You are on page 1of 36

2SWLFDO 6WRUDJH 0HGLD

&RQWHQWV

+LVWRU\
%DVLF7HFKQRORJ\
– &RPSDFW'LVF
– &''LJLWDO$XGLR
&RPSDFW'LVF 'LJLWDO$XGLR
– &RGLQJ RI'DWD
– (UURU+DQGOLQJ
&RPSDFW'LVF 5HDG 2QO\ 0HPRU\
2WKHU &'7\SHV

 
+LVWRU\

+LVWRU\ 'HYHORSPHQW PDLQO\ E\ 3KLOLSVDQG6RQ\


– &RPSDFW'LVF'LJLWDO$XGLR &''$
– &RPSDFW'LVF5HDG 2QO\ 0HPRU\ &'520
– &RPSDFW'LVF,QWHUDFWLYH &',
– &RPSDFW'LVF5HDG 2QO\ 0HPRU\ ([WHQGHG $UFKLWHFWXUH &'
520;$
– &RPSDFW'LVF5HFRUGDEOH &'5 >LQFOXGHV 0DJQHWR 2SWLFDO &'
02 DQG:ULWH2QFH &':2 @
– 3KRWR &RPSDFW'LVF 3KRWR&'
– 0XOWLPHGLD&RPSDFW'LVF 00&'
– 6XSHU'HQVLW\ 6'

 
%DVLF7HFKQRORJ\

7KH &RPSDFW'LVF3OD\HU 0HFKDQLVP

/HQV

3ULVP

3KRWR&HOO
/DVHU

$ODVHU EHDP LV UHIOHFWHG IURP EHORZ WKH GLVF


7KH SULVP GLYHUWV WKH UHIOHFWHG EHDP WRWKH SKRWR FHOO
:DYHOHQJWKDSSUR[QP FDQ EH IRFXVHG DSSUR[. 1µP

 
%DVLF7HFKQRORJ\&RPSDFW'LVF

7KH &RPSDFW'LVF
,QIRUPDWLRQLV VWRUHG LQDVSLUDOWUDFN
IURP LQVLGH WRRXWVLGH) of “SLWV“ and
“ODQGV“, UHIOHFWLQJ WKH ODVHU EHDP ZLWK D
GLIIHUHQWLQWHQVLW\
$&'FRQVLVWV RIVHYHUDO OD\HUV
EHJLQQLQJ IURP EHORZ
6XEVWUDWHOD\HU
SRO\FDUERQDWHZLWK SLWV DQGODQGV
WUDQVSDUHQWIRU WKH ODVHU EHDP
5HIOHFWLYH OD\HU
DOXPLQLXPYHU\ WKLQ
3URWHFWLYH OD\HU
SRO\FDUERQDWHXVHG DVFDUULHU
/DEHO

 
%DVLF7HFKQRORJ\&' 'LJLWDO$XGLR

0RUH'DWHVRID7\SLFDO&RPSDFW'LVF &''$
'LDPHWHU PP
7KLFNQHVV PP
6LJQDODUHD PP PP
3OD\LQJWLPH PLQXWHVVHFRQGV
5RWDWLRQDOVSHHG  PVHF FRQVWDQWOLQHDUYHORFLW\
3LWGHSWK 0.12 µm

7KHVSLUDOWUDFNRIWKH&'
– KDVDSSUR[ZLQGLQJVDQG
– LVPRUHWKDQNPORQJ

 
&RPSDFW'LVF'LJLWDO$XGLR'DWD
6WRUDJH
'DWD6WRUDJH 'LJLWDO$XGLR
&KDQQHOELWVDUHVWRUHGDVSLWVDQGODQGVRQD&'ZKHUH
– a change between pit and land (or vice versa) corresponds to a ”1”
– no change corresponds to a ”0”

ÎHTXDOV 'LIIHUHQWLDO15= 1RQUHWXUQWR]HUR &RGLQJLQ'DWD&RPPXQLFDWLRQV


([DPSOH

ODQG SLW ODQG SLW 2WKHU &RGLQJ0DQFKHVWHU&RGH


HJXVHG LQ(WKHUQHW

 
$GYDQWDJH(DV\ 6\QFKURQL]DWLRQ
'LVDGYDQWDJH2QO\ RIWLPH
              LV XVHG IRU QHZ LQIRUPDWLRQ
S S H HH S S S S S H H H S S
'LIILFXOW RU LPSRVVLEOH&DOFXODWH WKH H[DFW QXPEHU of “0“ LI ]HURVWULQJ LV WRR ORQJ

A ”land” or a ”pit” is given by a sequence ”10...0”


 
&RPSDFW'LVF'LJLWDO$XGLR
&RGLQJ RI'DWD

1RWDOORZHG
– Sequences of ”1” (frequent changes ”pitODQGSLWland...” are difficult to detect)
– Long sequences of ”0” (synchronization problem)
7KHUHIRUH
 there must be at least two ”0” between two ”1” and
 sequences of ”0” are limited to a length of 10.

