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TECHNICAL NOTES Received 30 January 2018; Revised 13 February 2018; Accepted 22 February 2018
Abstract 1 Introduction
Nowadays, some common field tests consist of SPT test and Prior to constructing engineering structures, it is essential
pressuremeter test are performed in investigating the geotech- to study their technical and economical situations. Studying
nical parameters of projects such as tunneling. Due to the high generally includes ground and underground measurements.
cost of pressuremter test performance and its time-consuming Stress-strain modulus of soil could be estimated by experi-
procedure, using some empirical relations between SPT and mental methods such as uniaxial compression strength test
Pressuremeter tests are recommended for primarily study of (UCS) and triaxial compression test. Also, it is measured by
the project. The purpose of this study is to perform regres- in situ tests consist of standard penetration test (SPT), flat jack
sion analyses between the NSPT and the uniaxial compression test, cone penetration test (CPT), dilatometer test, pressureme-
strength test and the pressuremeter test parameters obtained ter test and in situ plate loading test [35].
from a geotechnical investigation performed in route of 2nd The pre-bored pressuremeter is an in place test procedure
line of Tabriz metro. Correlations were carried out for sandy consists of positioning a cylindrical probe at depth into a pre-
and clayey soils separately. A series of simple and nonlinear bored hole and then inflating the probe with either air or fluid
multiple regression analyses are performed and as a result while measuring the amount of fluid (assumed incompress-
of analyses, several empirical equations are developed. It is ible) introduced to the system and the resulting pressure in the
shown that the empirical equations developed in this study are probe [9,10]. These two measurements along with the probe
statistically acceptable. geometry provide the information required to develop an in
place stress-strain relationship for the soil at the location of the
Keywords test (see Figure1). It was Kogler in the 1930s that developed the
pressuremeter modulus (EM ), SPT blow count (NSPT ), modulus idea of installing equipment to the desired depth and measur-
of uniaxial compression strength (EUCS ), Tabriz subway ing the deformation properties. However, difficulties arose in
using and interpreting the results of the equipment developed
by Kogler. The equipment was later developed by Menard in
1957 as the ‘‘Menard Pressuremeter’’ [39].
Standard penetration test (SPT) was first introduced in early
1900’s by driving an open end pipe into soil during wash bor-
ing process and it has become the most extensively used in situ
test in site investigation practice. Originally, the test was used
to determine the relative density of granular soils. The idea of
the SPT at the beginning was the comparison of blows required
to penetrate the tested soil. If the number of blows for a tested
location was larger than another location, it was concluded that
the denser soil is the one with the largest blow count. Although
1 Faculty of Mining Engineering, SPT had been performed only for granular soils in the past, it
Sahand University of Technology,
is executed in almost all kinds of soil today including weak
Sahand Town, Tabriz City, Iran
rocks. In accordance with ASTM D1586 [4], a standard sampler
2 Department of Engineering Geology and Geotechnics,
Budapest University of Technology and Economics, is driven into the soil by the energy delivered from a 63.5 kg
1111, Műegyetem rkp. 3, Hungary weight hammer having a free fall of 760 mm. For every 150 mm
* Corresponding author, email: samad.narimani65@gmail.com penetration of the sampler from the bottom of borehole, number
Simple and Non-Linear Regression Techniques Used in Sandy-Clayey Soils to Predict 2018 62 3 825
of blow counts are recorded until a total distance of 450 mm is necessary corrections based on calibrations. A typical pres-
penetrated [4]. Number of blow counts required for the penetra- suremeter graph is shown as given in Figure 1d.The modu-
tion of last 300 mm is added and it is referred as SPT N value. lus of pressuremeter test utilized to compute the settlement of
The number of blow counts recorded during the first 150 mm is the soils was calculated using the theory of expansion of an
ignored in order to prevent the adverse effects of disturbances infinitely thick cylinder as Equation (1). At the beginning of
during boring process on the test results. Test is usually stopped the test, probe expands rapidly inside the borehole without any
on the following conditions: 50 or more blows are required resistance until the pressure reaches p0h value. At the pressure
for a 150 mm penetration; 100 blows are obtained to drive the p0h, it is assumed that the membrane is in full contact with
required 300 mm; and 10 successive blows produce no advance. the sides of the borehole. p0h value is often interpreted as total
SPT data have been used in correlations for unit weight, relative horizontal in situ stress. With further increase in the pressure,
density, angle of internal friction and unconfined compressive the slope of the pressure and volume curve becomes almost
strength (Figure 1a). However, it is recommended the measured constant which is the result of elastic behaviour of soil and it
N value is standardized by multiplying it by the ratio between is described as elastic range on the graph. After the pressure
the measured energy transferred to the rod and 60% of the theo- pf, permanent deformations and creep occur in the soil and
retical free-fall energy of the hammer [7, 35]. the volumetric expansion increases significantly with the pres-
The Unconfined Compression Test is a laboratory test sure. General ranges of the net limit pressure and pressureme-
method that is used to assess the mechanical properties of rocks ter modulus for sands and clays are summarized in Tables 1
and fine-grained soils. It provides a measure of the undrained, and 2 [9, 13, 14, 15, 28, 29, 37, 38].
