ME33001 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS eal Shearing Stresses in Beams and Thin-Walled Members Lecturer: Dr. Eunice Tam Office: FG629 Phone: 2766.6673 email: mmeunice@polyu.edu.hk MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Contents Introduction Shear on the Horizontal Face of a Beam Element Example 6.1 Shearing Stresses in a Beam Shearing Stresses z,,.in Common Types of Beams Further Discussion of the Distribution of Stresses ina ... Example 6.2 Longitudinal Shear on a Beam Element of Arbitrary Shape Example 6.3 Shearing Stresses in Thin-Walled Members Example 6.4MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Introduction * Transverse loading applied to a beam results in normal and shearing stresses in transverse sections. = a ' s+ Distribution of normal and shearing stresses satisfies All the stresses on elemental areas (lefty sum to give the resultant shear Vand bending moment M. + When shearing stresses are exerted on the “ 3 vertical faces of an element, equal stresses i must be exerted on the horizontal faces ~ ™~o, +! ; . ~ * Longitudinal shearing stresses must 7 , ‘ ‘on of exist in any member subjected to Stress element from section of a transversely loaded beam. transverse loading. 6-3 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Shear on the Horizontal Face of a Beam Element | iy Ee y + Consider prismatic beam AB ae \ + For equilibrium of beam element DA, =0=4H + f(op -o¢)dd A Transversely loaded beam with vertical plane an = Moa Me ya4 4 symmetric cross section. : peas clip fee Sinca opel. O=fyda and A Short segment of beam with stress element Mee aM KV Ay dx CDD'C’ defined, YO) “t IT] \" + Substituting, eh | fo _vo 7 ada MEE] a4 ee arian | A) Forces exerted on AH VO \® element CCD'C’. 9 = hear flowMECHANICS OF MATERIALS Shear on the Horizontal Face of a Beam Element * Shear flow in upper area, AH a = 12 < shear flow where ee O=fydd Jy?aa 4 Ava = first momentof area above y; =second moment of full cross section * Same result found for lower area ; AH’ _VO! 4 , a o+0'=0 NA = first moment with respect cop to neutral axis Short segment of beam with stress AH' =-AH element C’D’D"C” defined. 6-5 Example 6.1 iceman SOLUTION: ] 20 mm + Determine the horizontal force pet unit length or shear flow q on the tye be 100 mm lower surface of the upper plank. | Fam + Calculate the corresponding shear ~ t force in each nail. Composite beam made of three boards nailed tgether. A beam is made of three planks, nailed together. Knowing that the spacing between nails is 25 mm and that the vertical shear in the beam is V = 500 N, determine the shear force in each nail.MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Example 6.1 6.100 m 0.100 SOLUTION: ep ee ee, eS Determine the horizontal force per unit 0420 m 7= 60m ony length or shear flow q on the lower surface Wa vat "of the upper plank eS g = 1Q. _ SOON }{120 x10?) eters I 16.20 x10°°m* = 3704 N/ O= 45 7m =(0.020mx0.100mX0.060m) , Catculate the corresponding shear force in =120x10-°m> each nail for a nail spacing of 25 mm. 1=(0.020m\(0.100m)> +2134 (0.100m\(0.020m) + (0.020m x 0.100m\0.060m)°] =16.20«10-°m* MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Shearing Stresses in a Beam |, * The average shearing stress on the horizontal _., face of the element is obtained by dividing the |." shearing force AH on the element by the area AA of the face. AH ‘Stress element C*D"D"C” Tave => ‘showing the shear force on AA vo = 94x VQ bx Ad 1 tay horizontal plane, It * On the upper and lower surfaces of the beam, 1,= 0. It follows that t,,= 0 on the upper and lower edges of the transverse sections. + As long as the width of the beam cross section remains small compared to its depth, the shearing stress varies slightly along the line D’,D’>.MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Shearing Stresses z,,,in Common Types of Beams L,| Geometric terms for rectangular section used to calculate shearing stress Shearing stress distribution on transverse section of rectangular + Fora narrow rectangular beam, Fe AG oe YO Ib 2AL BUA Fn 34 con + For American Standard (S-beam) , and wide-flange (W-beam) beams 4 5 —a bE) |r G on : vo ¢ sf Fave =F pelle o elle } Vv f oo 5 , ‘ Aweb Wide-flange beam, (a) Area for finding fist moment oF area in flange. (b) Area for finding first moment of area in web. (c) Shearing stress distribution, MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Further Discussion of the Distribution of Stresses in a Narrow Rectangular Beam * Consider a narrow rectangular cantilever beam subjected to load P at its free end: 3P(, y LLL + Shearing V is constant and equal in magnitude to the load P. Pxy oy = + + Normal strains and normal stresses are unaffected by the shearing stresses. + From Saint-Venant’s principle, effects of the load application mode are negligible except in immediate vicinity of load application points. * Stress/strain deviations for distributed loads are negligible for typical beam sections of interest. 