*HQHUDOL]DWLRQ of “ELW VWXIILQJ“


RI+'/&SURWRFRO
+LJK/HYHO'DWD /LQN&RQWURO 

,QVHUW a “0“ DIWHU ILYH VXFFHVVLYH


“1“ to DYRLG WKH RFFXUDQFH RI
WKH VWDUWLQJ IODJ VL[ “1“) in WKH
GDWD SDUW

 
&RPSDFW'LVF'LJLWDO$XGLR
(LJKWWR)RXUWHHQ0RGXODWLRQ

GDWDELWVDUHFRGHGRQWRFKDQQHOELWV VLPLODUWR%%)'',FRGLQJ
 SRVVLEOHFRGHZRUGVPHHWWKHUHTXLUHPHQWVDQG

HQRXJK IRU WKH E\WH FRPELQDWLRQV

7RDFKLHYHDQGEHWZHHQFRQVHFXWLYHFRGHZRUGVWKUHHDGGLWLRQDOELWVDUH
XVHG GHSHQGLQJRQWKHFRGHZRUGVHJ


1RRWKHU DOWHUQDWLRQ
“(IILFLHQF\“ LV UDWKHU SRRU
IRU WKH DGGLWLRQDOELWV GXH
  ≈ 
WRUHTXLUHPHQW 

 
&RPSDFW'LVF'LJLWDO$XGLR
(LJKWWR)RXUWHHQ0RGXODWLRQ

([DPSOH

$XGLR%LWV  


0RGXODWLRQ%LWV  
)LOOLQJ%LWV 
&KDQQHO%LWV  
2QWKH&''$ HSSSHHHSSSSHHHHHH

/DQG 3LW &RXOG DOVREH “000“

ELW VDPSOH ELW


$XGLRGDWDUDWH= ⋅FKDQQHO⋅ = 
VDPSOH V ⋅ FKDQQHO V
ELW
$XGLRFDSDFLW\=PLQ⋅ =ELW≈0E\WH
V
+HUH0HJD [
 
&RPSDFW'LVF'LJLWDO$XGLR
(UURU+DQGOLQJ

3ROOXWLRQDQGVFUDWFKHV PD\ FDXVHHUURUV ZKHQ UHDGLQJ D&'


EXUVW HUURUV PRVW WLPHV

6XIILFLHQWLI
RQO\DXGLRRU
YLGHR

Î0HWKRGV IRU HUURU GHWHFWLRQ DQGFRUUHFWLRQ UHTXLUHG


>)RUFRPSXWHU GDWDZKLFK DUH PRUH VHQVLEOHDJDLQVW ORVVWKHVH PHFKDQLVPV
KDYH WREH H[WHQGHG@
,QJHQHUDOWKH KLJKHUWKHUHGXQGDQF\ RQO\ GDWD ELWVZLWKLQ WUDQVPLWWHG ELWV
LHPRUH WKDQ UHGXQGDQF\ WKH EHWWHU LVWKHFDSDELOLW\IRU HUURU FRUUHFWLRQ
 
&''$(UURU'HWHFWLRQ DQG&RUUHFWLRQ

7KHSULQFLSOHRIHUURUGHWHFWLRQ
2ULJLQDO DQ DQ  D D

5HFHLYHU a´Q a´Q  a´ a´

(UURUVHTXHQFHHQ DQ⊕ D´Q


 (UURULQSRVLWLRQ L⇔ HL 
H D⊕ D´

,QWHUSUHWWKH RULJLQDOVHTXHQFH DV DSRO\QRPLDO


$ [  DQ[QD[D ZKHUH ““ LV WKH “PRGXOR “ DGGLWLRQ
'LYLGH $ [ E\ JHQHUDWRU SRO\QRPLDO * [ RIGHJUHHP
Î*DLQ 5 [  5HPDLQGHU >$ [ * [ @≡ UPU

7UDQVPLW DQ DQ  D D UP  U

 
&''$(UURU'HWHFWLRQ DQG&RUUHFWLRQ

5HFHLYHUGLYLGHV A´(x) = (a´Q,...,a´ E\ * [ DQGFRPSDUHV UHPDLQGHU to (r´P,...,r´


,I (r´P,...,r´ LV 2. Î SUREDEO\ QRHUURU
,I (r´P,...,r´ LV 1272. Î YHU\ SUREDEO\ HUURUV in (a´Q,...,a´ 
OHVV SUREDEO\HUURUV in (r´P,...,r´
(DVLHVW H[DPSOH

