saliva)
 Wounds caused by an object puncturing the skin
(puncture wounds), like a nail or needle.
 Burns.
 Crush injuries.
 Injuries with dead tissue.

Tetanus is different from other vaccine-preventable diseases

because it does not spread from person to person. The
bacteria are usually found in soil, dust, and manure and
enter the body through breaks in the skin — usually cuts or
puncture wounds caused by contaminated objects.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

Tetanus symptoms include:

 Jaw cramping.
 Sudden, involuntary muscle tightening (muscle spasms) – often in the stomach.
 Painful muscle stiffness all over the body.
 Trouble swallowing.
 Jerking or staring (seizures)
 Headache.
 Fever and sweating.
 Changes in blood pressure and fast heart rate.
PHOTO REFERENCE:https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F
%2Fwww.scientificanimations.com%2F3d-medical-animations-tetanus-symptoms-causes-
treatment%2F&psig=AOvVaw0bUJKCneF2vxj55bz-
yqNk&ust=1636082938885000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAwQjhxqFwoTCIDD_YHi
_fMCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD
STAGE OF DISEASE

PREVENTION
Tetanus can be prevented through immunization with tetanus-toxoid-
containing vaccines (TTCV). However, people who recover from tetanus do
not have natural immunity and can be infected again

Vaccination and good wound care are important to help prevent tetanus infection.
Doctors can also use a medicine to help prevent tetanus in cases where someone is
seriously hurt and doesn’t have protection from tetanus vaccines.

DIAGNOSIS
Doctors can diagnose tetanus by examining the patient and looking for
certain signs and symptoms. There are no hospital lab tests that can
confirm tetanus.
TREATMENT

Treatment depends on the severity of your symptoms. Tetanus is typically

treated with a variety of therapies and medications, such as:

 antibiotics such as penicillin to kill the bacteria in your system

 tetanus immune globulin (TIG) to neutralize the toxins that the bacteria
have created in your body
 muscle relaxers to control muscle spasms
 a tetanus vaccine given along with the treatment
 cleaning the wound to get rid of the source of the bacteria

In some cases, a surgical procedure called debridement is used to remove

dead or infected tissue. If you have difficulty swallowing and breathing, you
may need a breathing tube or ventilator (a machine that moves air in and out
of the lungs).
NURSING INTERVENTIONS
Clear the airway by adjusting the position of head extension.

Physical examination by auscultation of breath sounds heard (there

Ronchi) every 2-4 hours.

 Clean the mouth and respiratory tract of mucus with a secret and do
section.
Rational: section is an act of assistance to issue a secret, thus
simplifying the process of respiration

Oxygenation according to physician instructions.

Rational: the provision of adequate oxygen can supply and provide
backup oxygen, thus preventing hypoxia.

 Observation of vital signs every 2 hours.

Rational: dyspnea, cyanosis is a sign of breathing disorder which is
accompanied by decreased cardiac work arising tacikardi reffil time and
capillary length / time.

 Observation of the onset of respiratory failure / apnea.

Rational: the inability of the body in the respiratory process required
critical interventions by using a breathing (mechanical ventilation)

Collaboration in a secret-thinning medication (mukolotik).

Rational: mukolitik drugs can thin the thick secretions so easy to
remove and prevent viscosity.

REFERENCE: https://nursinginterventions-diagnosis.blogspot.com/2012/05/nursing-
interventions-for-tetanus.html
 Plague

Plague is a disease that affects humans and other

mammals. It is caused by the bacterium, Yersinia
pestis. Humans usually get plague after being bitten by
a rodent flea that is carrying the plague bacterium or by
handling an animal infected with plague.

CAUSES ,MODE OF TRANSMISSION

Bubonic plague causes fever, fatigue, shivering, vomiting, headaches,
giddiness, intolerance to light, pain in the back and limbs,
sleeplessness, apathy, and delirium. It also causes buboes: one or more
of the lymph nodes become tender and swollen, usually in the groin or
armpits.

