“CONSTRUCTION SAFETY DURING EXCAVATION “

MINOR PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE

REQUIREMENT OF THE AWARD OF DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN FIRE TECHNOLOGY & SAFETY

SUBMITTED TO:

RAJIV GANDHI PROUDYOGIKI VISHWAVIDYALAYA,

BHOPAL(M.P.)
Submitted By:
CHAITANYA AMBARKAR (0526FT171010)

Under The Guidance Of :

Prof. Miss PREETI BHADORIYA

Department of fire technology & safety engineering

IES institute of technology & management, Bhopal (M.P.)
 DECLARATION

I “Chaitanya Ambarkar”, student of Bachelor of engineering in Fire technology

and Safety engineering discipline, session: 2017-2021 IES Institute of
Technology and Management Bhopal, hereby declare that the work presented in
this Major Project entitled “ CONSTRUCTION SAFETY DURING
EXCAVATION” is the outcome of my own work. It is a bonafide and correct to the
best of knowledge and this work has been caried out taking care of engineering
ethics.

CHAITANYA AMBARKAR
(0526FT171010)
 CERTIFICATE

This to certify that CHAITANYA AMBARKAR student of final year in fire

technology and safety engineering branch has succesfully completed the major
project work entitled “Construction Safety During Excavation”. This technical
project is hereby approved of submission towards partial fullfillment for the bachelor
degree in Fire Technology and Safety engineering from Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki
Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal.

Guided By:
Miss PREETI BHADORIYA
FTS Department
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I bow in reverence to the almighty for bestowing upon me the opportunity and
determination to embark on this study. Learning is an active process hence
perseverance to complete this task has been a pleasing memory.

I thank to the management of SMART CITY PROJECT BHOPAL, who gave us

opportunity for obtaining training at this prestigious organization, as a part of our
academic curriculum.

With deep sense of gratitude, we profoundly thank HR Department of SMART

CITY BHOPAL, for permitting us to undertake training in this prestigious
organization.

I am highly obliged to Mr. O.P. Bharadwaj, Chief Engineer, Mr. Chandramani

Mishra, Asst. Engineer, Mr. RiteshTiwari, Junior engineer and Mr. Santosh
Kumar Paswaan H.S.E. Engineer for their valuable guidance. They have guided
and trained us whole-heartedly apart from their busy schedule. Our sincere thanks
to the entire people of SMART CITY PROJECT Bhopal, for their support &
cooperation provided during the training.

I am also extremely obliged and thankful to Prof. Preeti Badoriya, head of the
department for her keen interest, continued encouragement and precious advice for
the work.

CHAITANYA AMBARKAR

(0526FT171010)
 INDEX
S. No. CONTENT PAGE NO.
1. INTRODUCTION 1
2. LITERATURE REVIEW 5
3. SYSTEM DOMAIN 8
4. PROBLEM DOMAIN 13
5. SOLUTION DOMAIN 19
6. CONCLUSION 28
7. REFERANCES 30
 CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION

1
 SMART CITY PROJECT
The smart city mission of the Government of India seeks to address the issue of urbanization
through the transformation of selected cities. The intent is to create sustainable cities that can
provide a good quality life to its citizens.

Bhopal has been amongst the 20 lighthouse cities with a dramatically different approach which is
driven by ‘Redevelopment’ rather than ‘Retrofitting’.

The model was built on four solid pillars-

1. World Class Infrastructure

o Assured Utilities
o Solid Waste Management (SWM)
o Mobility
o Connectivity
o Governance
o Environment
o Security
2. Investment Opportunities
3. Employment Generation
4. Transit Oriented Development (TOD)

Bhopal smart city development corporation limited (BSCDCL), is a company incorporated under
Indian Companies Act 2013, with a sole objective of Planning and Implementing the “Smart city
project” in Bhopal.

The company is jointly owned by the Government of MP and is equally managed by Madhya
Pradesh Urban Development Company Limited (MPUDCL) and Bhopal Municipal Corporation
(BMC).