3DULW\ ELW P 

2EWDLQHG E\ XVLQJ JHQHUDWRU SRO\QRPLDO * [  [

'HWHFWV HUURUV RIVL]H  RGG QXPEHU RIHUURUV 


8QGHWHFWHG HUURUV RIVL]H  HYHQ QXPEHU RIHUURUV 

0RUH FRPSOLFDWHG VFKHPHV5HGXQGDQF\ VHTXHQFH RI


P  +'/& 
P  (WKHUQHW
P  $70QHWZRUN KHDGHU FKHFN
 
&''$(UURU'HWHFWLRQ DQG&RUUHFWLRQ

2ULJLQDOQXPEHUD
(QODUJH WR$ D⋅GP PDGGLWLRQDO]HURVG EDVLV
'LYLVRUT GPTGPTSULPHWRG
&DOFXODWLRQ RIUHPDLQGHU

D 
$ 
5 =   ≤ 5 ≤ T   $
T 
LH$ = F ⋅ T + 5 F ∈ 1   D 5
6HQGHUWUDQVPLWV % =$  5=$ + 5 > ,I G = 5=5@

5HFHLYHUFDOFXODWHV  {}%
T

{ } ≠ ⇒HUURUGHWHFWHG
,I  %
T

 
&''$(UURU'HWHFWLRQ DQG&RUUHFWLRQ
 ([DPSOH

D G P T 

$ =  ⋅ = 

5 = =

⇒ % = $ − 5 =  −  = 
% 
= =
T 

 
&''$(UURU'HWHFWLRQ DQG&RUUHFWLRQ
 )(&

1RUPDOO\DIWHU GHWHFWLRQ RIDQHUURU WKH VHQGHU LV LQIRUPHG DQGZLOOUHWUDQVPLW


$54  $XWRPDWLF5HSHDW UH4XHVWLVREYLRXVO\ 127YLDEOH IRU &'V
7KHUHIRUH(UURU&RUUHFWLRQ )(&  )RUZDUG (UURU&RUUHFWLRQ 
7KH SULQFLSOH

&RGHZRUGV
W W
RWKHU VWULQJVLH
FRGHZRUGV
HUURU VHTXHQFH

6HOHFW YHU\ IHZ FRGHZRUGV7KH +DPPLQJ GLVWDQFH GLIIHULQJ SRVLWLRQV EHWZHHQ


FRGHZRUGV VKRXOG EH ODUJH [\FRGHZRUGV[≠ \$ PLQ_[\_ DVODUJHDVSRVVLEOH 
,I $ WW∈1WKHQ ZH FDQ FRUUHFW DOOHUURUV RIVL]H WRU VPDOOHU PD[LPXP OLNHOLKRRG
SULQFLSOH 
 
&''$(UURU'HWHFWLRQ DQG&RUUHFWLRQ
 ([DPSOH

([DPSOHV
7UDQVPLW WLPHV WKH VDPH LQIRUPDWLRQ and do “PDMRULW\ YRWLQJ“.
+DPPLQJ FRGLQJ
5HFHLYHUORRNV IRU SDULW\ ELW
%ORFNRIGDWD YLRODWLRQV
{ { { • • • • [ { { { • • • • [
{ { { • • • • [ 3DULW\ ELW { { { • • • • [
2IURZ 
{ { { • • • • [ { { { • • • • [
{ { { • • • • [ 3UREDEO\ ZURQJ { { { • • • • [
{ { { • • • • [ 0D\EH FRUUHFWHG { { { • • • • [
DVVXPLQJ WKDW
{ { { • • • • [ RQO\ RQH HUURU { { { • • • • [
KDVKDSSHQHG
{ { { • • • • [ { { { • • • • [
[ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [
3DULW\ ELW
RIFROXPQ  3DULW\ELWYLRODWLRQ
 
&''$(UURU'HWHFWLRQ DQG&RUUHFWLRQ

7KH ULVN:URQJ “FRUUHFWLRQV“ SRVVLEOH


$VVXPH WKH IROORZLQJ HUURUV KDYH KDSSHQHG

2QHPD\ DVVXPH
WKDW WKLV ELW ZDVZURQJ
{ { { • • • • [
{ { • • • • [ YLRODWLRQ
(UURUV { { { • • • • [
{ • • • • [ 12YLRODWLRQ
{ { { • • • • [
{ { { • • • • [
{ { { • • • • [
[ [ [ [ [ [ [ [
12YLRODWLRQ YLRODWLRQ

