TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

PLATE NO. ____

IN
INDUSTRIAL PLANT ENGINEERING DRAFTING (ME 21D)
REVIEW OF HEAT TRANSFER

PROPONENTS: RATINGS:
DECENA, RYAN BOBZ M. SIGNATURE
HERNANDEZ, JOY R. SIGNATURE
MANALO, GARVILOU O. SIGNATURE
MANUEL, JAY VINCE CARLO O. SIGNATURE
RAMOS, JUSTINE IVAN M. SIGNATURE

BSME – 5C

INSTRUCTOR:

ENGR: JOMARI A. PICAR

DATE SUBMITTED:

___________________
 PLATE NO. 1
INDUSTRIAL PLANT ENGINEERING (DRAFTING)
REVIEW OF HEAT TRANSFER

Objectives
1. Model basic heat transfer processes and identify modes.
2. Understand the concept of thermal resistance and its limitations and develop thermal resistance
networks for practical heat conduction problems.
3. Solve steady conduction problems that involve multilayer rectangular, cylindrical, or spherical
geometries.
3. Perform an energy balance to determine temperature and heat flux.
4. Solve lumped parameter and other transient heat transfer problems.
5. Recognize basic convective heat transfer and apply appropriate methods for quantifying convection.
6. Calculate convective heat transfer coefficients for internal flow.
7. Calculate convective heat transfer coefficients for external flow.
8. Obtain a relation for the logarithmic mean temperature difference for use in the LMTD method and
modify it for different types of heat exchangers using the correction factor.
9. Develop relations for effectiveness and analyze heat exchangers when outlet temperatures are not
known using the effectiveness-NTU method.

Strategies
Answer the problems below. For concept questions, make sure to include necessary figures and diagrams
with proper captions. Cite sources using APA style of referencing. Avoid plagiarism.

For problems, show your neat and detailed solution. Include necessary figures and diagrams with proper
captions. Attach copies of all property tables, charts and diagrams used (e.g. Heisler Charts, etc.)

Concept Questions
Answer the following questions:
1. How does conductive heat transfer occur?
- Conductive heat transfer occurs when two objects at different temperatures are in contact with each
other.
2. What is the mechanism that radiative heat transfer uses to transmit thermal energy?
- Radiation, is a method of heat transfer that does not rely upon any contact between the heat source and
the heated object.
3. Is the equation for convective heat transfer a law?
- Yes, it is also called Newton’s law of cooling, it also states that the convection heat transfer coefficient
“depends on conditions in the boundary layer, which are influenced by surface geometry, the nature of the
fluid-motion, and an assortment of fluid thermodynamic and transport properties”
4. Describe thermal conductivity. Is it higher for copper than for stone? Why?
- Thermal conductivity (often denoted as k) is he property of a material to conduct heat. Yes, thermal
conductivity of a material depends on its temperature, density and moisture content. That’s why copper is
used mostly as a conductor and stone as an insulator
5. What is blackbody radiation?
- A blackbody is an idealized object which absorbs and emits all frequencies.
6. What is free or natural convection?
- Natural convection is a mechanism, or type of heat transport, in which the fluid motion is not generated
by any external source (like a pump, fan, suction device, etc.) but only by density differences in the fluid
occurring due to temperature gradients.
7. How is forced convection different than natural convection?
- In natural convection, the flow is induced by the differences between fluid densities which result due to
temperature changes. Forced convection uses externally induced flow, such as wind.
8. What is the Reynolds number? Why is it used?
- The Reynolds number is defined as the product of density times velocity times length divided by the
viscosity coefficient. This is proportional to the ratio of inertial forces and viscous forces in a fluid flow. It
is used to study fluids as they flow and determines whether a fluid is laminar or turbulent
9. Describe the relationship between the Nusselt number and the convective coefficient.
- Nusselt number is a measure of the ratio between heat transfer by convection and heat transfer by
conduction.
10. Describe the overall coefficient of heat transfer in terms of thermal resistances.
q
- U=
∆ T LM
U=overall heat transfer coefficient (W/(m2/K)
q=heat transfer rate (W)
∆TLM=logarithmic mean temperature difference (K)
11. Why does adding insulation-thermal resistance to wire sometimes increase the heat transfer from the
wire?
- As the surface area increases, the heat transferred increases as well.
12. Describe the ideal, tube-in-tube, counterflow, and parallel-flow heat exchangers.
- Ideal
- Tube-in-tube heat exchanger is used primarily for heat transfer between the liquid and suction lines of
the refrigeration plant. The purpose is to utilize the cooling effect, utilize which without a heat exchanger
is otherwise lost to the ambient air via uninsulated suction lines.
- Counterflow heat exchanger has the hot fluid entering at one end of the heat exchanger flow path and
the cold fluid entering at the other end of the flow path. It is also the most common type of liquid-liquid
heat exchanger, because it is the most efficient.
- With parallel flow the temperature between the two fluids is large at the entrance end, but it becomes
small at the exit end as the two fluid temperatures approach each other.
13. What is a shell-and-tube heat exchanger?
- Amongst all type of exchangers, shell-and-tube exchangers are most commonly used heat exchange
equipment in oil refineries and other large chemical processes, and is suited for higher-pressure
applications. As its name implies, this type of heat exchanger consists of a shell with a bundle of tubes
inside it.
14. Are actual shell-and-tube heat exchangers more like parallel-flow or like counterflow heat
exchangers?
- The counterflow pattern is the most common in shell and tube heat exchangers, primarily because it’s
the most efficient. This flow pattern allows for the greatest temperature change between fluids. Unlike in
parallel flow exchangers, the cold-fluid can reach the hottest temperature of the hot-fluid since it exits at
the end where the hot-fluid enters.

