,PDJHVDQG*UDSKLFV

&RQWHQWV

'LJLWDO,PDJH5HSUHVHQWDWLRQ
,PDJH)RUPDWV
– &DSWXUHG,PDJH)RUPDW
– 6WRUHG,PDJH)RUPDW
– *UDSKLFV)RUPDW
– 2EMHFW5HSUHVHQWDWLRQ%UHVHQKDP /LQH
,PDJH6\QWKHVLV
*UDSKLFV6\VWHP
– *UDSKLFV+DUGZDUH
– 5DVWHU'LVSOD\
– 'LWKHULQJ
,PDJH$QDO\VLV
– 7DUJHW'HWHFWLRQ
– 'LJLWDO,PDJH'DWD6WUXFWXUHV
– ,PDJH7UDQVIRUPDWLRQ
,PDJH7UDQVPLVVLRQ
 
 'LJLWDO,PDJH5HSUHVHQWDWLRQ

$QGLJLWDOLPDJHLVDVSDWLDOUHSUHVHQWDWLRQRIDQREMHFW
''VFHQHRUDQRWKHULPDJH UHDORUYLUWXDO
'LJLWDO,PDJH
/HW,- . ⊆ =EHDILQLWHLQWHUYDO/HW* ⊂ 1  ZLWK *  ∞WKHJUH\VFDOHOHYHOLQWHQVLW\YDOXH
RIDQSLFWXUHHOHPHQW  SL[HO RIWKHLPDJH
$'  ,PDJHLVDIXQFWLRQI  , × - → *
$'  ,PDJHLVDIXQFWLRQI  , × - × . → *
,I* = {}WKHIXQFWLRQLVDELQDU\  ELWLPDJH RWKHUZLVHDSL[HOLPDJH

7KH5HVROXWLRQGHSHQGVRQWKHJUDQXODULW\RIWKHJULGZLWKSL[HOVHTXDOO\VSDFHG
+LJKUHVROXWLRQLPDJHVDUHRIWHQYHU\ODUJH
([DPSOH
7RGLVSOD\DOLQHWHOHYLVLRQSLFWXUH176&ZLWKRXWQRWLFHDEOHGHJUDGDWLRQ
ZLWKD9LGHR*UDSKLFV$UUD\9*$YLGHRFRQWUROOHU[SL[HOVDQG
GLVFUHWHJUH\OHYHOVJLYHVDQDUUD\RIELWQXPEHUVDQGDWRWDORI
ELWV
 
 ,PDJH)RUPDWV
&DSWXUHG,PDJH)RUPDW

&DSWXUHG,PDJH)RUPDWLVVSHFLILHGE\
VSDWLDOUHVROXWLRQ SL[HOV[ SL[HOVDQGFRORU HQFRGLQJ ELWVSHUSL[HO

([DPSOHV
9LGHR3L[70 6XQ9LGHR70 FDUG
VSDWLDOUHVROXWLRQ [SL[HOV
FRORU HQFRGLQJ ELWELQDU\LPDJHELWFRORU RUJUH\VFDOH
ELWFRORU5*%
6XQ9LGHR70 FDUGFDSWXUHDQGFRPSUHVVLRQFDUGZLWK ISVIUDPHVSHUVHFRQG
&HOO% ISV 03(*,3IUDPHV ISV
-3(* ISV &DSWXUH<89 ISV
03(*,IUDPHV ISV &DSWXUH5*% ISV

$WOHDVWIUDPHVSHUVHFRQGDUHQHFHVVDU\LIFRQWLQXRXVPRWLRQLVWREHSUHVHQWHG
However, it is possible to “cheat” a little and to work with VPDOOHUIUDPHUDWHV
 