2
Vision

“Transforming city of lakes, its tradition and heritage which is a leading derivation for a smart,
connected, and eco-friendly communities which can focus on education, research,
entrepreneurship, and tourism”.

Smart map

3
 Smart construction

Construction
Construction is the process of constructing a building or infrastructure. Construction differs
from manufacturing in that manufacturing typically involves mass production of similar items
without a designated purchaser, while construction typically takes place on location for a known
client. Construction as an industry comprises six to nine percent of the gross domestic product
of developed countries. Construction starts with planning, design, and financing; it continues until
the project is built and ready for use.

Large-scale construction requires collaboration across multiple disciplines. A manager normally

manages the budget on the job, and a construction manager, design engineer, construction
engineer or architect supervises it. Those involved with the design and execution must consider
zoning requirements, environmental impact of the job, scheduling, budgeting, construction-site
safety, availability and transportation of building materials, logistics, inconvenience to the public
caused by construction delays and bidding. Large construction projects are sometimes referred to
as megaprojects.

The Four Types of Constructions

• Residential Building.
• Institutional and Commercial Building.
• Specialized Industrial Construction.
• Infrastructure and Heavy Construction.

Safety in excavation

4
Most construction work involves some form of excavations for foundations, sewers and
underground services. Excavations or trenching work can be highly dangerous and even some of
the most experienced have been caught by the sudden and unexpected collapse of the unprotected
sides of a trench. Buried under a cubic meter of soil, it is unable to breathe due to pressure on the
chest, and quite apart from any physical injury one can quickly suffocate and even die with a
comparatively small amount of soil weights over 1 tone.

Excavation work involves the removal of soil or a mixture of soil and rock. Water is nearly always
present, even if only as moisture in the soil, and heavy rain is a frequent cause of soil slip. The
possibility of flooding presents an additional hazard which should be always considered. Cracks
are caused by pressure release as soil is removed, or drying out in hot weather.

Soil varies in its nature (e.g. fine sand which flows easily, and stiff clay which is more cohesive).
However, no soil can be relied upon to supports its own weight and precautions always need to be
taken to prevent the sides of the excavations of more than 1.2 meters in depth.

5
 CHAPTER-2
LITRATURE REVIEW

6
Wangping Qian, Taiyue Qi, Yunjian Zhao, Yizhou Le, Haiyang Yi (2018)

Deformation characteristics and safety assessment of a high-speed railway induced

by undercutting metro tunnel excavation

line also appears in the stratum. The stratum slip line is the minimum curve of a ground
displacement contour connecting the surface with a tunnel contour, and it avoids involving the
complex internal damage mechanism (Qi, 2012). The stratum slip line describes the theory of shear
failure formation from macroscopic mechanical perspective and provides a meridian line of
damage within the formation. In the calculation, the crossing region is the main influence area
between the stratum and the high-speed railway, and thus the slip line characteristics along the
section of Y = 45 m are mainly studied herein. The parametric analysis basically includes three
aspects. The first is to provide design guidance for the selection of appropriate angles during the
shield excavation process. The second aspect is to provide settlement data
and excavation parameters of metro tunnels for safety assessment. According to the studies of Liu
et al. (2012) and Qi (2012), the absolute maximum settlement of the surface in Guangzhou should
be within 30 mm. Because of the interaction between the high-speed railway and the stratum, the
excessive settlement of the surface can induce a certain deformation of the high-speed railway,
which will lead to a serious irregularity and discomfort for the passengers. Therefore, the limit
value of the maximum surface settlement is set to be 7 mm.

Natalie Carol Skeepers, Professor Charles Mbohwa,(2016)

Improving health and safety in the construction industry through cultural

transformation.