Problems
1. An experiment is undertaken to determine the thermal conductivity of an unknown material. The
material is 5 cm thick and has a diameter of 15 cm. It is placed on a hot plate of equal diameter where the
surface temperature is maintained at 60°C. The outer surface temperature is 24°C, and the power used by
the hot plate is 45 W. Determine the thermal conductivity of the material.
- For cylinders:
2 πkL(∆ T ) 2 πkL (60−24 ) k W
Q́= ; 45 W = =¿ kL=0.1016
- Do 0.25 m−K
ln ⁡( ) ln ⁡( )
Di 0.15

k W
- L =0.1016 2
m −K
- For flat plate:
π
k ( x 0.152 )( 60−24)
- Q́=
kA ∆ T
; 45 W =
4
=k=3.543
W
x 0.05 m−K
2. A wall with a thermal conductivity of 0.30 W /m-K is maintained at 40°C. The heat flow through the
wall is 250 W. The wall surface area is 1.5 m2, and its thickness is 1 cm. Determine the temperature of the
other surface
 W
0.30 ( 0.075 m2 ) ( T−40 ℃ )
- Q́= kA ∆ T =250 W = mK
=45.556℃
x 0.01m
3. The sum of the resistances for the outside wall of a house is 8.0 K-m-/W. For a temperature difference
of 25°C across the wall and a total surface area of 150 m, determine the heat flow through the wall.
2
∆ T ∆ T ( A s) 25 ℃(150 m )
Q́= = = =468.75W
- R R K−m2
8
As W
4. A dry-ice storage chest is a wooden box lined with glass fiber insulation 5 cm thick. The wooden box is
2 cm thick and is cubical, 60 cm on an edge. The inside surface temperature is -76°C, and the outside
surface temperature is 18°C. Determine (a) the wood insulation interface temperature; (b) the heat gain
per day.
x
k
¿
¿
x
- k
¿
¿
A ∆T
Q́T = ; RT =¿
RT
A ∆T 2
- Q́T = R ; A=6 [ ( 0.60 ) ( 0.60 ) ] =2.16 m
T

2.16 [18−(−76 ) ] J 3600 s

- Q́T = 1.718
=118.18 (
s 1 hr )( 241 dayhr )( 1000
1 kJ
J)
=10211 kJ

- For Ta
0.6
¿
¿
¿ 2 [t a−(−76 ) ]
-
( 0.069 ) (6) ¿
kA
Q́T = ¿wood ( ∆ T ) ; 111.18=¿
x
5. The surface of a furnace wall is at a temperature of 1200°C. The outside wall temperature is 38°C. The
furnace wall construction has 15 cm of refractory material, k=1.73 W/m-K, and the outside wall is l-cm
steel, k=44 W/m-K. What thickness of refractory brick must be used between the refractory material and
the wall if the heat loss is not to exceed 0.7 kW /m?? The thermal conductivity of the brick is 0.34 W/m-
K.