 ,PDJH)RUPDWV
6WRUHG,PDJH)RUPDW

$6WRUHGLPDJHIRUPDW LVDGLPHQVLRQDODUUD\RIYDOXHVUHSUHVHQWLQJWKHLPDJHLQ
DELWPDS RUSL[PDSUHVSHFWLYHO\

7KHGDWDRIDELWPDSLVDELQDU\GLJLWGDWDLQDSL[PDS PD\EHDFROOHFWLRQRI

– QXPEHUVUHSUHVHQWLQJWKHLQWHQVLWLHVRIUHGJUHHQDQGEOXH
FRPSRQHQWVRIWKHFRORU

– QXPEHUVUHSUHVHQWLQJWKHLQGLFHVWRWDEOHVRIUHGJUHHQ DQGEOXH LQWHQVLWLHV

VLQJOHQXPEHUVDVLQGH[WRDWDEOHRIFRORU WULSOHV

– VLQJOHQXPEHUVDVLQGH[WRDQ\RWKHUGDWDVWUXFWXUHVWKDWUHSUHVHQWVDFRORU 
V\VWHP

– RUVSHFWUDOVDPSOHV IRUHDFKFRORU

 
 ,PDJH)RUPDWV
6WRUHG,PDJH)RUPDW

(DFKSL[HOPD\KDYHDGGLWLRQDOLQIRUPDWLRQLHWKHQRUPDOYHFWRUWRWKHVXUIDFH

)XUWKHUSURSHUWLHVRILPDJHVZLGWKKHLJKWGHSWKVL]HYHUVLRQHWF

>,QPDQ\FDVHVLVGDWDFRPSUHVVLRQUHFRPPHQGHGRUPDQGDWRU\@

)RUPDWV

– 5,))5HVRXUFH,QWHUFKDQJH)LOH)RUPDWLQFOXGLQJIRUPDWVIRUELWPDSVYHFWRU

GUDZLQJVDQLPDWLRQDXGLRDQGYLGHRH[WHQVLRQLV%5,0

– *,)*UDSKLFDO,QWHUFKDQJH)RUPDW;%LWPDS6XQ5DVWHUILOHV3RVW6FULSW

,5,6-3(*7,))7DJJHG,PDJH)LOH)RUPDWHWF

 
 ,PDJH)RUPDWV
*UDSKLFV)RUPDW

*UDSKLFVLPDJHIRUPDWV DUHVSHFLILHGWKURXJK
– JUDSKLFVSULPLWLYHVOLQHVUHFWDQJOHVFLUFOHVHOOLSVHVWH[WVWULQJV'
SRO\KHGURQ'
– DWWULEXWHVOLQHVW\OHOLQHZLGWKFRORU DIIHFW
*UDSKLFVSULPLWLYHVDQGWKHLUDWWULEXWHVUHSUHVHQWDKLJKHUOHYHORIDQLPDJH
UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ7KHJUDSKLFVSDFNDJHGHWHUPLQHVZKLFKSULPLWLYHV DUHVXSSRUWHG
$GYDQWDJHV
 5HGXFWLRQRIWKHJUDSKLFDOLPDJHGDWD
 (DVLHUPDQLSXODWLRQRIJUDSKLFDOLPDJHV
'LVDGYDQWDJH
– $GGLWLRQDOFRQYHUVLRQVWHSIURPJUDSKLFDOSULPLWLYHVDQGDWWULEXWHVWRLWVSL[HO
UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ
)RUPDWV
· 65*36LPSOH5DVWHU*UDSKLFV3DFNDJHRQHZD\FRQYHUVLRQWRELWSL[PDS
· PHICS (Programmer’s Hierarchical Interactive Graphics Systems) aQG
· *.6*UDSKLFDO.HUQHO6\VWHPRQO\LPDJHUHSUHVHQWDWLRQLVLQSL[PDS

 
 ,PDJH)RUPDWV
2EMHFW5HSUHVHQWDWLRQ%UHVHQKDP /LQH

&RQVWUXFWDOLQHIURPOHIWWRULJKWZLWKDPD[JUDGLHQW≤ P≤ ≤ °

DOORWKHUOLQHVDUHDFKLHYHGWKURXJKUHIOHFWLRQV

1H[WSL[HOLVWKHRQHLQWKHHDVW 1H[WSL[HOLVWKHRQHLQWKHQRUWKHDVW

 • •

<G ≤

L

GL 
• • • •


G + >

L


G + ≤
L
 ⇒ \ + = \ + 
L L

 
 ,PDJH)RUPDWV
2EMHFW5HSUHVHQWDWLRQ%UHVHQKDP /LQH

G L + = G L + P
L L L L G L +  = G L + + P = G L +  P
G L +  = G L +  + P −  = G L + P − 
<L GL
<L • •  
<L <L  VLQFHG L +  > 