1RHUURU FRUUHFWLRQ EXW FUHDWLRQ RIRQH DGGLWLRQDOHUURU  


&''$(UURU'HWHFWLRQ DQG&RUUHFWLRQ 
2WKHU 7HFKQLTXHV

2WKHU WHFKQLTXHV IRU HUURU FRUUHFWLRQ


5HFRPPHQGHG IRU RWKHU VFHQDULRV VXFKDVPXOWLFDVWLQJ

0DQ\
6HQGHU
UHFHLYHUV

7KH FRQGLWLRQDWWKH UHFHLYHUV PD\ EH GLIIHUHQW


,I WKHUH DUH PDQ\ UHFHLYHUV WKHQ PDQ\ HUURUV FDQ EH REVHUYHG DWGLIIHUHQWUHFHLYHUV
Î 0DQ\UHWUDQVPLVVLRQV UHTXLUHG
EXW DOPRVWDOORIWKHPDUHGHVWLQHGRQO\WRRQH RU WRDIHZ UHFHLYHUV 

 
&''$(UURU'HWHFWLRQ DQG&RUUHFWLRQ  ;25
5HWUDQVPLVVLRQV

$QDWWHPSW IRU VROXWLRQ ;255HWUDQVPLVVLRQ

6XSSRVH QUHYHLYHUV UUQ


$VHQGHU WUDQVPLWV SDFNHWV DDQ DOOSDFNHWVDUH GHVWLQHGIRU DOOUHFHLYHUV 
$VVXPH WKDW WKH UHFHLYHU UP JHWV HYHU\WKLQJ FRUUHFWO\ ZLWKWKHH[FHSWLRQ RISDFNHWDP

“Normal“ VROXWLRQ
6HQGHUUHWUDQVPLWV DOOSDFNHWV DDQ WUDQVPLVVLRQ UHWUDQVPLVVLRQQSDFNHWV 

%HWWHU VWUDWHJ\6HQGHUWUDQVPLWV >DDDQF@ ZKHUH F D ⊕ D ⊕ ⊕ DQ ⊕ DQ

5HFHLYHUUP ZKRUHFHLYHG DDPDPDQ FDQ UHFRQVWUXFW DP IURP

D⊕ ⊕ DP ⊕ DP ⊕ DQ ⊕ F DP


 
&RPSDFW'LVF 'LJLWDO$XGLR&URVV,QWHUOHDYHG
5HHG6RORPRQ&RGH

2Q&''$V&URVV,QWHUOHDYHG5HHG6RORPRQ&RGH
7ZRFRPSRQHQWV
 (UURUFRUUHFWLRQEDVHGRQ5HHG6RORPRQ&RGHV LQWZRVWDJHV 
 ,QWHUOHDYHGVWRUDJH RIGDWD
&DQ EH YHU\ KHOSIXO VLQFH HUURUV WHQG WRFRQFHQWUDWH LQVRPH
QHLJKERXUKRRGV,QWHUOHDYLQJ FUHDWHV VRPH GLVWDQFH
EHWZHHQ QHLJKERXULQJ GDWD7KXVHUURU EXUVWV ZLOOEH OHVV D
SUREOHP

3ULQFLSOHGDWDE\WHVDUHSURWHFWHGZLWKHUURUFRUUHFWLRQE\WHV(DFKE\WHZLOOEH
UHSUHVHQWHGE\ ELWV 7KLVKROGVDOVRIRUWKHFRUUHFWLRQE\WHV 
– 7KHVHE\WHVDUHSDVVHGWRWKHILUVW56'HFRGHU
HUURUFRUUHFWLRQE\WHVFDQFRUUHFWRQHE\WHLQHUURURXWRI
8QFRUUHFWDEOH HUURUVDUHPDUNHG
– 5HPDLQLQJE\WHVDUHSDVVHGZLWKXQHTXDOGHOD\VWKURXJKDQRWKHU56
GHFRGHU ZKLFKLVDEOHWRGHWHFWDQGFRUUHFWVRPHRIWKHUHPDLQLQJHUURUV 
– 8QHTXDOGHOD\VÎLQWHUOHDYLQJEHWZHHQVHYHUDOE\WHZRUGV
2QHGHVWUR\HGZRUGFDQEHFRUUHFWHGE\WKHRWKHURQHV 
 
&RPSDFW'LVF 'LJLWDO$XGLR&''$
)UDPHV

&''$)UDPHV
E\WHVRIDXGLRGDWDDUHVWRUHGLQIUDPHVD)5$0(FRQVLVWVRI
– $XGLRGDWDWZRJURXSVRIE\WHV>OHIWDQGULJKWFKDQQHO@
– (UURUFRUUHFWLRQE\WHVE\WHVSHUIUDPH
– &RQWURODQGGLVSOD\E\WHE\WHHDFKELWRILWEHORQJVWRDGLIIHUHQWVXEFKDQQHO
7KHELWVRIWKH&RQWURODQG'LVSOD\E\WHDUHPDUNHG3456789DQG:
VXEFKDQQHOELWV 7KHVXEFKDQQHOELWVRIFRQVHFXWLYHIUDPHVDUHXVHG
WRJHWKHU
6\QFKURQLVDWLRQ
– &RQWURO'LVSOD\ E\WH 
– $XGLR E\WHV
– (UURUFRUUHFWLRQ E\WHV
– $XGLR E\WHV
– (UURUFRUUHFWLRQ E\WHV