7
This article introduce to increase the safety of floor people or employ by the transforming the
working culture in any construction. The study suggests a cultural transformation approach in
creating safety as a value, rather than a priority. Organizational or corporate culture seems to be
the only glue that holds together common values of improving the health and safety performance.
Leaders are responsible to promotes safer workplaces and influencing employees to work safer. These
principles and characteristics of effective leadership reflect contemporary beliefs and behaviors based
on the fact that today’s leaders recognize the need to define a vision and mission for success, build
trust, share power in effective ways, develop positive relationships, lead by serving first, and build a
sense of community within the organizations they support.

Wirahadikusumah, Reini, Irizarry, Javier, Arboleda, Carlos (2010)

Excavation and trenching safety:

This article introduce the safety regarding falling of trenches and excavation safety. In this the
author discuses about- Role of the competent person in excavation safety, OSHA regulations
related to excavation safety: OSHA Standard 1926 Subpart P, Causes of accidents, Characteristics
of accidents. Competent person should have knowledge with excavation safety and capable of
identifying existing and predictable and hazards and unsafe conditions. All underground and
aboveground installations must be located before starting excavation work. Access and egress must
be provided for employees in excavations over 4 feet in depth to prevent falls when entering or
exiting excavations. In this analyzed characteristics of accidents based on FACE and BLS records.
Based on these initial findings, continued site visits and interviews with craftspeople, and front-
line supervisors, potential intervention strategies can be identified. These may include
recommendations to OSHA regarding the existing standards for trench safety, engineering
controls, and safety management issues in construction.

8
 CHAPTER-3
SYSTEM DOMAIN

9
Excavation Work

Hazard, Risk and Remedy information herein adapted from Safe Work Australia material.
Definition of Excavation work herein may not represent a legal definition.

Excavation work generally means work involving the removal of soil or rock from a site to form
an open face, hole or cavity using tools, machinery or explosives.

Specific duties apply in relation to the higher-risk excavations, such as trenches, shafts and tunnels.
However, these requirements do not apply to a mine, a bore to which a relevant water law applies
or a trench used as a place of interment.

Any construction work (including any work connected with an ‘excavation’) that is carried out in
or near a shaft or trench with an excavated depth greater than 1.5 metres, or a tunnel which is
considered to be ‘high risk construction work’ , additional responsibilities exist including the
preparation of a safe work method statement (SWMS) prior to excavation activities.

Work procedure for excavation at construction site involves understanding of centre line and
excavation drawings, setting out of plan on ground, excavation of soil and removal of excess soil.
Quality checks such as recording ground level and marking of reference points should be done.

Excavation is the process of moving earth, rock or other materials with tools, equipment or
explosives. It also includes trenching, wall shafts, tunnelling and underground. It is the preliminary
activity of the construction project.

10
 Excavation process

Drawings Required for Excavation

1. Centerline Drawing or Gridline Drawing
Gridline drawings represents the grids marked in numbers and alphabets whose
measurements are shown for site marking out reference. These grid lines are so
aligned that the line falls on the excavation and footing.

2. Excavation Drawing
Excavation drawing represents the length, width and depth of the excavation.
Excavation line is marked in dotted line.

Scope of the work for Excavation

The major works done before, while and after excavation are as follows,

1. Setting out of corner benchmarks.

2. Survey for ground levels.

3. Survey for top levels.

4. Excavation to approved depth.

11
5. Dressing of loose soil.

6. Making up to cut off level.

7. Constructing dewatering wells and interconnecting trenches.

8. Marking boundaries of the building.

9. Constructing protection bunds and drains.

Working Procedure of Excavation

1. The first and primary step involved in the excavation is to find out the extent of soil and Clearing
of construction site is of unwanted bushes, weeds and plants.

2. Setting out or ground tracing is the process of laying down the excavation lines and centre lines
etc. on the ground before the excavation is started.

3. Maximum of 4 and minimum of 2 benchmarks are marked in the corner for the measurement of
level. These benchmarks are marked on permanent structures like, plinth, road or tree.