GL  
GL \L + = \L
• GL • • •
 
\L +  = \L + +  VLQFHG L +  > 
 
 
/HW<L WUXHYDOXHRIFXUYH \L + = \L +   VLQFHG L + ≤ 
 
WKHQ<L \L GLZLWK≤ GL <1.
\L ∈ = <L ∈ 5

 
 ,PDJH)RUPDWV
2EMHFW5HSUHVHQWDWLRQ%UHVHQKDP /LQH

<L <L P <L \L GL

⇒ \L GL \L GL P

⇒ GL GL P\L  \L


GL P LI\L \L ←FULWHULRQ GL ≤


GL P  LI\L \L ←FULWHULRQ GL >


GL P DQG\L \L LI G L ≤


GL P DQG\L \L  LI G L >

&KDQJHVRI\L

\L LI  G L ≤

\L
\L LI  G L > 

 
 ,PDJH)RUPDWV
2EMHFW5HSUHVHQWDWLRQ%UHVHQKDP /LQH

(DVLHUFDOFXODWLRQE\'L LQVWHDGRI G L DVIROORZV 

' =  −  ∆[ = −∆[0 P∆[ = ∆\
 'L + 0 LI 'L ≤   \L LI 'L + ≤ 
'L + =  DQG \L + = 
 'L + 0 − ∆[ LI 'L >   \LLI 'L + > 

 
 ,PDJH)RUPDWV
2EMHFW5HSUHVHQWDWLRQ%UHVHQKDP /LQH

([DP SOH 
 P =   →  ∆ [ =   ∆ \ =   
0  ∆\  '  = − ∆ [ = − 
[ L                 
\ L                 
' L                 



\L



1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
[L
 
 ,PDJH6\QWKHVLV

,PDJHV\QWKHVLV JHQHUDWLRQLVDQLQWHJUDOSDUWRIDOOFRPSXWHUJUDSKLFDOXVHU LQWHUIDFHVDQG

LQGLVSHQVDEOHIRUYLVXDOLVLQJ''DQGKLJKHUGLPHQVLRQDOREMHFWV(J

*UDSKLFDO8VHU,QWHUIDFH *8, GHVNWRSZLQGRZVV\VWHPZLWKLFRQVDQGPHQXLWHPV

– 2IILFH$XWRPDWLRQDQG(OHFWURQLF3XEOLVKLQJGHVNWRSSXEOLVKLQJ +\SHUPHGLDV\VWHPV

– 6LPXODWLRQDQG$QLPDWLRQIRU6FLHQWLILF9LVXDOLVDWLRQDQG(QWHUWDLQPHQW

3LFWXUHVFDQEHG\QDPLFDOO\YDULHGE\DGMXVWLQJWKHDQLPDWLRQVSHHGSRUWLRQRIWKHWRWDO
VFHQHLQYLHZWKHDPRXQWRIGHWDLOVVKRZQHWF

– 0RWLRQ'\QDPLFV 2EMHFWVDUHPRYHGDQGHQDEOHGZLWKUHVSHFWWRDVWDWLRQDU\RUDOVR
G\QDPLFREVHUYHUHJIOLJKWVLPXODWRU

– 8SGDWH'\QDPLFV 2EMHFWVEHLQJYLHZHGDUHFKDQJHGLQVKDSHFRORURURWKHUSURSHUWLHV
HJGHIRUPDWLRQRIDQLQIOLJKWDHURSODQHVWUXFWXUH

 
 *UDSKLFV6\VWHPV
&RPSRQHQWVRILQWHUDFWLYHJUDSKLFVV\VWHPV

$SSOLFDWLRQPRGHO
– UHSUHVHQWVGDWDRUREMHFWVWREHSLFWXUHGVWRUHGLQDQDSSOLFDWLRQGDWDEDVH