Plague can be spread from person to person. Bubonic plague: Humans

can come into contact with plague when an infected flea bites a
person or when materials that have plague bacteria enter through a
break (a cut or sore) in a person's skin. This is the most common form of
plague.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
PHOTO REFERENCE:https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F
%2Fwww.msdmanuals.com%2Fhome%2Finfections%2Fbacterial-infections-gram-negative-
bacteria%2Fplague-and-other-yersinia-
infections&psig=AOvVaw1Gas704xMve1eeS74QihTJ&ust=1636083339640000&source=imag
es&cd=vfe&ved=2ahUKEwiJv8PD4_3zAhUnHKYKHVdMDzoQr4kDegUIARC4AQ

STAGE OF DISEASE
Symptoms. Plague is divided into three main types — bubonic,
septicemic and pneumonic — depending on which part of your
body is involved.
PREVENTION

1. Reduce rodent habitat around your home, work place, and

recreational areas. Remove brush, rock piles, junk, cluttered
firewood, and possible rodent food supplies, such as pet and
wild animal food. Make your home and outbuildings rodent-
proof.
2. Wear gloves if you are handling or skinning potentially
infected animals to prevent contact between your skin and the
plague bacteria. Contact your local health department if you
have questions about disposal of dead animals.
3. Use repellent if you think you could be exposed to rodent fleas
during activities such as camping, hiking, or working outdoors.
Products containing DEET can be applied to the skin as well as
clothing and products containing permethrin can be applied to
clothing (always follow instructions on the label).
4. Keep fleas off of your pets by applying flea control products.
Animals that roam freely are more likely to come in contact with
plague infected animals or fleas and could bring them into homes.
If your pet becomes sick, seek care from a veterinarian as soon as
possible.
5. Do not allow dogs or cats that roam free in endemic areas to sleep
on your bed.

DIAGNOSIS
Diagnosis is made by taking samples from the patient, especially
blood or part of a swollen lymph gland, and submitting them for
laboratory testing. Once plague has been identified as a possible cause of
the illness, appropriate treatment should begin immediately.

TREATMENT
Antibiotics such as streptomycin, gentamicin, doxycycline, or
ciprofloxacin are used to treat plague. Oxygen, intravenous fluids, and
respiratory support are usually also needed. People with pneumonic
plague must be kept away from caregivers and other patients.
NURSING INTERVENTIONS
When any form of plague is suspected, the patient should be
hospitalized and placed in isolation immediately. Maintain standard
precautions. If the patient may have pneumonic plague, also maintain
droplet precautions. Blood, sputum, and lymph node aspirate cultures
should be tested for Y.

REFERENCE:
https://journals.lww.com/nursing/Fulltext/2005/12000/Preparing_for_a_plague_outbreak.12.aspx
 Gonorrhea
Gonorrhea is an infection caused by a sexually transmitted
bacterium that infects both males and females. Gonorrhea most often
affects the urethra, rectum or throat. In females, gonorrhea can also
infect the cervix
CAUSES ,MODE OF TRANSMISSION

PHOTO REFERENCE:https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F
%2Fwww.slideshare.net%2FAtheerAhmed1%2Fgonorrhea-
72436787&psig=AOvVaw1mh4rg3onsVA3v7E58huzG&ust=1636087177408000&source=ima
ges&cd=vfe&ved=2ahUKEwjGn8Lp8f3zAhULCpQKHd27DHMQr4kDegUIARDWAQ
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Men infected with gonorrhea will have burning while urinating and a
yellowish white discharge from the penis. Those few women with
symptoms will have a discharge from the vagina and possibly some
burning while urinating. Infections in the throat and rectum cause few
symptoms

PHOTO REFERENCE: https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F

%2Fwww.shutterstock.com%2Fsearch
%2Fgonorrhea&psig=AOvVaw1F2JtEu05CGoVxfqyMcqiO&ust=1636084918804000&source=
images&cd=vfe&ved=2ahUKEwiE_sO06f3zAhUJCpQKHaKLD4cQr4kDegUIARDkAQ
STAGE OF DISEASE
Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) caused by
infection with the Neisseria gonorrhoeae bacterium. N. gonorrhoeae
infects the mucous membranes of the reproductive tract, including the
cervix, uterus, and fallopian tubes in women, and the urethra in women
and men. N.