4. The tracing is marked by lime powder.

5. With the reference of drawing and benchmarks the depth of the excavation is fixed.

6. Excavation is done by manual or machine means depending on the availability.

7. The excavated soil is to either removed out the site or stocked around the excavation pit. Minimum
of 1m distance must be maintained between the stocking of excess soil and pit, so that due to rain
or other forces the soil should not sweep into the pits.

8. Dressing of excavated pits is to be done as specified in the drawings.

9. If the site is located in loose soil area, proper shoring must be done to hold the loose soil.

10. Construction of dewatering wells and interconnecting trenches are to provided if needed.

11. All the sides of the building must be sealed for the safety propose.

Removal of Excess Soil

Estimate the excavated stuff to be re-utilized in filling, gardening, preparing roads, etc. As
far as possible try to carry excavation and filling simultaneously to avoid double handling.

12
 Select and stack the required material in such a place that it should not obstruct other
construction activities. The excess or unwanted material should immediately be carried
away and disposed off.

Quality Checks for Excavation

1. Recording initial ground level and check size of bottom.

2. Disposal of unsuitable material for filling.

3. Stacking suitable material for backfilling to avoid double handling.

4. Strata classification approval by competent authority.

5. Dressing bottom and sides of pits as per drawing with respect to centreline.

6. Necessary safety measures observed.

Quality Checks for Filling

1. Recording initial ground level

2. Sample is approved for back filling.

3. Necessary marking/ reference points are established for final level of backfilling.

4. Back filling is being carried out in layers (15cm to 20cm).

5. Required watering, compaction is done.

6. Required density is achieved.

Top 10 construction health and safety risks

• 1) Working at Height.
• 2) Slips, Trips and Falls.
• 3) Moving Objects.
• 4) Noise.
• 5) Manual Handling.
• 6) Vibration.
• 7) Collapses.
13
• 8) Asbestos.
• 9) Electrical.
10)respiratory disease.

Common causes of accidents in excavation

The main causes of accidents resulting from excavation work are as follows:

• Workers trapped and buried in an excavation owing to the collapse of the sides;
• Workers struck and injured by material falling into the excavation;
• Workers falling into the excavation;
• Unsafe means of access and insufficient means of access in case of flooding;
• Vehicles driven into or too close to the edge of an excavation, particularly while reversing,
causing the sides to collapse;
• Asphyxiation or poisoning caused by fumes heavier than air entering the excavation, e.g.
exhaust fumes from the diesel and petrol engines.

14
 CHAPTER-4
PROBLEM DOMAIN

15
1) Working at Height

Construction frequently requires workers to work at height. Injuries and fatalities caused
when working at height amount to many accidents annually. Risks are increased as
mobility restrictions come into play. Training is an essential part of keeping workers safe.

2) Slips, Trips and Falls

16
 With so much going on at construction sites on a daily basis, it’s hardly surprising that slips, trips
and falls occur. Sometimes there is so much going on, you could really do with an extra pair of
eyes to keep a look out for holes in the ground, stored materials and equipment.

3) Moving Object

As buildings begin to take shape, construction sites can be a mish-mash of traffic and workers.
Supply vehicles, dumper trucks and overhead lifting equipment can make maneuvering around a
bit of a challenge, and another thing for you to have to keep your eyes open for.

4) Noise

17
Within the construction industry, noise is a major hazard. This is because repetitive and excessive
noise causes long-term and irreversible hearing problems. On top of this, it is a dangerous
distraction. Employers are required by law to carry out and document a comprehensive risk
assessment and ensure that the correct PPE is issued – a pair of ear plugs simply won’t offer the
correct protection.

5) Manual Handling

Different trades involve different levels of manual handling, all of which are likely to involve some
form of risk. Adequate and relevant training must be delivered to all those who must carry out
manual handling in their day-to-day jobs.