– VWRUHVJUDSKLFVLPDJHIRUPDWVDQGFRQQHFWLYLW\UHODWLRQVKLSVRIWKHFRPSRQHQWV
– VKRXOGEHDSSOLFDWLRQVSHFLILFDQGLQGHSHQGHQWRIDQ\SDUWLFXODU GLVSOD\V\VWHP
– FRQYHUWVLPDJHGDWDEDVHUHSUHVHQWDWLRQVWRWKHJUDSKLFVV\VWHPIRUPDW
$SSOLFDWLRQSURJUDP
– KDQGOHVXVHULQSXWVE\VHQGLQJFRPPDQGVWRWKHJUDSKLFVV\VWHPGHVFULELQJ
ZKDW WRGLVSOD\DQGKRZWKLVREMHFWVVKRXOGDSSHDU
*UDSKLFVV\VWHP
– LQWHUPHGLDU\FRPSRQHQWEHWZHHQDSSOLFDWLRQSURJUDPVDQGWKHGLVSOD\
– HIIHFWVDQRXWSXWWUDQVIRUPDWLRQIURPREMHFWVLQWKHDSSOLFDWLRQ PRGHO
– HIIHFWVDQLQSXWWUDQVIRUPDWLRQIURPXVHUDFWLRQVWRDSSOLFDWLRQ
– FRQVLVWVRIRXWSXWVXEURXWLQHVFROOHFWHGLQDJUDSKLFVSDFNDJHWRGLVSOD\LPDJHV
*UDSKLFVKDUGZDUH
– UHFHLYHVLQSXWIURPLQWHUDFWLRQGHYLFHVDQGRXWSXWVLPDJHVWRGLVSOD\GHYLFH

 
 *UDSKLFV6\VWHPV
*UDSKLFV+DUGZDUH

,QSXW PRXVHNH\ERDUG GDWDWDEOHWWRXFKVHQVLWLYHSDQHORQWKHVFUHHQ'LQSXW

WUDFNEDOOVVSDFHEDOOVGDWDJORYHHWF'DQGKLJKHUGLPHQVLRQDOLQSXW

2XWSXWUDVWHUGLVSOD\

6FDQQHG,PDJH



9LGHR&RQWUROOHU


 'LVSOD\&RQWUROOHU'&

5HIUHVK%XIIHU
,QWHUDFWLRQ'DWD .H\ERDUG
0RXVH
'LVSOD\&RPPDQGV

&RPSXWHU+RVW,QWHUIDFH

 
 *UDSKLFV6\VWHPV
5DVWHU'LVSOD\

6WDUWUDVWHUVFDQ
UDVWHUOLQHV

KRUL]RQWDOUHWUDFH YHUWLFDOUHWUDFH

SL[HO

7RDYRLGIOLFNHULQJRILPDJHVD+]RUKLJKHUUHIUHVKUDWHLVUHFRPPHQGHG
At each pixel, the beam’s intensity is set to reflect the pixel’VLQWHQVLW\
,QFRORU VFUHHQVWKUHHEHDPVDUHFRQWUROOHGUHGJUHHQEOXH
0RQRFKURPHGLVSOD\VXVHDFKURPDWLFOLJKW WKDWLVGHWHUPLQHGE\WKHTXDOLW\RI
WKHOLJKWLQWHQVLW\DQGOXPLQDQFH
 
 *UDSKLFV6\VWHPV
'LWKHULQJ

How to “produce” more than two intensity levels if only twoOHYHOLQWHQVLWLHVPD\

EHUHSUHVHQWHG"
+DOIWRQLQJ FOXVWHUHGGRWRUGHUHGGLWKHULQJ) uses the human eye’s capability for VSDWLDO
LQWHJUDWLRQWRSURGXFHGLIIHUHQWLQWHQVLW\OHYHOVHJXVHGE\ODVHUSULQWHUVWKDWDUHQRW
DEOHWRGLVSOD\LQGLYLGXDOGRWV

