INDUSTRIAL TRAINING

CONSTRUCTION OF LIBRARY BUILDING OF SCHOOL

Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Award of the Degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

IN

CIVIL ENGINEERING

ATUL PARKASH

STUDENT ID: 1501002010

SUBMITTED DATE – 17th May, 2019

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

ER.SUNIL PRIYADARSHI ER. APIL KANUNGO

(FACULTY COORDINAT0R) (INDUSTRIAL COORDINATOR)

UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

RAYAT BAHRA UNIVERSITY

Punjab
Jan to May, 2019

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 ABSTRACT

In this era of development two major things which simultaneously run are development
and education for the upcoming developers. Fortunately I got a project of a school’s
library building. Where both developers and budding developers exist. This project not
only ensures the development aesthetically but also will enhance the education system of
nation.

This project in a broad spectrum contains different sections; the very first section
introduces us with the organization, its branches and the vision it has in order to enhance
the speed of development of our nation.

Next section now deals with the crucial part of project which includes the location of site,
work, details of work, various tests performed, time line of work. The overall work and
execution is included in this section.

After all above, this section explains the perks of industrial training in terms of different
aspects and areas. It is obvious that the training has a plus in terms of improving skills and
different abilities as a whole. The advantages and gains of the training putted in a short
and prices way to grasp the attention of readers and evaluators.

2
 DECLARATION

I declare that the work presented in this industrial training project titled “Project Report

on Construction of new library building of school”, submitted to the Civil Department,

Faculty of Engineering & Technology, Rayat Bahra University Punjab for the award of the

Bachelor of Technology degree in civil engineering, is my original work. I further

declare that the work reported in this project has not been submitted and will not be

submitted either in part or in full for the award of any other degree or diploma in this

institute or any other institute or university, under the guidance of Er. Apil kanungo (JE)

and Er. Sunil priyadarshi (HOD) civil department.

Place – kharar, Punjab Signature of student

Date – 15th may, 2019 Name – Atul Parkash

Student id - 1501002010

Certified that the above statement made by the student is correct to the best of our
knowledge.

ER. SUNIL PRIYADARSHI ER. APIL KANUNGO

(HOD civil department) (JE) SUB DIVISION NADAUN

HPPWD

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

As per our university syllabus we have to take industrial training at an industry. I took
training at Sub division Nadaun, HPPWD. It is my pleasure to be indebted to various
people, who directly or indirectly contributed in the development of this work and who
influenced my thinking, behavior, and acts during the training. I express my sincere
gratitude to Sub Division Officer, for providing me an opportunity to undergo industrial
training at HPPWD sub division Nadaun.
Great appreciation goes to Mr. Apil Kanungo (Junior Engineer) who helped me from
time to time during the project. I thank him for his support, cooperation, and motivation
provided to me during the training for constant inspiration, presence and blessings. The
supervision and support that he gave truly helped the progression and smoothness of the
internship program. The co-operation is much indeed appreciated. I also extend my
sincere appreciation to my faculty members (Civil Engineering Department), who
provided there valuable suggestions and precious time in accomplishing my project report.
Besides, this training program makes me realize the value of working together as a team
and as a new experience in working environment, which challenges us every minute.
Lastly, I would like to thank the almighty and my parents for their moral support and my
friends with whom I shared my day-to-day experience and received lots of suggestions
that improved my quality of work.

4
CONTENTS

5
 HPPWD

(Himachal Pradesh Public Works Department)

The department is engaged in planning, construction and maintenance of roads, bridges,

ropeways and buildings (both residential and non-residential of various Govt.
departments) in the State. The department further executes engineering work on behalf of
Local Bodies, Public Undertakings, Boards & other Institutions under Himachal Pradesh
Government as "Deposit works".

Himachal Pradesh Public Works Department is headed by the Engineer-in-Chief with

Headquarters at Shimla. Works and matters regarding Codes, Specifications, Planning &
Monitoring, Inter-State Connectivity for the entire State and also the entire establishments
of PWD are controlled by the Engineer-in-Chief.

On administrative and functional considerations, the department has been divided

into four zones namely Mandi Zone, Hamirpur Zone, Shimla Zone and Kangra Zone
at Dharmshala. All the four zones are headed by Chief Engineers. Headquarters of
Shimla Zone is at Shimla, Mandi zone at Mandi, Hamirpur Zone at Hamirpur and
Kangra zone at Dharamshala.

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MISSION STATEMENT :

Roads are a very vital infrastructure for rapid

economic growth of the state/country. In fact, the development of important sectors of
economy such as Agriculture, Horticulture, Industry, Mining and Forestry depends upon
efficient road network. Social activities such as education, health, family planning and
promotion of tourism also depend upon efficient road network. So the primary objective
and aim of the department is to provide connectivity by way of all weather roads to all the
habitations (villages) in the state.