PREVENTION AND TREATMENT

DIAGNOSIS

PHOTO REFERENCE:https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F
%2Fwww.slideshare.net%2FShanaleeMorris%2Fgonorrhea-
powerpoint&psig=AOvVaw2L2f62lQ-
6SPckOGTHTwVi&ust=1636087236657000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=2ahUKEwjDwe
KF8v3zAhVZAKYKHbahB3wQr4kDegUIARC6AQ
 NURSING INTERVENTIONS
 Ask if she or her sexual partner may have acquired the disease in
Hawaii, other Pacific Islands, or Asia. If so, assume that the
gonorrhea is drug-resistant and initiate treatment with cefixime or
ceftriaxone as ordered.
 Schedule a follow-up exam and culture 7 days after treatment to
confirm the cure.
 Teach the importance of completing antibiotic therapy; incomplete
treatment encourages growth of drug-resistant organisms and
treatment failure.
 Tell her to avoid sexual activity until all tests are negative and to
notify her health care provider if symptoms recur.
 If cultures are still positive after treatment, submit specimens for
drug-resistant testing.
 Report all cases of gonorrhea to your local health department.
 Encourage her to disclose her condition to her partner and to
encourage him to undergo testing and treatment.
 Remind her that abstinence equals prevention. If she remains
sexually active, advise her to use condoms.

 REFERENCE:https://journals.lww.com/nursing/Fulltext/2002/04000/Slowing_the_spre
ad_of_gonorrhea.14.aspx
 Syphilis
Syphilis is a bacterial infection usually spread by sexual
contact. The disease starts as a painless sore — typically on the
genitals, rectum or mouth. Syphilis spreads from person to person
via skin or mucous membrane contact with these sores

PHOTO REFERENCE:https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F
%2Fwww.medicinenet.com%2Fsyphilis_in_women_overview
%2Farticle.htm&psig=AOvVaw0uEfYD6PMYpvtyeDm3GFKb&ust=1636085017523
000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=2ahUKEwiVps3j6f3zAhUTBJQKHbuAB3sQr4kDe
gUIARDYAQ

CAUSES ,MODE OF TRANSMISSION

The cause of syphilis is a bacterium called Treponema pallidum.
The most common way syphilis is spread is through contact with
an infected person's sore during sexual activity. The bacteria enter
the body through minor cuts or abrasions in the skin or mucous
membranes.

Transmission of syphilis can occur during vaginal, anal, or oral

sex. In addition, pregnant women with syphilis can transmit the
infection to their unborn child.
 SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
 sores that resemble oral, anal, and genital warts.
 a nonitchy, rough, red or red-brown rash that starts on the trunk
and spreads to the entire body, including the palms and soles.
 muscle aches.
 fever.
 a sore throat.
 swollen lymph nodes.
 patchy hair loss.
 headaches.

PHOTO REFERENCES:

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.everydayhealth.com
%2Fsyphilis%2Fguide%2Fsymptoms%2F&psig=AOvVaw1BARD-
bKCxVsIzO8DBTIEV&ust=1636085160715000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=2ahUKEwiG
hvGn6v3zAhUPhZQKHQFrCrcQr4kDegUIARDDAQ
 STAGE OF DISEASE

PHOTO REFERENCE:https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F
%2Fm.facebook.com%2Fwomenshealthserviceseasterniowa%2Fphotos
%2Fa.213469892053879%2F3850896641644501%2F%3Ftype
%3D3&psig=AOvVaw1BARD-
bKCxVsIzO8DBTIEV&ust=1636085160715000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAwQjhxq
FwoTCNiUu6bq_fMCFQAAAAAdAAAAABBD
PREVENTION
The only certain way to avoid syphilis is to avoid (abstain from) having
sex. The next-best option is to have mutually monogamous sex in which
both partners have sex only with each other and neither partner is
infected. Use a latex condom

DIAGNOSIS
Blood tests can confirm the presence of antibodies that the
body produces to fight infection. 
 TREATMENT
The preferred treatment at all stages is penicillin, an antibiotic
medication that can kill the organism that causes syphilis. If you're
allergic to penicillin, your doctor may suggest another antibiotic or
recommend penicillin desensitization

NURSING INTERVENTIONS
 Educate patient on safe sex practice.
 Encourage the use of condoms.
 Encourage treatment of a partner.
 Administer benzathine penicillin.
 Educate patient on avoiding sex with an infected partner.
 Listen to the heart for the murmur of aortic regurgitation.

REFERENCE: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568808/
 Salmonellosis
is a bacteria that can cause illness to people. First discovered by an
American scientist named Dr. Daniel E. Salmon in 1885, salmonellae are
gram-negative motile, non-sporulating, straight-rod bacteria that can
cause an upset stomach, diarrhea, fever, and pain and abdominal cramps.
Illness from these bacteria is called salmonellosis.