([DPSOH [GLWKHUSDWWHUQVLQWHQVLW\OHYHOVUHSUHVHQWHGLQGLWKHUPDWULFHV

'LVSHUVHGGRWRUGHUHGGLWKHULQJ PRQRFKURPHGLWKHULQJLVXVHGHJWRH[WHQGWKH

QXPEHURIDYDLODEOHFRORUV RIGLVSOD\VDWWKHH[SHQVHRIUHVROXWLRQ
([DPSOH
&RQVLGHUELWVUHGJUHHQEOXHSHUSL[HODQGD[SDWWHUQ DUHD
(DFKSDWWHUQFDQGLVSOD\LQWHQVLWLHVIRUHDFKFRORU UHVXOWLQJLQ[[ 
FRORUV  
 ,PDJH$QDO\VLV

3L[HOLQIRUPDWLRQLVYHU\RIWHQLQVXIILFLHQW7KHUHLVQRLQIRUPDWLRQDERXW
– VKDSH RIDQREMHFW
– RULHQWDWLRQ RIDQREMHFW
– WKUHHGLPHQVLRQDOLQWHUSUHWDWLRQ RIDQREMHFW

Î ,PDJH$QDO\VLV,PDJH3URFHVVLQJLVUHTXLUHG

6RPHDSSOLFDWLRQVRUVSHFLDOWRSLFVDUH
– ,PDJHHQKDQFHPHQW
– 3DWWHUQUHFRJQLWLRQ
– 6FHQHDQDO\VLV
– &RPSXWHUYLVLRQ

([DPSOH 7UDIILFVFHQHVWDNHQE\DFDPHUDLQVWDOOHGLQDFDU
3UREOHPV ,VWKHUHDWUDIILFVLJQYLVLEOH"
:KLFKWUDIILFVLJQ"
,VDPRYLQJFDULQIURQWRIRXUFDU"
:KLFKW\SHRIFDU"
:KLFKUHODWLYHVSHHGWRRXUVSHHG"
 
 ,PDJH$QDO\VLV

,PDJHDQDO\VLVLVFRQFHUQHGZLWKWHFKQLTXHVIRUH[WUDFWLQJGHVFULSWLRQVDERXWLPDJHV
– FRPSXWDWLRQRISHUFHLYHGEULJKWQHVVDQGFRORU
– SDUWLDORUFRPSOHWHUHFRYHU\RI'GDWDLQDVFHQH
– ORFDWLRQRIGLVFRQWLQXLWLHVFRUUHVSRQGLQJWRREMHFWVLQDVFHQH
– FKDUDFWHULVDWLRQRIWKHSURSHUWLHVRIXQLIRUPUHJLRQVLQDLPDJH

,PDJH(QKDQFHPHQW
– LPSURYHVLPDJHTXDOLW\E\HOLPLQDWLQJQRLVHH[WUDQHRXVRUPLVVLQJSL[HOVRUE\HQKDQFLQJFRQWUDVWLH
;UD\LPDJHVFRPSXWHUL]HGD[LDOWRPRJUDSK\&$7

6FHQH$QDO\VLVDQG&RPSXWHU9LVLRQ
– GHDOVZLWKUHFRJQLVLQJDQGUHFRQVWUXFWLQJ'PRGHOVRIDVFHQHIURPVHYHUDO'LPDJHVLHLQGXVWULDO
URERWVHQVLQJUHODWLYHVL]HVVKDSHVSRVLWLRQVFRORUV

3DWWHUQ'HWHFWLRQDQG5HFRJQLWLRQ
– GHDOVZLWKGHWHFWLQJDQGFODULI\LQJVWDQGDUGSDWWHUQVDQGILQGVGLVWRUWLRQVIURPWKHVHSDWWHUQVLH2SWLFDO
&KDUDFWHU5HFRJQLWLRQ2&5
– VWDWLFFKDUDFWHUUHFRJQLWLRQ2&5G\QDPLFUHFRJQLWLRQKDQGZULWLQJ