6) Vibrations

18
Repetitive vibrations through the prolonged use of power tools and ground working equipment can
lead to Hand Arm Vibration Syndrome, or ‘Blue-finger’ as it is commonly referred too. This can
be prevented with effective risk assessments and correct PPE.

7) Collapses

Trench collapses happen and can leave workers seriously injured and precautions need to be
planned prior to this kind of work happening. Again, workers need to be kept safe with an
effective risk assessment. Having trained first aiders on site to assist should an accident occur is
also a highly important.

19
 8) Asbestos

People mistakenly believe that Asbestos is a thing of the past as in the UK it has been a banned
substance since 1999. However, there are over 500,000 buildings in the UK which contain hidden
asbestos, undisturbed and forgotten about. These materials must be disposed of correctly and
legally. Asbestos also leads to asbestos related lung-cancer, mesothelioma and asbestosis.

9) Electricity

In the UK an average of three construction workers are electrocuted each year. This is increasing,
and they tend to involve workers who aren’t qualified electricians but who are carrying out
electrical work.

10) Respiratory diseases

20
Its not just asbestos which causes respiratory diseases and problems. Dusts of hazardous materials
get kicked up at construction sites and can be breathed in by unsuspecting workers. Long-term
illnesses include pulmonary issues, silicosis and asthma. All issued PPE must be used and used
correctly. If you don’t use your equipment correctly, this could potentially lead to an HSE
investigation, let alone long-term health problems.

21
 CHAPTER-5
SOLUTION DOMAIN

22
Importance of construction safety

According to study and report on ‘Times of India’ Mumbai, Nov 20 () Nearly 48,000 workers die
in the country due to occupational accidents, of which the construction sector contributes 24.20
per cent of the fatalities, says an international report.

Quoting the International Labor Organization numbers, the British Safety Council, today said
48,0000 people on average die in the country per annum due to work-related hazards.

The British Safety Council is a not-for-profit workplace health, safety and environmental
management organization, also noted that the workplace deaths in India is 20 times higher than in
Britain.

It observed that as many as 38 fatal accidents take place every day in the construction sector in the
country, while there were only 137 fatal incidents in all sectors in 2016 in Britain.

"India with 1.25 billion population has a strong workforce of 465 million. However, only 20 per
cent of them are covered under the existing health and safety legal framework.

Safety Precautions

The sides of the excavation or trench should be sloped or battered back to a safe angle of repose,
usually 45 0, or be supported by timbering or other suitable means to prevent a collapse. The type
of support necessary will be depending on type of excavation, the nature of ground and the ground
water conditions.

Planning is vital. Make sure that there are enough material to support the length of the trench to be
cut, for the trench support must be installed without delay as the excavation progresses. At least

23
random timbering or piling is required in all excavations, but excavations 1.2 meter or more in
depth should be provided with adequate timbering or sheeting close boarding or sheeting is
required if the ground is unstable or lacks cohesion. Never work ahead of the trench support.

Shoring to prevent the collapse of the sides of an excavation consisting of timber

or steel frames with close boarding between frames

Shoring should be erected, altered or dismantled only by a competent worker operating under
supervision. Wherever practicable, it should be installed before excavating to the final depth of the
trench—it is necessary to begin when the trench is less than 1.2 meter deep. The excavation and
installation of shoring should then proceed by stages until the full depth is reached. One should be
fully aware of the procedures to follow to rescue a fellow worker trapped by a fall of earth.

Workers often fall into excavations. Erect suitable barriers high enough (i.e. about 1 meter) to
prevent falls. Projecting trench supports can often be used for this purpose.

24
1. Inspection

Excavations should be inspected by a competent person before work begins and at least once a day
where work is in progress. They should be thoroughly examined by a competent person once a
week and a record to be kept for such inspections.