6-10MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Example 6.2 12KN SKN 12 kN SOLUTION: 90 mm . . . + Develop shear and bending moment ' + diagrams. Identify the maximums. * Design the beam based on allowable 09m 0.9m normal stress. 0.6 m ‘3m + Check shearing stress. A timber beam AB of span 10 ft is to support the three concentrated loads . Redesign beam based on allowable shown. Knowing that for the grade of shearing stress, if needed. timber used, Oqy—-12MPa_—¢,, —0.8MPa determine the minimum required depth d of the beam. MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Example 6.2 2kN SKN BIN SOLUTION: i Won Develop shear and hending moment diagrams. Identify the maximums. hee ago am ia Ving, =14.5KN : 145 kN Monax = 10.95KN-m (87) (2.25) ” 2.5kN | > KN . (-2.95) |(-8.7) 14.5 kN 10.95 kN + m Free-body diagram of beam with shear and bending-moment diagrams.MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Example 6.2 + Design beam based on allowable normal stress. b=90mm ns Minax all Ss 3, 12x 10% Pa = 10:95:10 y m (0.9m)d * Check shearing stress. =1pq3 f= izbd 7 a3 mx 3. 14.5 x 10°N satelee a2 A — 2 (0.09m) (0.2466 m) c =4(a0 x 103 m)a =(0.09m)a* * Since t4, = 0.8 MPa, the depth d = 247 mm is not acceptable and we must redesign the beam on the basis of the requirement that t,, < 0.8 MPa. 6-13 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Example 6.2 b =90 mm + Allowable shear stress controls. V, Fy = 0.8 x 106Pa = 4) = 2m Jat) ce 1sMECHANICS OF MATERIALS Longitudinal Shear on a Beam Element of Arbitrary Shape + We have examined the distribution of the vertical components 7, on a transverse section of a beam. We now —— wish to consider the horizontal components ¢,. of the stresses. Beam example, Consider prismatic beam with an = element defined by the curved surface LHe cpp’. Short segment of beam with element CDD'C" of length Ax. DF, =0= AH + [(op-ac MA a Except for the differences in integration areas, this is the sane result obtained before which led to Ls = LL q aT Forces exerted on element CDD'C 6-15 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Example 6.3 18 mm -| te - 18 mm SOLUTION: { * Determine the shear force per unit i= =F 18 mm length along each edge of the upper im i plank. 112 mm l. + Based on the spacing between nails, —— — determine the shear force in each nail. A square box beam is constructed from four planks as shown. Knowing that the spacing between nails is 44 mm and the beam is subjected to a vertical shear of magnitude V = 2.5 KN, determine the shearing force in cach nail.MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Example 6.3 76 m0 { 76mm SOLUTION: ( a ra * Determine the shear force per unit + | ' length along each edge of the upper 12 mm | [7 00m plank. -e "| vo_ (2500N)(64.296mm’) 112 mm 9-993 x10°mmé For the upper plank, os 7 Q=A'y=(18mm)(76mm)(47 mm) =64296mm* . : mm * Based on the spacing between nails, determine the shear force in each nail. For the overall beam cross-section, 1=74(112mm)* ~34(76mm)* F=f ¢=(7.78N/mm)(44mm) = 10.332 x 10°mm* 6-17 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Shearing Stresses in Thin-Walled Members * Consider a segment of a wide-flange beam subjected to the vertical shear V. + The longiindinal shear force on the element is ; ana" 2 Ax + The corresponding shear stress is AH _¥Q Tae = Egg we the It + Previously found a similar expression for the shearing stress in the web a oe wit UK + NOTE: ry <0 in the flanges e ae Ty: *0 inthe webMECHANICS OF MATERIALS Shearing Stresses in Thin: y NA NA @) a Box beam showing shearing stress (a) in flange, (b) in web. Shaded area is used for calculating the first moment of area. Shear flow, q, in a box beam section. -Walled Members + The variation of shear flow across the section depends only on the variation of the first moment. __ + Fora box beam, g grows smoothly from zero at A to a maximum at C and C’ and then decreases back to zero at E. + The sense of q in the horizontal portions of the section may be deduced from the sense in the vertical portions or the sense of the shear V. MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Shearing Stresses in Thin-Walled Members ia) D Wide-flange beam sections show! stress (a) in flange and (b) in web. of area, l Shear flow, q, in a wide-flange beam section. + For a wide-flange beam, the shear flow increases symmetrically from zero at A and A’, reaches a maximum at C and then decreases to zero at E and E’. shearing The shaded area is that used for calculating the first moment , The continuity of the variation in g and the merging of q from section branches suggests an analogy to fluid flow.MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Example 6.4 an SOLUTION: ut aa + For the shaded area, | A ‘I Q=(108mm)(19.6mm)(122.2mm) 264 mm c = 258.7 x 10° mm? 1, = 164 x 10°mm* + The shear stress at a, Knowing that the vertical shear is vo (200kN)(258.7 x 10° mm’) 200 KN in a W250 x 101 rolled-steel a beam, determine the horizontal shearing stress in the top flange at the point a. 1 (164 «10° mm*)(19.6mm)