 
 ,PDJH$QDO\VLV
7DUJHW'HWHFWLRQ

7XUQLQJUDGDUGHWHFWRU


DQREMHFW
,PSHUIHFWUDGDUVRPHPLVWDNHV


(OLPLQDWLRQRIPLVWDNHVE\GLJLWDOILOWHULQJ

6LPSOHVWYHUVLRQV\PPHWULFDOPPILOWHU

 K + P 

 LI  ∑ D L ≥ P
DD   D L  D Q → D′D ′  D K′  D Q′ ZLWK  D K′ =  L = K − P +
  HOVH


([DPSOH 

)LOWHULQJE\ILOWHU


 
 ,PDJH$QDO\VLV
,PDJH5HFRJQLWLRQ6WHSV

6WHSV

6RXUFH GLJLWDO
XQLPSURYHG )RUPDWWLQJ
RI,PDJH LPDJHGDWD
VWUXFWXUH
&RQGLWLRQLQJ

/DEHOOLQJ

*URXSLQJ ORJLFDOGDWD
VWUXFWXUH

([WUDFWLQJ
7DUJHW
LPSURYHG 0DWFKLQJ
,PDJH
6\PEROLF5HSUHVHQWDWLRQ
 
 ,PDJH$QDO\VLV
'LJLWDO,PDJH'DWD6WUXFWXUHV

)RUPDWWLQJ
– FDSWXULQJRIDQLPDJHDQGWUDQVIRUPLQJWRDGLJLWDOUHSUHVHQWDWLRQ
&RQGLWLRQLQJ
– EDVHGRQDPRGHOWKDWDVVXPHVWKDWWKHREVHUYHGLPDJHLVFRPSRVHGRIDQLQIRUPDWLYH
SDWWHUQPRGLILHGE\XQLQWHUHVWLQJYDULDWLRQV
– HVWLPDWHVLQIRUPDWLYHSDWWHUQRQWKHEDVLVRIWKHREVHUYHGLPDJH
– VXSSUHVVHVQRLVHDQGSHUIRUPEDFNJURXQGQRUPDOLVDWLRQE\VXSSUHVVLQJXQLQWHUHVWLQJ
V\VWHPDWLFRUSDWWHUQHGYDULDWLRQV
– DSSOLHGXQLIRUPO\DQGFRQWH[WLQGHSHQGHQW
/DEHOOLQJ
– EDVHGRQDPRGHOWKDWDVVXPHVWKDWWKHLQIRUPDWLYHSDWWHUQKDVVWUXFWXUHDVDVSDWLDO
DUUDQJHPHQWRIHYHQWV
– GHWHUPLQHVLQZKDWNLQGRIVSDWLDOHYHQWVHDFKSL[HOSDUWLFLSDWHV
– ODEHOOLQJRSHUDWLRQ
• HGJHGHWHFWLRQFRUQHUGHWHFWLRQ
• WKUHVKROGLQJ HJILOWHUVVLJQLILFDQWHGJHVDQGODEHOVWKHP
• LGHQWLILFDWLRQRISL[HOVWKDWSDUWLFLSDWHLQYDULRXVVKDSHSULPLWLYHV
 
 ,PDJH$QDO\VLV
,PDJH7UDQVIRUPDWLRQ

'LJLWDO,PDJH'DWD6WUXFWXUHVDUHDFKLHYHGWKURXJKLPDJHWUDQVIRUPDWLRQV
/HW,-* ⊆ ΝDQGI  , × - → *DQLPDJH
τ * , × - → * , × - LVDQLPDJHWUDQVIRUPDWLRQ