 
&RPSDFW'LVF 'LJLWDO$XGLR&''$
)UDPHV

([DPSOHRIVXEFKDQQHOXVDJH
– 7KH3VXEFKDQQHO GLVWLQJXLVKHVEHWZHHQDXGLRDQGFRPSXWHUGDWD
– 4VWRUHVWKHGLUHFWRU\ OHDGLQDUHD RUWKHUHODWLYHWUDFNWLPH UHVWRI&''$ 
6\QFKURQL]DWLRQSDWWHUQ PDUNVWKHEHJLQQLQJRIDIUDPH

Consists of 12 bit ”1”, 12 bit ”0” and 3 filling bit (depend on WKHIROORZLQJGDWD

7KHV\QFKURQL]DWLRQSDWWHUQLVDXQLTXHSDWWHUQVLQFHVXFFHVVLYH
“1“ and t VXFFHVVLYH ““ DUH IRUELGGHQ LQRXU FRGLQJ
$QH[DPSOH RIDQRWKHU V\QFKURQL]DWLRQ SDWWHUQ
,Q(WKHUQHW 0DQFKHVWHU&RGH LW FRQVLVWV RIELW 

Î(DFK IUDPHFRQVLVWVRI HDFKE\WHFRGHGLQELW


24 · (14 + 3) 8 · (14 + 3) 1 · (14 + 3  ELW ELW ELW

'DWD&RUUHFWLRQ &RQWU'LVSOD\6\QFKU
 
&RPSDFW'LVF 'LJLWDO$XGLR

Î'DWD 5DWHV

6WUHDP ,QFOXGHGELWV ELWV SHUIUDPH ELWUDWH>ELWVVHF@


$XGLRELWVWUHDP VDPSOHELWV  [  
$XGLRELWV
'DWDELWVWUHDP HUURUFRUUELWV   
ZLWKRXWPRGXODWLRQDQG FRQWU GLVSELWV
ZLWKRXWV\QFKURQL]DWLRQ 'DWDELWV
&KDQQHOELWVWUHDP PRGXODWLRQELWV
ILOOLQJELWV   
V\QFKUELWV

 
&RPSDFW'LVF 'LJLWDO$XGLR$UHDV
DQG%ORFNV

&''$$UHDV
– /HDGLQDUHD GLUHFWRU\RIWKH&''$LGHQWLILHVEHJLQQLQJRILQGLYLGXDOWUDFNV
– 3URJUDPDUHD DFWXDOGDWDRIWUDFNVDUHVWRUHGKHUH
– /HDGRXWDUHD KHOSVWKH&'SOD\HUWROHDYHWKHSURJUDPDUHDLQDFRQWUROOHGZD\
&''$%ORFNV
– IUDPHVIRUPDEORFN EORFNVL]HFKDQQHOE\WHRU GDWD DXGLRE\WH
– %ORFNVGRQRWKDYHDVSHFLDOPHDQLQJIRU&''$V
2WKHU&'V OLNH&'520V XVHWKLVVWUXFWXUHIRUDGGLWLRQDOFRQWUROGDWD
&''$7UDFNV
– 3URJUDPDUHDFDQFRQVLVWRI WUDFNVZLWKGLIIHUHQWOHQJWKV
– (DFKWUDFNFRUUHVSRQGVWRDVRQJRUVHQWHQFHRIDV\PSKRQ\
– 7UDFNVFDQEHDFFHVVHGUDQGRPO\
– 7UDFNVFRQWDLQVVHYHUDOLQGH[SRLQWV
– ,QGH[SRLQWVDUHXVHGIRUGLUHFWSRVLWLRQLQJRIWKHODVHU
7ZRLQGH[SRLQWVDUHPDQGDWRU\
• EHJLQRIWKHWUDFNDQG
• EHJLQRIDXGLRLQVLGHWKHWUDFN
 