The roads will be constructed with effective and eco-friendly technologies. The
elected representatives and village community will be involved in the construction and
maintenance of the roads for transparency in construction and maintenance.

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 Introduction

Structure - A structure is a series of connected, interrelated elements that form

together systems that can resist a series of external load effects applied to it, which
includes its own self weight, and provide adequate rigidity.

Sub Structure – It is the lower portion of the building, usually located below the
ground level, which transmits the loads of the super-structure to the supporting soil. A
foundation is therefore that part of the structure which is in direct contact with the ground
to which the loads are transmitted.

Foundation/ footing - Footings are an important part of foundation construction.

They are typically made of concrete with rebar reinforcement that has been poured into an
excavated trench. The purpose of footings is to support the foundation and prevent
settling. Footings are especially important in areas with troublesome soils.

Super structure - A superstructure is an upward extension of an existing structure

above a baseline called Ground Level in general and it usually serves the purpose of the
structure's intended use. In Buildings, the portion of the structure that is above ground
level that receives the live load is referred to as Superstructure.

Frame - Framed buildings are building structures formed by the framed elements
usually in the form of columns and beams, as well as further strengthened as necessary by
the introduction of rigid floor membranes and external walls.

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 Introduction to project

This project is sum up of construction of library building of a school situated at Balduhak,

almost 10 km from Rangas distt Hamirpur (HP). It has to be constructed over an area of
156sqm. It will be two storeys building (ground+1st floor). The roof is pitched type. The
height of the building is 3.05m. The design the building is designed keeping in mind the
various factors like the wind movement, zone of earthquake the building lies in, soil
conditions and the dead load and live load going to impose on the building. Total of 15
columns are being erected, 3 in front and 4 behind each of them. One stair case is also
included provided with ne landing in between. Isolated reinforcement footing is provided
with 1.2m depth. Ordinary Portland cement is used. Different sizes of steel reinforcement
are provided according to the design. Design mix of ratio 1:1.5:3 is used and of grade
M20.

3.05m

C1 B1 A1

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 SITE LOCATION

The site is located in a rural area which is balduhak situated almost 10 km from place
called rangas in distt hamirpur. It is basically a government school whose library building
is the project.

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 Sub Structure

Footing opted in this project is spread footing. Spread footing is a type of the shallow
foundation. It is defined as the structural members used to support the column and walls as
well as transmit and distribute the load coming on the structure to the soil beneath it.

Area of base of footing = Qt/q Qt = total load coming on footing

q = bearing capacity of soil

a) Continues spread footing

b) Isolated spread footing (used)

Lean concrete is a mix where the amount of cement is lower than the amount of liquid
present in the strata. This makes it ideal as a base layer where other kinds of concrete are
placed on top. It is good for providing a flat bottom. Design mix 1:4:8

c1 C2 C3 C4 C5

B1 B2 B3 B4 B5

A1 A2 A3 A4 A5

Fig 1

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 Table 1

Sno Name Size of Size of pit Height of Thickness of d- Equally spaced Equally spaced Concret
footing B1×D1 Pedestal footing eff. reinforcement reinforcement
e mix
parallel parallel
B×D T1 T2
To Y-Y To X-X

1 A1,A2,A3,A4 170×170 180×180 20 40 30 13 Nos - 12φ 8 Nos - 12φ M20

A5,C1,C2,C3
C4,C5

B2,B3,B4 210×210 220×220 10 50 40 20 Nos - 12φ 12Nos – 12φ M20

2

B1,B5 190×190 200×200 15 45 35 16Nos - 12φ 10Nos - 12φ M20

3

b1

Lean concrete

D1 D
d1
d

B1

Fig 2

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 Pedestal is the base or support on which a column is mounted.

(b1×d1) from fig 2 (40×55), side cover – 7.5cm

Plinth beam

Ground level

1.20m

T1

T2

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Plinth beam is a beam in a framed structure provided at or above (sometimes below)
ground level that takes the load of the wall built on top of it. Most other beams are
subjected to loads not only from walls but also the load from the slab, such as dead loads
(self weight of slab, floor finish etc.) and live load.

Plinth area is the covered built-up area measured at the floor level of any storey or at
the floor level of the basement. Plinth area is also called as built-up area and is the entire
area occupied by the building including internal and external walls.

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Extra bars -For resist diagonal tension stress and in order to prevent inclined cracks to
occur by action of maximum shear stresses which concrete fails to resist. Actually Extra
bar are provided in beam top layer coz slide of shear force and less amount to control
bending moment.

Plinth beam (30mm×45mm)

Reinforcement in plinth beam is given differently as per the design to bear the load.