([DPSOHV
/RFDWLRQGHSHQGHQWZHDNHQLQJRI,QWHQVLW\HJHIIHFWZLWKOHQV
τ  [  \  = J  [  \  = I  [  \  + LQWHQVLW\IXQFWLRQ  [  \ 
I
7KUHVKROG7UDQVIRUPDWLRQHJILOWHULQJRIJUH\VFDOHVFRORUV
/HW* = ^ U` U ∈ Ν DQGV ∈ * WKHWKUHVKROG  WL
I  , × - → * DQLPDJHDQG 
W  * → *
KHUH*
 ^ `LVGHILQHGDV
 IRU  ≤ L ≤ V
W L  =   VRWKDW
  IRU V < L ≤ U WL
KW  I  LVWKHQHZ+LVWRJUDPRIK I GHILQHGDV L
− V U
K I  * → Ν ZLWKK I L  = I L  = QXPEHURISL[HOVZLWKJUH\YDOXHL 
 
 ,PDJH$QDO\VLV
,PDJH7UDQVIRUPDWLRQ

([DPSOH
+LVWRJUDP6SUHDGLQJHJWRLQFUHDVHWKHFRQWUDVWRIDQLPDJH
/HW* = ^ U` U ∈ ΝDQG I  , × - → *DQLPDJH
$VVXPHWKHLPDJH I XVHVRQO\JUH\YDOXHVLQWKHVFDOHRI  < D ≤ L ≤ E < U
:LWKWGHILQHG DVIROORZVWKHZKROHJUH\VFDOHYDOXHVRI *DUHXVHG
  IRU ≤ L ≤ D
 U
W L  =  L − D IRUD < L < EVRWKDW KW  I  LVWKHQHZ +LVWRJUDP W L  ∈ [ U ]
 E − D
 U IRUE ≤ L ≤ U
U
$QDORJRXVWRVSUHDGLQJ
WKHJUH\VFDOHFDQEH 5DQJHRIQHZ
FRPSUHVVHGDQGXVHG JUH\VFDOH
RQO\LQSDUWLDOLQWHUYDOV YDOXHV
$FRPELQDWLRQRIERWKLV
HJXVHIXOWRPDQLSXODWH D E U
ILOPPDWHULDOV
5DQJHRIROGYDOXHV
 
 ,PDJH$QDO\VLV
*URXSLQJDQG([WUDFWLQJ

*URXSLQJ
– LGHQWLILHVHYHQWVE\FROOHFWLQJRULGHQWLI\LQJPD[LPDOFRQQHFWHG VHWVRISL[HOV
SDUWLFLSDWLQJLQWKHVDPHNLQGRIHYHQWQHXUDOQHWZRUNV
– GHWHUPLQHVQHZVHWVRIHQWLWLHV
– FKDQJHVWKHORJLFDOGDWDVWUXFWXUH
– HQWLWLHVRILQWHUHVWDIWHUJURXSLQJDUHVHWVRISL[HOV
– HJ OLQHILWWLQJLVDJURXSLQJRSHUDWLRQZKHUHHGJHVDUHJURXSHGLQWROLQHV
([WUDFWLQJ
– FRPSXWHVIRUHDFKJURXSRISL[HOVDOLVWRISURSHUWLHV
– FHQWURLGDUHDRULHQWDWLRQVSDWLDOPRPHQWVJUH\WRQHPRPHQWVVSDWLDOJUH\WRQH
PRPHQWVFLUFXPVFULELQJFLUFOHLQVFULELQJFLUFOHQXPEHURIKROHVLQDUHJLRQ
DYHUDJHFXUYDWXUHLQDQDUFHWF
– PHDVXUHVWRSRORJLFDORUVSDWLDOUHODWLRQVKLSVEHWZHHQWZRRUPRUHJURXSLQJVLH
FODULILHVZKHWKHUWZRJURXSLQJVWRXFKDUHVSDWLDOO\FORVHRUOD\HUHG