unconfined compressive strength as well as the stress-strain
EM = 2.(1+μ).(V0+Vm).(ΔP/ΔV) (1)
characteristics of rock, soil or other material specimen. This
test provides the most direct means of determining a mate-
rial’s strength and is often included in the laboratory test-
ing program of geotechnical investigations, especially when
dealing with rocks. In general, the test can be conducted on
rock samples or on undisturbed, reconstituted or compacted
cohesive soil samples. In this test, cylindrical specimens are
tested in compression without lateral confinement. The sample
is loaded axially at a constant axial strain rate of about 0.5 to
2% per minute. The applied load and resulting deformation are (a) (b)
measured with data acquisition system to generate load-defor-
mation curves. The sample is loaded until it either (1) exceeds
its unconfined compression strength (brittle failure) or (2)
reaches 15% axial strain. At either state the sample is consid-
ered to be at failure. The axial stress at failure is the uncon-
fined compressive strength (UCS) (Figure 1b). The load-defor-
mation curves, typically plotted as axial strain vs. axial stress,
can be used to define elastic properties of the material (elastic
(Young’s) modulus and Poisson’s ratio [7, 21, 45, 51, 53]. (c) (d)
The pressuremeter test measures the strength and deforma- Fig. 1 Diagrams depicting the principles of the (a) SPT test, (b) UCS test, (c)
tion properties in terms of the relationship between the radial Pressuremeter test and (d) a typical pressuremeter graph.
applied pressure and the resulting deformation. The test uses
a cylindrical probe placed at the desired depth in a pre-bored Table 1 Approximate common values of the pressuremeter parameters for
hole. The pressuremeter dimensions have not been standard- sands
ized, which may lead to errors when attempting to compare Soil Type Loose Compact Dense Very Dense
test data from different probes. Commonly a 76 mm diam- PM (KPa) 0–500 500–1500 1500–2500 > 2500
eter probe is used [9]. Figure 1c shows a diagram depicting EM (KPa) 0–3500 3500–12000 12000–22500 >22500
suremeter parameters of soils, while Ohya et al. [41] inves- EM = 1.33(N60)0.77 (MPa)
R2 = 0.82
(Sandy soils)
tigated the relationship between the values obtained by SPT
PL = 0.33(N60)0.51 (MPa)
tests and the results of pressuremeter tests for various types of (Sandy soils)
R2 = 0.74
Bozbey and Togrol [8]
soils. Kulhawy and Mayne [32] reported relationships between EM = 1.61(N60)0.71 (MPa)
R2 = 0.72
the SPT blow count and EM for both sand and clay soils, while (clayey soils)
Menard [40] conducted pressuremeter tests to integrate the PL = 0.26(N60)0.57 (MPa) R2 = 0.67
(clayey soils)
parameters into foundation design. Schnaid et al. [43] stated
EM = 0.68PI – 0.014(N60)2.067
that the pressuremeter test could be used to investigate the – 10.44lnw + 23.82 R2 = 0.79
strengths of unsaturated soils in situ, since characterizing the Kayabasi [30]
PL = 2.7lnPI – 0.00001(N60)3.4 R2 = 0.84
properties of such soils using laboratory tests is complicated + 52.39w–0.011 + 58.76
due to the effects of suction.