Barriers along the sides of an excavation to prevent workers falling into it

2. Protecting adjoining buildings

Wherever possible, an excavation should not be so close and deep as to undermine any adjacent
or structure. Precautions should be taken by shoring, and so on, to prevent any collapse or fall
when the stability of a building or structure may be affected by excavation work in progress

25
Excavations near a building—shoring required to prevent collapse of the building

3. Protecting the edges of excavation

One should not store, or move, materials and equipment near to the edge of an excavation. Danger
may be caused by materials falling on those working below or by increased loading on the
surrounding ground so as to cause the timbering or supports to the sides of the excavation to
collapse. Spoil and waste heaps should similarly be kept well away from the edges of excavations.

4. Protecting the vehicles

Adequate and well-anchored stop blocks should be provided on the surface to prevent vehicles
being driven into the excavation while tipping a particular hazard when reversing. The blocks
should be placed at a sufficient distance away from the edges of the excavation to avoid the danger
of it breaking away under the weight of the vehicles.

26
Stop block to prevent vehicles being reversed into an excavation while tipping

5. Access

If the depth of the excavation is more than 1.5 meter, make sure that there are safe means of access
and egress, such as a properly secured ladder, if some one working in an excavation. This is of
particular importance when there is a risk of flooding and rapid escape is essential.

6. Lighting

There should be adequate lighting around the area of an excavation, particularly at the access points
and openings in barriers.

Buried or underground services

27
Before any digging is done, either by hand or with an excavator, one should remember that there
may be underground services below the surface. In built-up areas, always assume that electrical
cables, water services and sewers are present. In some locations there may also be gas pipelines.
Some of these services look alike, so when some buried services are found it is to be assumed as
worst. Striking electric cables may cause death or severe injuries by electric shock or severe burns.
Broken gas pipelines will leak and may cause a fire or explosion. Water and sewer pipelines if
broken may create sudden risks by flooding an excavation or by causing its sides to collapse.

1. Electrical Cables

Every year workers digging on construction sites suffer severe burns when they accidentally hit
live buried electrically cables. Always treat buried electrical cables as live. Before excavating,
inquiry of the electricity authority, the local authority or the site owner if they have any plans of
the layout of the cables in the area. Even if plans exist, remember that some cables may not be
marked on the plan or may not be where the plan shows, for cables rarely follow an exact straight
line.

Look around for the traffic signs, street lights and substations which are usually supplied by buried
cables. Use a cable locator if you have one—remember that if cables are close together the locator
may not be able to tell them apart. Some types of cables cannot be traced by locations. Once such
thing is found notify the supervisor and fellow workers. The position of the cable should be marked
with chalk, crayon or paint or, if the ground is too soft for this, with wooden pegs . Never use sharp
spikes. Once the approximate position of the buried cable is known, use hand tools to expose it.
Use spades and shovels rather than forks or pick-axes. Keep a careful watch for evidence of cables
during digging works. Power tools should not be used within half a meter of a cable.

28
Locating buried electrical cables from a plan and marking their position

2. Other Services-

As with electricity supplies, inquire of the appropriate authorities and the site owner if plans are
available of the layout of the gas pipelines, water pipelines, sewers and telephone cables, and then
use similar working methods.

Do not use mechanical excavators within a half a meter of a gas pipeline. If gas is smelled, make
sure that, there are no sources of ignition near by such as lit cigarette or running vehicle engine.
Keep away from the area, keep other people away and summon the gas authority. Do not use heavy
plant or equipment over or near a gas pipeline, as the pipe may fracture.

All exposed pipelines and cables should be supported when an excavation is open. Do not use
them to support equipment or as steps to get in and out of the excavation. Make sure when back-
filling a trench with a gap pipe that the fill is adequately compacted beneath the pipeline to prevent
settlement which could lead to pipe fracture.

Points to remember-

• Outline the precautions that should be taken before any one is allowed in a trench or
excavation.
• What conditions can affect the stability of the sides of an excavation?

29
 • Why are a considerable number of the accidents in excavation work fatal?
• Outline the potential hazards you are likely to meet in a deep excavation.
• If the sides of a trench collapse burying a fellow worker, what action would you take?
• What precautions do you need to take to avoid danger from underground services?