Referring fig 1

 Longer sides

A1 A2 A3 A4 A5
B1 B2 B3 B4 B5
C1 C2 C3 C4 C5

16mmφ
16mmφ

12mmφ Extra

Extra bars are calculated by = 0.3L (L is distance between two column)

 Shorter sides

C1 C2 C5 20mm φ
B1 B2 B5
A1 A2 A5
16mm φ

16mm φ
(extra)

20mm φ (extra)
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  Intermediate beams
16mm φ
C3 C4
B3 B4
A3 A4

16mm φ (extra)

16mm φ

Stirrups are usually provided to hold in place the reinforcement bars. Stirrups are provided in
column to prevent them from buckling. In beam they are provided to resist the diagonal shear
caused by the vertical and transverse tension.

10cm 15cm

90mm 90mm

At sides up to 90 mm 8mmφ @ 10cm c/c spacing is provided

In middle 8mmφ @ 15cm c/c spacing

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 SUPER STRUCTURE

A superstructure is an upward extension of an existing structure above a baseline. This

term is applied to various kinds of physical structures such as buildings, bridges, or ships
having the degree of freedom zero.

It includes

 Columns
 Beams
 Walls
 Arcs
 Slab
 Roof

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 Column

A column or pillar is a structural element that transmits, through compression, the

weight of the structure above to other structural elements below. It is a compression
member

Formwork (shuttering) is a temporary mould to provide support to fresh concrete when

placed in structural member until the concrete has set. This helps the structural member to
gain sufficient strength to carry its self-load and load from other members.

30cm

45cm

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The column is designed in such a way that end columns are provided with different
reinforcement and intermediate columns with different reinforcement.

According to fig 1

End Columns A1, A5, B1, B5, C1, and C5 are reinforced with 12 numbers of steel bars of
20mm diameter.

C1 C5

B1 B5

A1 A5

12 numbers of bars 20mm φ

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Intermediate columns A2, A3, A4, C2, C3, C4, B2, B3, B4

25mm diameter at corners

Rest 8 bars of 20mm diameter

C1 C2 C4

B1 B2 B3

A2 A3 A4

4 number of bars of 25mmφ & 8 number of bars of 20mmφ

25 mm φ bars

20mm φ bars

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 Stirrups of 10mmφ @ 10cm c/c spacing (at top and bottom till 90cm)

Stirrups of 10mmφ @ 15cm c/c spacing (at centre)

10cm

90mm
20cm

90mm

Three set of ties are provided

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22
 Beams
A beam is a structural element that primarily resists loads applied laterally to the beam's
axis. Its mode of deflection is primarily by bending. The loads applied to the beam result
in reaction forces at the beam's support points. The total effect of all the forces acting on
the beam is to produce shear forces and bending moments within the beam, that in turn
induce internal stresses, strains and deflections of the beam. Beams are characterized by
their manner of support, profile (shape of cross-section), length, and their material.

It is a horizontal member f frames structure.

Beams

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Beams resting n columns as on fig 1

Longer span beams

Shorter span beams

B1 B2 B3 B4 B5

LONGER SPANS 20mm φ Reference fig 1

16mmφ (extra)

3-20mm , 7-16mm

16 mm φ

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 C5 A5
C4 A4
C3 A3
C2 A2
C1` A1

20mm φ
Reference fig 1

16mm φ extra

12mm φ extra

3-20mm, 5-12mm, 2-16mm

12mm φ

Shorter spans

C2 C3 C4
B2 B3 B4
A2 A3 A4

20mm φ

3-20mm, 2-20mm (extra)

3-16mm, 2-16mm (extra)

20mm φ extra
16mm φ extra

16mm φ
25
 C1 C5
B1 B5
A1 A5

20mm φ
12mm φ extra

25mm φ extra

16mm φ

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27
 WORKABILITY OF CONCRETE

Workability of concrete is the property of freshly mixed concrete which determines the ease and
homogeneity with which it can be mixed, placed, consolidated and finished

ASTM defines it as “that property determining the effort required to manipulate a freshly mixed
quantity of concrete with minimum loss of homogeneity”.

Types of Workability of Concrete

1. Unworkable Concrete
2. Medium Workable
3. Highly Workable Concrete

1. Unworkable Concrete – Harsh Concrete

An unworkable concrete can also be called as harsh concrete. It is a concrete with very
little amount of water. The hand mixing of such concrete is not easy.

Such type of concrete has high segregation of aggregates as cement paste is not lubricated
properly to stick to the aggregates. It is very difficult to maintain the homogeneity of
concrete mix and compaction of concrete requires much effort. Water cement ratio of such
concrete is below 0.4.

2. Medium Workable Concrete

This type of concrete workability is used in most of the construction works. This concrete
is relatively easy to mix, transport, place and compact without much segregation and loss
of homogeneity.

This type of concrete workability is generally used in all concrete construction with light
reinforcement (spacing of reinforcement is which allows the concrete to be compacted
effectively). Water cement ratio for medium workable concrete is 0.4 to 0.55.