The very recent studies have been conducted by [8, 30, 2 Studied area
54, 55]. Yagiz et al. [55] searched for relationships between Tabriz with 160 Km 2 area and the population about 2 million
SPT blow counts and EPMT and PL from pressuremeter results is one of the most crowded and important cities in the north-
based on a study conducted in Denizli, Turkey. Their results west of Iran. According to the city transportation studies, 4
were based on 15 readings carried out on shallow sandy silty metro lines with total length of 70 Km were considered. The
clays (1.5–2 m). They found that linear relationships existed case study of this paper is the 2nd line of Tabriz metro, which
between the corrected SPT number and EPMT and PL in arith- consists of a metro system with the length of 22 Km of 9.45
metic axes. Also Bozbey and Togrol [8] studied the correla- meter diameter tunnel and 20 stations. The line is started from
tions between SPT and pressuremeter parameters. The authors the Qaramalek in the west of the city and ended in Tabriz Inter-
[8] emphasized many difficulties arising from the disturbance national Exhibition in the east of Tabriz (Figure 2). Also the
of the soil, the drainage conditions and the level of strain line is routed through the downtown of a major metropolitan
during the drilling and testing processes. The proposed empir- area and beneath the crowded city streets and adjacent to high
ical equations for sandy and clayish soils have high coeffi- raised and important buildings. Previous researches see [59, 60]
cients of determination. Kayabasi in 2012 [30] investigated for Primarily geotechnical study of 2nd line is performed by
relationships between SPT blow counts and EPMT and PL from drilling 53 boreholes and 17 wells. Also to study the comple-
pressuremeter results based on a study conducted in Mersin, mentary geotechnical research of this line, 92 boreholes and
Turkey. Their studied area was the foundation area consists 3 wells have been drilled. Due to the route changes of the 2nd
of mainly clayey soils. Their regression analyses were carried line in some parts of the project, among the information of
out in three steps. In the first step, EM and N60 as well as PL 102 boreholes, 65 boreholes selected to investigate which 40
and N60 values were correlated, and a good prediction perfor- boreholes were clayey and other 25 boreholes were sandy.
mance was determined. In the second step of the regression Information of these selected boreholes shown in Tables 4
analysis, the moisture contents (w%) were added to the equa- and 5. Drilling of the boreholes is done by OGB and SKB4
tions as a second variable with N60 values, which resulted in rotary drilling equipment. To investigate the layers condition
Simple and Non-Linear Regression Techniques Used in Sandy-Clayey Soils to Predict 2018 62 3 827
and ground resistance, SPT had been done in all boreholes. In Also the mean, minimum and maximum values of Limit pres-
addition, in different depth of the boreholes, other tests had sure for clayish soils are 3.3, 1.1 and 9 MPa, respectively. The
been done such as pressuremeter test, penetration test, shear histogram of the EM, PL and SPT_N60 values for sandy and clayey
velocity wave test and permeability test. Also during drilling soils are given in Figure 3. The degree of soil consolidation was
some samples transported to the laboratory to test physical, described by Baguelin et al in 1978 [5] with the EM/PL ratio. The
mechanical and chemical tests on them. These tests consists of mean value of EM/PL obtained in this study for sandy and clayish
grain size distribution, hydrometry, Atterberg limits, bulk unit soils are approximately 10 and 9.5, respectively. So the values
weight test, natural moisture content test, Gs, uniaxial com- show that the 2nd line of the metro is normally consolidated.
pression test, triaxial test and shear test. Laboratory tests were applied on both disturbed (SPT sam-
The in situ tests showed that the mean value of the pres- ples) and undisturbed samples taken from the boreholes. Uniax-
suremeter modulus (EM ) for sandy soils is determined as 24.77 ial compression strength of the samples for sandy soils ranges
MPa and a standard deviation of 6.97 MPa, and for clayish between 1.5 and 8.5 and clayish soils between 1.5 and 12 MPa.
soils is 23.93 MPa and a standard deviation of 10.91 MPa, The plasticity index (PI) for clayish soils ranges between 9 and
respectively. Also the minimum pressuremeter modulus (EM) 37.2%. The results of the natural moisture content tests for clay-
for sandy and clayish soils is 13.5 and 10.6 MPa, respectively, ish soils showed minimum, maximum and mean values of 14,
and its maximum value for sandy and clayish soils are 37 and 32 and 21.38 respectively.