&RPSDFW'LVF 5HDG 2QO\ 0HPRU\

&'5207HFKQRORJ\
– 'HYHORSHGIRUVWRUDJHRIJHQHUDOSXUSRVHGDWD

– %HVLGHFRPSXWHUGDWDDWUDFNRID&'520PD\DOVRFRQWDLQDXGLRGDWD

FRQIRUPWRDXGLRWUDFNVRID&''$GLVWLQJXLVKHGE\3VXEFKDQQHO RI

IUDPHV 

– ,IERWKFRPSXWHUDQGDXGLRGDWDDUHVWRUHGRQD&'520LWLVFDOOHG0L[HG

0RGH'LVF XVXDOO\WKHFRPSXWHUGDWDDUHVWRUHGILUVW 

 
&RPSDFW'LVF 5HDG 2QO\ 0HPRU\

&'520%ORFNV

&RPSXWHUGDWD LQFRPSDULVRQWRDXGLRGDWD
– DUHPXFKPRUHVHQVLWLYHWRHUURUV
QRFRPSHQVDWLRQE\UHSHWLWLRQLQWHUSRODWLRQRUGURSSLQJSRVVLEOH
Î DGGLWLRQDOHUURUFRUUHFWLRQPHWKRGVKDYHWREHSURYLGHG
– QHHGVPDOOHUGDWDXQLWVIRUUDQGRPDFFHVV
Î XVHEORFNVLQVWHDGRIWUDFNVIRUUDQGRPDFFHVV

$YDLODEOHE\WHVIRUGDWD LQHDFKEORFNE\WH EORFNVILWRQRQH&' 


EORFNVDUHQHHGHGSHUVHFRQG IRUDXGLR 7KXVD&'SOD\LQJWLPHLV
 PLQXWHV

7KH&'VWRUDJHFDSDFLW\FDQEHXVHGLQWZRZD\V PRGHV 
– &'5200RGH XVXDOO\XVHGIRUFRPSXWHUGDWD DQG
– &'5200RGH XVHGIRURWKHUPHGLD

 
&RPSDFW'LVF 5HDG 2QO\ 0HPRU\

&'5200RGH IRUGDWD
2,352 bytes are a “block”: EORFNVSHUVHFRQGJLYHDGDWDUDWHRI0ELWVHF
7KLVLQFOXGHVGDWDE\WHVRYHUKHDGE\WHVVHHEHORZ 
7KHE\WHVRIDEORFNDUHVXEGLYLGHGDVIROORZV
– E\WHVV\QFKURQL]DWLRQ GHWHFWLRQRIEORFNEHJLQQLQJ
– E\WHVKHDGHU XQDPELJRXV LGHQWLILFDWLRQPLQXWHVHFRQGEORFNQXPEHUPRGH
– E\WHVGDWD
– E\WHVHUURUGHWHFWLRQFRGH ('&&5&RQV\QFKURQKHDGHUDQGGDWDE\WH
– XQXVHGE\WHV
– E\WHVHUURUFRUUHFWLRQFRGH (&&DJDLQ5HHG6RORPRQFRGLQJ

5HPDLQLQJ HUURU UDWH


6\QF +HDGHU 'DWD ('& 8QXVHG (&& DIWHU FRUUHFWLRQ 
      ≈ 
Î&DSDFLW\EORFNV˜ E\WHEORFN E\WHV| 0E\WHV
Î'DWD UDWHE\WHEORFN˜ EORFNVVHF E\WHVHF| ˜  ELWVV

 
&RPSDFW'LVF 5HDG 2QO\ 0HPRU\

&'5200RGH PRVWO\IRU$XGLREXWDOVRIRURWKHUGDWD

7KHEORFNVWUXFWXUHLVYHU\VLPSOH
– E\WHV\QFKURQL]DWLRQ
– E\WHKHDGHU
– E\WHGDWD
YV0E\WH
IRU 0RGH
6\QF +HDGHU 'DWD
  

Î&DSDFLW\EORFN˜ E\WHEORFN E\WH| 0E\WHV


Î'DWDUDWHE\WHEORFN˜ EORFNVHF E\WHVHF| ˜ ELWVV

1RWH7KHVHGDWDUDWHVFRUUHVSRQGWRDQRUPDOVSHHG&'5203OD\HU
7RGD\IDVWHUSOD\HUVDUHDYDLODEOHHJ[QRUPDOVSHHG3OD\LQJWLPHLV
FRUUHVSRQGLQJO\UHGXFHG
 