0.15 X 2 0.01
- Rtotal=R1 + R2 + R3 = + +
1.73 0.34 44
 Q ∆T kW 1200−38
then = =0.7 2 = =X 2 =0.5349 m∨53.49 cm
- A RT m 0.15 X 2 0.01
+ +
1.73 0.34 44
6. A furnace is constructed with 20 cm of firebrick, k 1.36 W/m-K., 10 cm of insulating brick, k=0.26
W/m-K, and 20 cm of building brick, k=0.69 W/m-K. The inside surface temperature is 650°C, and the
outside air temperature is 32°C. The heat loss from the furnace wall is 0.56 kW/m-K. Determine (a) the
unit convective coefficient for the air; (b) the temperature 25 cm in from the outside surface.
Q ∆T ∆T
- = =
A R T R 1 + R 2 + R 3+ R 4
kW 1000 W 650−32 W
0.56 x = =h o=3.545 2
- m 2
1 kW 0.2 0.1 0.2 1 m K
+ + +
1.36 0.26 0.69 ho

- For t @ 25cm from outside surface – X1=20m, X2’=5cm

W 650−t
560 = =t=460 ℃
- m 2
0.2 0.05
+
1.36 0.26
7. For the composite wall illustrated, the following values apply: X 1=20 cm, k1=75 W/m-K; x2=25 cm,
k2=60 W/m-K; x3=30 cm, k3=20 W/m-K, k4=60 W/m-K; x5=50 cm, k5=50 W/m-K. One surface is
maintained at 400°C while the other is maintained at 100°C. Determine the heat flow and the temperature
at the x3/x4 interface.

1 2 5
4

20 60 −1 0.5
+ ¿ +
0.3 0.3 50
¿
- 0.2 0.25
+ +¿
75 60
Q ∆T Q 400−100
= ; =
A RT A ¿

20 60 −1
+ ¿
0.3 0.3
¿
- then, 0.2 0.25
+ +¿
75 60
T −T 2
q́= 1
¿
8. A composite plane wall consisting of two layers of materials (1.5-in steel and 2-in aluminum) separates
a hot gas at t1=200°f, h1=2, from a cold gas at t0=80°f, h0=5 Btu/hr-ft-°f if the hot fluid is on the aluminum
side, find (a) the transmittance u, (b) the resistance r, (c) their interface temperature at the junction of the
two metals and (d) the heat through 100ft2 of the surface under steady state conditions.
9. Superheated steam at an average temperature 200°C is transported through a steel pipe (k=50 W/m-k,
Do=8.0 cm, Di=6.0 cm, and L- 20.0 m). The pipe is insulated with a 4-cm thick layer of gypsum plaster
(k=0.5 W/m-K). The insulated pipe is placed horizontally inside a warehouse where the average air
temperature is 10°C. The steam and the air heat transfer coefficients are estimated to be 800 and 200 W/m
K, respectively. Calculate (a) the daily rate of heat transfer from the superheated steam, and (b) the
temperature on the outside surface of the gypsum plaster insulation.
- Convection resistance due to superheated steam:
1 1
- Ri= h π D L = 800(π )(0.06)(20) =0.00033 K /W
1 1

- Conduction resistance due to thickness of the steel pipe:

Do 0.08
ln ⁡( ) ln( )
- Rsteel=
Di
=
0.06
=0.0000457 K / W
2 π k steel L 2 ( π )( 50 ) (20)
- Conduction resistance due to thickness of the insulation
D o +2t 0.08+ 2 ( 0.04 )
ln ⁡( ) ln [ ]
- Rins =
Di
=
0.08
=0.01103 K / W
2 π k gyp L 2 ( π ) ( .5 ) (20)
- Convection resistance due to air
1 1 1
- Ro= h A = h ( π ) ( D +2 t ) L = 200 ( π ) [0.08+2 ( 0.04 ) ](20) =0.000497 K /W
o o o