 
 ,PDJH$QDO\VLV
0DWFKLQJ

0DWFKLQJ
– GHWHUPLQHVWKHLQWHUSUHWDWLRQRIVRPHUHODWHGVHWRILPDJHHYHQWVUHFRJQLVHG
SUHYLRXVO\ZLWKWKHH[WUDFWLQJVWHS
– DVVRFLDWHVHYHQWVZLWKVRPHJLYHQ'REMHFWVRU'VKDSHV
– WHPSODWHPDWFKLQJ LVDFODVVLFDOH[DPSOHRIDZLGHYDULHW\RIPDWFKLQJ
RSHUDWLRQVFRPSDUHVH[DPLQHGSDWWHUQZLWKNQRZQDQGVWRUHGPRGHOVDQG
FKRRVHVWKHEHVWPDWFK
&RQFOXVLRQ
– &RQGLWLRQLQJODEHOOLQJJURXSLQJH[WUDFWLQJDQGPDWFKLQJFRQVWLWXWHDFDQRQLFDO
GHFRPSRVLWLRQRIWKHLPDJHUHFRJQLWLRQSUREOHP
– (DFKVWHSSUHSDUHVDQGWUDQVIRUPVWKHGDWDWRIDFLOLWDWHWKHQH[WVWHS
– 2QDQ\OHYHOWKHWUDQVIRUPDWLRQLVDQXQLWSURFHVVDQGGDWDDUHSUHSDUHGIRUWKH
XQLWWUDQVIRUPDWLRQWRWKHQH[WKLJKHUOHYHO
– 'HSHQGLQJRQWKHDSSOLFDWLRQWKHVHTXHQFHRIVWHSVKDVPRUHWKDQRQHOHYHORI
UHFRJQLWLRQDQGGHVFULSWLRQSURFHVV
 
 ,PDJH$QDO\VLV
'HWHFWLRQRIOLFHQVHSODWHV

*URXSLQJ
PD[LPDOJURXSRIHYHQWV

)RUPDWWLQJ DJURXS ([WUDFWLQJ

SURSHUWLHVDVVL]HRULHQWDWLRQ
DUHGHWHFWHG

&RQGLWLRQLQJ 0DWFKLQJ

0HDQLQJGHWHFWHG
VRPHSXULILFDWLRQKDVEHHQGRQH
$ ,WLVOHWWHU$

/DEHOOLQJ

(GJHV
VWUXFWXUHVDVFRUQHUVHGJHV
DUHGHWHFWHG

 
 ,PDJH7UDQVPLVVLRQ

([DPLQDWLRQRIWKHQHWZRUNIRULPDJHWUDQVPLVVLRQ
– QHWZRUNPXVWDFFRPPRGDWHEXUVW\ GDWDWUDQVSRUWGXHWRODUJHVL]HRILPDJHVDQG
GLIIHUHQWFRPSUHVVLRQUHVXOWV
– UHOLDEOHWUDQVSRUWRYHUWKHQHWZRUNLVUHTXLUHG
– WLPHGHSHQGHQFHLVQRWDGRPLQDQWFKDUDFWHULVWLFRIWKHLPDJHLQFRQWUDVWWR
DXGLRDQGYLGHR

,PDJHUHSUHVHQWDWLRQIRUPDWXVHGIRUWUDQVPLVVLRQ
– UDZLPDJH ,PDJHJHQHUDWHGWKURXJKWKHYLGHRGLJLWL]HUDQGWUDQVIRUPHGLQLWV
GLJLWDOIRUPDWVL]H VSDWLDOBUHVROXWLRQ[SL[HOBTXDQWL]DWLRQHJ[SL[HOV
DQGTXDQWL]DWLRQRIELWVUHTXLUHVWUDQVPLVVLRQRIE\WHV
– FRPSUHVVHGLPDJH 'RZQVL]HGLPDJHZLWKPHWKRGVVXFKDV-3(*RU03(*
– V\PEROLFLPDJH ,PDJHUHSUHVHQWHGWKURXJKV\PEROLFGDWDDVLPDJHSULPLWLYHV
DWWULEXWHVDQGRWKHUFRQWUROLQIRUPDWLRQHJFRPSXWHUJUDSKLFVLPDJH >UHG
EDFNJURXQG\HOORZFLUFOHRIFPUDGLXVZLWKFHQWHU SRLQW[\