57.5 MPa, respectively. Limit pressure (PL ) obtained from the
pressuremeter tests for sandy soils have the mean, minimum 3 Analysis
and maximum values of 3.86, 2.2 and 5.4 MPa, respectively. Regression analyses have been used for a long time in envi-
ronmental geology and geotechnics [12, 23, 27, 30, 36, 46, 48,
56]. To conduct a safe regression analysis, four stages stablished.
Regression analysis was performed in two stages for sandy soils
Simple and Non-Linear Regression Techniques Used in Sandy-Clayey Soils to Predict 2018 62 3 829
Table 7 Summary of simple regressions between pressuremeter modulus be correlated with the pressuremeter parameters and the SPT.
(PL) and corrected standard penetration test (SPT_N60) for sandy soils The UCS results of the SPT samples, N60 values, pressureme-
Linear Power Exponential Logarithmic ter modulus (EM ) and limit pressure (PL ) values are graphed
for sandy soils, and the curves of each parameter are inspected
PL_(predicted) = PL _(predicted) = PL _(predicted) = PL _(predicted) =
0.12N60 + 0.1 0.38(N60)0.716 1.679exp(0.031N60) 2.57ln(N60)-4.319 with a trend line (Figure7).
R2 = 0.69 R2 = 0.64 R2 = 0.65 R2 = 0.66
(a)
(a)
(b)
Fig. 6 Comparison of the measured and estimated values of a) EM and b) PL,
(b)
estimated from other empirical equations for sandy soils
Fig. 5 a) correlation of PL and N60 values in sandy soils, b) Residual analysis
result for PL - N60 relationship
Combination of Equations 2 and 6 can be defined as follows: Where bi (i = 1,4) are the coefficients of the equation. Equa-
EM = b1Exp (b2 N60) + b3 EUCS b4 + b5 tion (11) is obtained by employing a nonlinear statistical regres-
Where bi (i = 1,5) are the coefficients of the nonlinear multi- sion analysis:
ple regression equation. The following equation for predicting
the pressuremeter modulus is obtained by applying a nonlinear PL(predict) = 0.72Ln(EUCS) + 0.034N601.23 + 1.06 MPa (11)
regression analysis using the SPSS:
(7)
The PL(predict) data derived from Equation (11) and the PL(mea-
EM(predict) = 2.222Exp(0.058N60) + 12.252UCS 0.281
– 3.898 MPa sured)
values correlated with the basic regression analysis results
in a regression coefficient (R 2) of 0.77, which is nearly the same
The coefficient of determination (R 2 ) between EM(measured) as the coefficient of determination of Equation (3) (Figure 9b).
and EM(predicted) from Equation (7) is 0.71, which is nearly the
same coefficient of determination as Equation (2) (Figure 8b).
(a)
(a)
(b)
Fig. 9 Correlation of a) PL and EUCS and b) PL (measured) and PL (Predicted) with two
variables in sandy soils
Simple and Non-Linear Regression Techniques Used in Sandy-Clayey Soils to Predict 2018 62 3 831
reason for employing the correlation of these two parameters is
related to time dependent of deformation of the clayish soils. As
known, the clayish soils have a time for deformation during the
pressuremeter test, but could not deform due to the sudden falling
of the SPT hammer and the driving of a head in the soil. Therefore,
the measured blow counts are of the resistance of the soil, not
its deformability and plasticity during the application of the SPT
test. A pressuremeter test takes at least 10 min, depending on the
increasing pressure on the test materials. The selected pressures
are applied on borehole walls with time intervals. Thus, the stress
strain and the strength behavior of the material are characterized.
The behavior of the test material is much better determined by the Fig. 10 Trending graph of the correlated parameters in clayey soils
pressuremeter test than the SPT. The moisture content and plas-
ticity index results of the SPT samples, UCS values, N60 values,
pressuremeter modulus (EM) and limit pressure values are graphed,
and the curves of each parameter are inspected with a trend line
(Figure 10). Considering the characteristics of pressuremeter test
and SPT test, in clayey soils the sensitivity of pressuremeter test
is much more than SPT test. The moisture content variation and
plasticity index influence the pressuremeter test results more than
the SPT blow counts. These differences arise from the test time
differences between tests. Also Comparison of the measured and
estimated values of EM and PL and estimated from other empirical
equations for sandy soils are shown in (Figure 11a and 11b). (a)
In clayish soils, a first stage, regression analysis were per-
formed to obtain empirical relations between the pressuremeter
modulus (EM) and the corrected SPT blow counts (N60) which
the results of the regression analysis are shown in Table 8. The
equation with the highest coefficient of the regression between
N60 and EM is represented by an exponential function (Figure
12a, Equation 12). For checking this regression model, residual
analysis were applied and the Durbin Watson value for clayey
soil was obtained 2.22 (Figure12b).