Personal protective equipment

Personal protective equipment (PPE) is protective clothing, helmets, goggles, or other garments
or equipment designed to protect the wearer's body from injury or infection. The hazards
addressed by protective equipment include physical, electrical, heat, chemicals, biohazards,
and airborne particulate matter. Protective equipment may be worn for job-related occupational
safety and health purposes, as well as for sports and other recreational activities. "Protective
clothing" is applied to traditional categories of clothing, and "protective gear" applies to items such
as pads, guards, shields, or masks, and others.

30
The purpose of personal protective equipment is to reduce employee exposure to hazards
when engineering controls and administrative controls are not feasible or effective to reduce these
risks to acceptable levels. PPE is needed when there are hazards present. PPE has the serious
limitation that it does not eliminate the hazard at the source and may result in employees being
exposed to the hazard if the equipment fails.

Any item of PPE imposes a barrier between the wearer/user and the working environment. This
can create additional strains on the wearer; impair their ability to carry out their work and create
significant levels of discomfort. Any of these can discourage wearers from using PPE correctly,
therefore placing them at risk of injury, ill-health or, under extreme circumstances, death. Good
ergonomic design can help to minimize these barriers and can therefore help to ensure safe and
healthy working conditions through the correct use of PPE.

Practices of occupational safety and health can use hazard controls and interventions to mitigate
workplace hazards, which pose a threat to the safety and quality of life of workers. The hierarchy
of hazard controls provides a policy framework which ranks the types of hazard controls in terms
of absolute risk reduction. At the top of the hierarchy are elimination and substitution, which
remove the hazard entirely or replace the hazard with a safer alternative. If elimination or
substitution measures cannot apply, engineering controls and administrative controls, which seek
to design safer mechanisms and coach safer human behavior, are implemented. Personal protective
equipment ranks last on the hierarchy of controls, as the workers are regularly exposed to the
hazard, with a barrier of protection. The hierarchy of controls is important in acknowledging that,
while personal protective equipment has tremendous utility, it is not the desired mechanism of
control in terms of worker safety.

Notes-

I. Never work ahead of the side supports in a trench even when you are erecting shoring.

31
 II. Appearances can be deceptive. The shallowness of an excavation or the solids
appearance of the ground is not necessarily an indication of safety.
III. Deep trenches look dangerous, but most fatal accidents occur in trenches less than 2.5
meters deep.
IV. Always wear a safety helmet when you are working in an excavation.
V. Hand dig with care, as cables may be just below the surface.
VI. Use a spade or shovel and not a fork or pick-axe, and do not spear the tools into the
ground.
VII. If you find a cable embedded in concrete, do not break it out, but seek advice.
VIII. If a cable is damaged, even slightly, keep well clear of it.
IX. Do not work bare chested. Normal working clothing can provide some protection from
flash burns.

32
 CHAPTER-6
CONCLUTION

33
Many construction accidents happen on sites occur not because of one or two reasons but may
arise when one or more distant and immediate factors go wrong. Safety management, therefore,
should not focus solely on the direct cause. They should also spend much effort on eliminating the
indirect causes.

The rate of accident in construction industry is relatively high when compared to other
manufacturing industry such as engineering, pharmaceutical, chemical etc. This is mainly due to
the nature of the civil engineering works and also partly due to the difference and disparity in
training and skill of the workers employed in the said industries. It is, therefore, imperative that
workers employed in the construction industry are provided basic training in their respective trades
and vocations. Further, it is essential that they are made safety conscious by the supervisors and
engineers under whom they are directly working.

34
 CHAPTER-7
REFERENCES

35
REFERRENCES

i) Factory Act, 1948

ii) Indian Electricity Rules 2003

iii) The Building & Other Construction Workers (Regulation, Employment and Conditions of
Service) Act 1996

****

THANKING YOU

36