:
PHOTO REFERENCE https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F
%2Fwww.fda.gov%2Ffood%2Ffoodborne-pathogens%2Fsalmonella-
salmonellosis&psig=AOvVaw2QQRgeCuw-
U9gSRF6RM1F5&ust=1636086403091000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=2ahUKEwjB2qX
47v3zAhUnz4sBHSdWCSgQr4kDegUIARDWAQ

CAUSES ,MODE OF TRANSMISSION

Salmonellosis is caused by all nontyphoid serotypes of the Salmonella
genus except for S typhi and Salmonella paratyphi A, B, and C.

 Contaminated food or water. Salmonella is usually transmitted to

humans by eating foods contaminated with small amounts of
animal feces; when preparing raw meat or poultry, food handlers
can transfer Salmonella on their hands to other foods if they do not
wash their hands between food preparation steps.
 Contact with infected animals. Salmonella live in the intestinal
tracts of humans and other animals, including poultry and other
birds, amphibians, and reptiles; Salmonella may be found in the
feces of some animals, and people can become infected if they do
not wash their hands after contact with animals or animal feces.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

Most people with Salmonella infection have diarrhea, fever, and
stomach cramps. Symptoms usually begin six hours to six days
after infection and last four to seven days. However, some people
do not develop symptoms for several weeks after infection and
others experience symptoms for several weeks.

PHOTO REFERENCE:https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A
%2F%2Fabout-salmonella.com%2Fsalmonella-symptoms-
risks&psig=AOvVaw0206peBLyTHbET0Nb0iLVR&ust=1636086511776000&source
=images&cd=vfe&ved=2ahUKEwi0pI-s7_3zAhVCNaYKHc_jAgoQr4kDegUIARCyAQ
 STAGE OF DISEASE

PHOTO REEFRENCE:https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F
%2Fwww.msdmanuals.com%2Fprofessional%2Finfectious-diseases%2Fgram-negative-
bacilli%2Fnontyphoidal-salmonella-infections&psig=AOvVaw0-
rLD2Wn2NtN5OxOfZq7rM&ust=1636086586952000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=2ahU
KEwjF0fvP7_3zAhViNaYKHVW2BtwQr4kDegUIARC3AQ

PREVENTION
1. Wash your hands.
2. Keep your food preparation areas clean.
3. Avoid unpasteurized foods.
4. Cook and store your food at the
appropriate temperatures.
5. Be careful when handling animals.
6. Use caution when swimming.
7. Do you suspect that you have a foodborne
or waterborne illness?

DIAGNOSIS
Diagnosing Salmonella infection requires testing a specimen (sample),
such as stool (poop) or blood. Testing can help guide treatment
decisions. Infection is diagnosed when a laboratory test detects
Salmonella bacteria in stool, body tissue, or fluids
TREATMENT
Common first-line oral antibiotics for susceptible Salmonella infections
are fluoroquinolones (for adults) and azithromycin (for children).
Ceftriaxone is an alternative first-line treatment agent.
 NURSING INTERVENTIONS
 Relieve diarrhea. Teach the client about the
importance of hand washing after each bowel
movement and before preparing food for others;
encourage increase fluid intake of 1.5 to 2.5 liters/24
hour plus 200 ml for each loose stool in adults unless
contraindicated; encourage the client to eat foods rich
in potassium; and administer antidiarrheal medications
as prescribed.
 Educate patient and folks. Assess client’s knowledge
of salmonellosis, its mode of transmission, and its
treatment; educate the client and the family about the
causes of and treatments for salmonellosis; educate the
client about the importance of hand washing after
toileting and perianal hygiene and before preparing
food for others; and educate the client about food
preparation and storage methods to reduce
contamination by microorganisms.
 Prevent fluid volume deficit. Assess the client’s skin
turgor and mucous membranes for signs of
dehydration; monitor BP for orthostatic changes
(changes seen when changing from a supine to a
standing position); instruct the client to monitor weight
daily and consistently with the same scale, preferably at
the same time of the day, and wearing the same amount
of clothing; and administer antiemetic medications as
ordered.
 Improve nutritional intake. Measure client weight;
monitor and record the number of vomiting, amount
and frequency; monitor the client’s food intake; provide
a diverse diet according to his needs; and provide
parenteral fluids, as ordered.

 REFERENCE: https://nurseslabs.com/