(b)
(b) Fig. 14 Correlation of a) EM and EUCS and b) EM(measured) and EM(Predicted) with two
Fig. 12 a) correlation of EM and N60 values in sandy soils, b) Residual analy- variables in clayey soils
sis result for EM - N60 relationship
In the second stage of clayey soils statistical studies, the
correlations between pressuremeter parameters and the SPT
and UCS are evaluated together. At first the SPT and UCS
defined as the function of pressuremeter parameters:
f(SPT,EUCS) = EM (14)
Simple and Non-Linear Regression Techniques Used in Sandy-Clayey Soils to Predict 2018 62 3 833
The coefficient of determination (R 2) between EM(measured) In the third stage of clayey soils statistical studies, the cor-
and EM(predicted) from Equation (18) is 0.82, which is greater relations between pressuremeter parameters and the SPT and
than the same coefficient of determination as Equation (12) UCS and moisture content (w%) are evaluated together. So the
(Figure14b). pressuremeter parameters are defined as a function of three
variables as follows:
EM(measured) = 0.9604EM(predicteded) + 0.6248 MPa
(19) f(SPT, EUCS,w) = EM (23)
(R 2 = 0.82)
f(SPT, EUCS, w) = PL (24)
Also the correlation of the measured limit pressure (PL) and
the EUCS give Equation (20) (Figure 15a): A simple regression analysis between the measured pressure
modulus (EM ) with the w% gives Eq. (25) with an exponential
PL = 0.44 EUCS + 1.22 MPa (20)
relationship (Figure 16a). So non-linear multiple regression
(R 2 = 0.52)
will be more suitable than the linear multiple regression.
The combination of Equations 13 and 20 can be expressed
EM(predict) = 0.074 w1.867 MPa
with the following equation: (25)
(R 2 = 0.51)
PL = b1N60b2 + b3EUCSb4 + b5 (21)
The combination of Equations 12, 16 and 25 can be defined
Where bi (i = 1,5) are the coefficients of the equation. Equa- as Eq. (26) where bi (i = 1,7) are the coefficients of the equation:
tion (22) is obtained by employing a nonlinear statistical regres-
sion analysis: EM = b1Exp(b2 N60) + b3Exp(b4 EUCS) + b5 wb6 + b7 (26)
PL(predict) = 0.12N600.93 + 0.0006 EUCS4.48 + 0.41 MPa (22)
Performing the nonlinear analysis with three variables ver-
The PL(predict) data derived from Equation (22) and the PL(measured) sus the pressuremeter modulus gives Eq. (27):
values correlated with the basic regression analysis results in a (27)
regression coefficient (R2) of 0.66, which is nearly the same as EM = 0.17Exp(0.115N60) + 6.78Exp(0.1 EUCS) + 0.225w1.235 – 3.35
the coefficient of determination of Equation (13) (Figure 15b).
(a) (b)
Fig. 15 Correlation of a) PL and EUCS and b) PL (measured) and PL (Predicted) with two variables in clayey soils
(a) (b)
Fig. 16 Correlation of a) EM and w% and b) EM(measured) and EM(Predicted) with three variables in clayey soils
(a) (b)
Fig. 18 Correlation of a) EM and PI% and b) EM(measured) and EM(Predicted) with four variables in clayey soils
(a) (b)
Fig. 19 Correlation of a) PL and PI% and b) PL(measured) and PL (Predicted) with four variables in clayey soils
Simple and Non-Linear Regression Techniques Used in Sandy-Clayey Soils to Predict 2018 62 3 835
In the fourth stage of clayey soils statistical studies, the cor- PL = 0.2337PI0.862 MPa
(36)
relations between pressuremeter parameters and the SPT, EUCS, (R 2 = 0.54)
moisture content (w%) and plasticity index (PI%) are evalu-
ated together. So the pressuremeter parameters are defined as The combination of Equations 13, 22, 30 and 36 can be
a function of four variables as follows: expressed with the following equation:
Simple and Non-Linear Regression Techniques Used in Sandy-Clayey Soils to Predict 2018 62 3 837
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