&RPSDFW'LVF 5HDG 2QO\ 0HPRU\

/LPLWDWLRQVRI&'520WHFKQRORJ\

+LJKHUDFFHVVWLPHWKDQKDUGGLVNVGXHWR WLPHYDOXHVPD\QRWEHXSWRGDWH 
– 6\QFKURQL]DWLRQ7LPH
7KHLQWHUQDOFORFNPXVWEHV\QFKURQL]HGWRWKHVLJQDO
7LPHQHHGHG6RPHPLOOLVHFRQGV
– &RQVWDQW/LQHDU9HORFLW\SOD\EDFN
5HDGLQJRIWKHLQQHUSDUWRID&'UHTXLUHVDERXW530 URWDWLRQVSHUPLQXWH ZKHUHDV
UHDGLQJRIWKHRXWHUSDUWQHHGV530$GMXVWPHQWLVUHTXLUHG
7KHURWDWLRQGHOD\LVWKHPD[LPXPGXUDWLRQWRSRVLWLRQWKHODVHU DERYHWKHGHVLUHGVHFWRU
DQGWRDGMXVWWKHURWDWLRQVSHHG7KHURWDWLRQGHOD\FDQEHXSWRPLOOLVHFRQGV
– 6HHN7LPH
)RUUDQGRPDFFHVVZLWKWKHODVHUEHDPWKHFRUUHFWUDGLXVKDVWREHDGMXVWHG
DQGWKHEORFNKDVWREHIRXQG
7LPHQHHGHGDWPRVWVHFRQG

 1RVLPXOWDQHRXVSOD\EDFNRIHJDXGLRDQGGDWDLVSRVVLEOH
 $XGLRVWUHDPVRQD&'PXVWEHVHTXHQWLDOO\VWRUHG
7KXVPDQ\PXOWLPHGLDDSSOLFDWLRQVDUHLPSRVVLEOH

 
2WKHU &'7\SHV

2WKHU&'7\SHV
'HVLJQHGIRUFRQVXPHUHOHFWURQLFVDVDQDGGLWLRQWRD79 &''$UHSODFHPHQW 
'HILQHV
– &'520EDVHGIRUPDWIRUGLIIHUHQWPHGLD
– 5HDO7LPH2SHUDWLQJ6\VWHP
– 'HFRGHUZLWK0RWRURODFKLS IDPLO\ YLGHRDQGDXGLRHOHPHQWV

$XGLR(QFRGLQJ7\SH &''$ &',/HYHO$ &',/HYHO% &',/HYHO&


6DPSOLQJ)UHTXHQF\    
%DQGZLGWK N+=    
&RGLQJ ELW3&0D ELW$'3&0E ELW$'3&0 ELW$'3&0
0D[5HFRUGLQJ'XUDWLRQ PLQ KK KK KK
6WHUHR0RQR
4XDOLW\ $XGLR&' /3 )05DGLR $05DGLR

D3&0– 3XOVH&RGH0RGXODWLRQ
E$'3&0– $GDSWLYH'LIIHUHQWLDO3&0
 
2WKHU &'7\SHV

,PDJH(QFRGLQJ
,PDJH(QFRGLQJ7\SH <89D 5*%E &RORU/RRN8S7DEOH
,PDJH7\SH +LJKTXDOLW\QDWXUDO +LJKTXDOLW\QRUPDO 6LPSOHSLFWXUHV
SLFWXUHVPDQ\ SLFWXUHV UHTXLUHVSUHORDGHG
FRORUV FRORUWDEOH
%LWV3L[HO   
&RORUV    
,PDJH6L]H %\WHV %\WHV %\WHV

D<IRU OXPLQDQFH8DQG9IRU FKURPLQDQFH


E5 5HG* *UHHQ% %OXH
FIRU DSLFWXUH ZLWK [ SL[HOV [ [  

$QLPDWLRQ(QFRGLQJ
• 0RWLRQSLFWXUHV IHZ FRORXUVUXQ OHQJWK FRGLQJ∼  E\WHLPDJH
• 03(*
 
2WKHU &'7\SHV 
&'520([WHQGHG $UFKLWHFWXUH

&'520– ([WHQGHG$UFKLWHFWXUH &'520;$


– %DVHGRQ&'5200RGHEORFNV
– 8VHVDVXEKHDGHU RIE\WHLQWKHGDWDE\WH RI&'5200RGH 
– 6XEKHDGHU LGHQWLILHVWKHFRQWHQWRIWKHEORFN
– 7KHUHIRUHLQWHUOHDYLQJRIVHSDUDWHGDWDVWUHDPVSRVVLEOH
– 6SHFLDOGHYLFHLVUHTXLUHG

&'520;$DOORZVWZRIRUPVRIEORFNV
1. Form 1: ”Interleaved CDROM Mode 2 with improved error correction”
6\QF +HDGHU 6XEKHDGHU 'DWD ('& (&&
     

2. Form 2: ”Interleaved CDROM Mode 2 for audio and video” (simple error handling)
6\QF +HDGHU 6XEKHDGHU 'DWD ('&
    

 
2WKHU &'7\SHV &'5HFRUGDEOH

5HTXLUHVSHFLDOGULYHVIRUUHFRUGLQJ
&' :ULWH2QFH &':2
– 6XEVWUDWHOD\HUKDVQRSLWVDQGODQGVEXWDSUHJURRYHIRUODVHUDGMXVWPHQW
– $OXPLQLXPUHIOHFWLYHOD\HULVUHSODFHGE\DWKLQOD\HURIRUJDQLFG\H
– $WKLQOD\HURIJROGLVORFDWHGEHWZHHQG\HDQGSURWHFWLYHOD\HU
KLJKO\UHIOHFWLYHGRHVQHLWKHUUHDFWWRWKHG\HQRUFRUURGHDV GRRWKHUPHWDOV 