- Rtotal=Ri + R steel + R ins + Ro

¿ 0.00033+0.0000457+0.01103 +0.000497
¿ 0.0119027 K /W
s T −Tair 200−10
- Q́= R =
0.0119027
=15962.76 W
total

T ins −T air T ins −10

- Q́= ; 15962.76= =17.933 ℃
Ro 0.000497
10. Chilled water enters a thin-shelled 5-cm-diameter, 150-m long pipe at 7°C at a rate of 0.98 kg/s and
leaves at 8°C. The pipe is exposed to ambient air at 30°C with a heat transfer coefficient of 9 W/m 2K. If
the pipe is to be insulated with glass wool insulation (k=0.05 W/m-K) in order to decrease the
temperature, rise of water to 0.25°C, determine the required thickness of the insulation.
 7
- Tw=8 + 2 =¿ 7.5 ℃

- Q=mCp (Tf-To) =0.98(4.18) (1) =4.0964 kW or 4096.4 W

∞ T −T w 30−7.5 K
-Q ¿ R =4096.4=
R Total
=0.00549263
W
Total

1 1 1 K
- Ro= h A = h πdL = 9 π (0.04 )( 200) =0.00442 W
0 o 0

11. A cylindrical nuclear fuel rod of 15 min in diameter is encased in a concentric hollow ceramic cylinder
with inner diameter of 35 mm and outer diameter of 110 mm. This created an air gap between the fuel rod
and the hollow ceramic cylinder with a convection heat transfer coefficient of 10 W/m 2K. The hollow
ceramic cylinder has a thermal conductivity of 0.07 W/m-K and its outer surface maintains a constant
temperature of 30°C. If the fuel rod generates heat at a rate of 1 MW/m 3, determine the temperature at the
surface of the fuel rod.
D3
ln ⁡( )
- 1 1 D2
Rc o mbined =Rconv ,rod + Rconv ,cyl + Rcond , cyl= + +
π D 1 Lh π D 2 Lh 2 πLk
0.110
) ln ⁡(
1 1 0.035 m
- Rc o mbined L= + + =5.635
W W W W℃
π (0.015 m)(10 2 ) π (0.035 m)(10 2 ) 2 π (0.07 2 )
m ℃ m℃ m ℃

- Q́gen =
T 1−T 3 Q́ gen
R co mbined
∨
L
T −T
R c o mbined L
Q́
L ( )
= 1 3 ; T 1= gen R co mbined L+T 3

m℃
-
(
0.015 m¿ 2 5.635
W )
+30 ℃=1026 ℃

6 W π
T 1=(1 x 10 3 ) ¿
m 4
12. A boiler tube (OD=3.5-in, ID=2.7-in) contains water boiling at 1250 psia, the water film coefficient is
h=2000 Btu/hr-ft-F when the heat flux 52000 Btu/hr-ft of outside tube surface. determine (a) the outside
tube temperature, (b) the permissible thickness of boiler scale if the metallic temperature is not to exceed
925°F. The thermal conductivities are: for steel, k=310; for scale, k=3.5 Btu-in/hr-ft-°F.
13. Dry saturated steam at 30 psia enters a 50-ft section of steel pipe (OD=2.375 in, ID=1.939 in) and
flows at a rate of 10lb/min, the pipe is covered with l in of 85% magnesia, the film coefficients are
h1=1000, h0=41 Btu /hr-ft--F. Determine the quality of the steam as it leaves the section. Neglect pressure
loss.
14. Steam is flowing from a boiler to a small turbine through a 200 ft of 3.5 in steel pipe (4in OD, 3.548in
ID). The steam leaves the boiler saturated at 175 psia and enters the turbine at 173.33 psia and with a
moisture content of 1%. the turbine develops 50 bhp with a brake steam rate of 411b/bhp-hr. the ambient
temperature us 90-F; h=1000 and ho=1.9 Btu/hr-fi---F, if the pipe is lagged with a 2.5in layer of
insulation, compute the value of the thermal conductivity for the insulation.
15. A nuclear reactor shell is spherical in shape, has an internal volume of 65.4 ft, contains water boiling
at 400°F, and is made from stainless steel (k=160 Btu-in/hr-ft-F) 3in thick, the reactor has a 2-in layer of
lead around it with a layer of 85% magnesia in between the two materials; the maximum power level for
the reactor is 5 kW. if the maximum heat loss through the shell is not to exceed 5% of the power, compute
the needed thickness of 85% magnesia. what will be the outer surface temperature of the lead under
maximum heat loss conditions?
16. A 0.083-in-diameter electrical wire at 90°F is covered by 0.02-in-thick plastic insulation (k=0.075
Btu/h-ft-"F). The wire is exposed to a medium at 50°F, with a combined convection and radiation heat
transfer coefficient of 2.5 Btu/h-ft 2°F. Determine if the plastic insulation on the wire will increase or
decrease heat transfer from the wire.
1 1 h−℉
¿ = =18.41
h0 A BTU
- RTotal=RConv o