3. Highly Workable Concrete

A highly workable concrete is very easy to mix, transport, place and compact in structures.
Such concrete is used where effective compaction of concrete is not possible or in mass
concrete. Such concrete flow easily and settle down without much effort. But there is high
chances of segregation and loss of homogeneity in this case. Water cement ratio of such
concrete is more than 0.55.

Nominal mix of concrete – 1:3:6

Design mix – 1:1.5:3 for M20 grade

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Weight of cement bag = 50kg

Water used for one bag = 24 litres

Water cement ratio = 24/50 = 0.48

Hence medium workable concrete was maintained for the process.

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 Slump Test
This test is carried out with a mould called slump cone whose top diameter is 10cm,
bottom diameter is 20 cm and height is 30 cm. the test may be performed in the following
steps:

1. Place the slump mould on a smooth flat and non-absorbent surface.

2. Mix the dry ingredients of the concrete thoroughly till a uniform colour is obtained and
then add the required quantity of water.

3. Place the mixed concrete in the mould to about one-fourth of its height.

4. Compact the concrete 25 times with the help of a tamping rod uniformly all over the
area.

5. Place the concrete in the mould about half of its height and compact it again.

6. Place the concrete up to its three fourth height and then up to its top. Compact each
layer 25 times with the help of tamping rod uniformly. For the second subsequent layers,
the tamping rod should penetrate into underlying layers.

7. Strike off the top surface of mould with a trowel or tamping rod so that the mould is
filled to its top.

8. Remove the mould immediately, ensuring its movement in vertical direction.

9. When the settlement of concrete stops, measure the subsidence of the concrete in
millimeters which is the required slump of the concrete.

The mix was always mixed in proportion and the slump was maintained
between 50mm-80mm

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 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST

Compressive strength of concrete cube test provides an idea about all the characteristics of
concrete. By this single test one judge that whether Concreting has been done properly or not.
Concrete compressive strength for general construction varies from 15 MPa (2200 psi) to 30 MPa
(4400 psi) and higher in commercial and industrial structures.

Compressive Strength Definition

Compressive strength is the ability of material or structure to carry the loads on its surface
without any crack or deflection. A material under compression tends to reduce the size,
while in tension, size elongates.

Compressive Strength Formula

Compressive strength formula for any material is the load applied at the point of failure to
the cross-section area of the face on which load was applied.

Compressive Strength = Load / Cross-sectional Area

Procedure: Compressive Strength Test of Concrete Cubes

For cube test two types of specimens either cubes of 15cm X 15cm X 15cm or 10cm X
10cm x 10cm depending upon the size of aggregate are used. For most of the works
cubical moulds of size 15cm x 15cm x 15cm are commonly used.

This concrete is poured in the mould and tempered properly so as not to have any voids.
After 24 hours these moulds are removed and test specimens are put in water for curing.
The top surface of this specimen should be made even and smooth. This is done by putting
cement paste and spreading smoothly on whole area of specimen.

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These specimens are tested by compression testing machine after 7 days curing or 28 days
curing. Load should be applied gradually at the rate of 140 kg/cm2 per minute till the
Specimens fails. Load at the failure divided by area of specimen gives the compressive
strength of concrete.

Specimen

6 cubes of 15 cm size Mix. M15 or above (M20 in our case)

Sampling of Cubes for Test

1. Clean the mounds and apply oil

2. Fill the concrete in the molds in layers approximately 5 cm thick
3. Compact each layer with not less than 35 strokes per layer using a tamping rod
(steel bar 16mm diameter and 60cm long, bullet pointed at lower end)
4. Level the top surface and smoothen it with a trowel

Curing of Cubes

The test specimens are stored in moist air for 24 hours and after this period the specimens
are marked and removed from the molds and kept submerged in clear fresh water until
taken out prior to test.

Procedure for Concrete Cube Test

1. Remove the specimen from water after specified curing time and wipe out excess
water from the surface.
2. Take the dimension of the specimen to the nearest 0.2m
3. Clean the bearing surface of the testing machine
4. Place the specimen in the machine in such a manner that the load shall be applied
to the opposite sides of the cube cast.
5. Align the specimen centrally on the base plate of the machine.
6. Rotate the movable portion gently by hand so that it touches the top surface of the
specimen.
7. Apply the load gradually without shock and continuously at the rate of 140
kg/cm2/minute till the specimen fails
8. Record the maximum load and note any unusual features in the type of failure.

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Results of Concrete Cube Test

Average compressive strength of the concrete cube = …13……….N/ mm2 (at 7 days)
required 13.5

Average compressive strength of the concrete cube =…20……. N/mm2 (at 28 days)
required 20

Strength percent

After 7 days –between 61-65% (required 65%)

After 28 days – between 90-99% (required 99%)

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