:ULWLQJWRD&':2
– :KHQZULWLQJDODVHUEHDPKHDWVWKHG\HUHVXOWLQJLQWLQ\PRXQGV DPRXQG
– 0RXQGVDOWHUWKHUHIOHFWLRQRIWKHUHDGLQJODVHUDWWKHJROGOD\HUDQG DSLW
DSSHDUWRWKH&'ROM drive as ”pits”.
6HVVLRQV
– :ULWLQJRIGDWDWRDGLVF VHVVLRQ LQFOXGHVWKHOHDGLQGDWDDQGOHDGRXWDUHD
– 5HJXODU&':2V UHTXLUHDOOGDWDWREHZULWWHQLQRQHVHVVLRQ
– +\EULG&':2V VXSSRUWPXOWLSOHVHVVLRQVWREHZULWWHQDWVHYHUDOWLPHV

 
2WKHU &'7\SHV &'5HFRUGDEOH

&' 0DJQHWR2SWLFDO &'02


– &DQEH RYHU ZULWWHQPXOWLSOHWLPHV
– &DQQRWEHUHDGP\QRUPDO&'520GULYHV
– $QRSWLFDOKHDGDQGFRQWDFWPDJQHWLFKHDGDUHORFDWHGRSSRVLWHWRHDFKRWKHU
”sandwiching” the disc.
:ULWLQJ
– 7KHODVHUEHDPKHDWVWKHVXUIDFHRIWKHUHFRUGLQJOD\HU DSSUR[ 150°C).
– $WWKHVDPHWLPHWKHPDJQHWLFKHDGSRODUL]HVWKHUHFRUGLQJPDWHULDO
(”direction” N or S, requires fast inversion of the magnetic fieOG 
– 'XHWRWKHIDVWUHGXFWLRQRIWKHWHPSHUDWXUHZKHQWKHODVHUSDVVHVRQ
WKHSRODUL]DWLRQFDQEHUHDOL]HGDWDILQHJUDQXODULW\
5HDGLQJ
– The polarisation of the laser beam’s light changes corresponding WRWKH
PDJQHWL]DWLRQ
'HOHWLQJ
– 7KHHQWLUHEORFNLVKHDWHGDQGSRODUL]HGZLWKDFRQVWDQWPDJQHWLFILHOG

 
2WKHU &'7\SHV 3KRWR&'

3KRWR&'
– :ULWLQJRQ&':2GHYLFHV
– 5HDGLQJRQ&',RU&'520;$GHYLFHV
– 'HYHORSHGILOPVDUHGLJLWDOL]HGZLWKELWOXPLQDQFHDQG[ELWFKURPLQDQFH
UHVROXWLRQ
– LPDJHUHVROXWLRQVSRVVLEOH

3LFWXUH1DPH &RPSUHVVHG8QFRPSUHVVHG /LQH1XPEHU &ROXPQ1XPEHU


%DVH 8QFRPSUHVVHG  
%DVH 8QFRPSUHVVHG  
%DVH 8QFRPSUHVVHG  
%DVH &RPSUHVVHG  
%DVH &RPSUHVVHG  

[EDVH [WLPHV PRUH UHVROXWLRQ WKDQ EDVH


EDVH\ \WLPHV OHVV UHVROXWLRQ WKDQ EDVH
 
2WKHU &'7\SHV

0XOWLPHGLD&RPSDFW'LVF 00&'
– 'HYHORSHGE\03KLOLSVDQG6RQ\
– 6LQJOHVLGHG
– 'XDOOD\HUZLWK*%FDSDFLW\ SHUOD\HU 
– 1HZGHYLFHLVDEOHWRUHDG00&'V DQGFRQYHQWLRQDO&'520V
6XSHU'HQVLW\ 6'
– 'HYHORSHGE\7RVKLEDDQG7LPH:DUQHU

– 'LVFZLWK*% VLQJOHOD\HU RU*% GXDOOD\HU SHUVLGH

– 7ZRRIVXFKGLVFVFDQEHJOXHG KRWPHOW WRJHWKHUÎ*%RU*%SHUGLVF

– 03(*LVXVHGIRUYLGHRFRPSUHVVLRQ

– 0XOWLSOHODQJXDJHVPXOWLSOHVXEWLWOHVFRS\SURWHFWLRQSDUHQWDOORFNRXW

– $OVR5HFRUGDEOH*%GLVFDQGUHZULWDEOH*%GLVF
 

You might also like