(2.5 h−ftBTU−℉ )( π )( 0.083

2
12 ft
)(1 ft )

With⁡insulation
1 1 h−℉
¿ = =14.83
h0 A BTU
- RConv o

(2.5 h−ftBTU−℉ )( π )( 0.0103

12 ft
2
)(1 ft )

R2 0.103
ln ln
R1 0.083 h−℉
- RPlastic ¿ = =0.458
2 πkL BTU BTU
2 π (0.75 2
)(1 ft )
h−ft −℉
h−℉
0.001
- RInterface H BTU h−℉
¿ c= =0.046
A c π (0.083112 ft )(1 ft ) BTU
h−℉
- RTotal=14.83 + 0.46 + 0.046=15.34 ,∴ it will increase
BTU
17. Consider a person standing in a breezy room at 20°C. Determine the total rate of heat transfer from
this person if the exposed surface area and the average outer surface temperature of the person are 1.6 m 2
and 29°C, respectively, and the convection heat transfer coefficient is 6 W/m 2K.
W
- Q́conv =h A s ( T s−T ∞ ) = 6 2 ( m ℃)
2
( 1.6 m ) ( 29−20 ) ℃=86.4 W

- Q́rad =εσ A s (T 4s −T 4surr )

29+273 ¿ 4−( 20+ 273 ¿4 ] K 4
¿
- W
(
¿ ( 0.95 ) 5.67 x 10−8 2 4 ( 1.6 m2 ) x ¿
m K )
- ¿ 81.7 W
- Q́total=Q́conv + Q́rad =( 86.4 +81.7 ) W =168W
18. Under conditions for which the same room temperature is maintained by a heating or cooling system,
it is not uncommon for a person to feel chilled in the winter but comfortable in the summer. Provide a
plausible explanation for this situation (with supporting calculations) by considering a room whose air
temperature is maintained at 20°C throughout the year, while the walls of the room are nominally at 27°C
and 14°C in the summer and winter, respectively. The exposed surface of a person in the room may be
assumed to be at a temperature of 32°C throughout the year and to have an emissivity of 0.90. The
coefficient associated with heat transfer by natural convection between the person and the room air is
approximately 2 W/m2K.
W W
- Summer and Winter: q́ conv =h ( T s−T ∞ )=2 2
x 12℃=24 2
m K m
- Summer:
W
305 4−300 4 ¿ 4=28.3
m2
W
q́ rad =ϵσ (T 4s −T 4sur )=0.9 x 5.67 x 10−8 ¿
m2 K 4
- Winter:
W
3054 −2874 ¿ 4=95.4
m2
W
q́ rad =ϵσ (T 4s −T 4sur )=0.9 x 5.67 x 10−8 ¿
m2 K 4
- There is a significant difference between winter and summer radiation fluxes, and the chilled condition
is attributable to the effect of the colder walls on radiation.
19. The diagram shows a conical section fabricated from pure aluminum. It is of circular cross section
having diameter D=ax1/2, where a=0.5 m1/2. The small end is located at x 1=25 mm and the large end at
x2=125 mm. The end temperatures are T1=600 K and T2=400 K, while the lateral surface is well insulated.
(a) Derive an expression for the temperature distribution T(x) in symbolic form, assuming one-
dimensional conditions. Sketch the temperature distribution. (b) Calculate the heat rate q x.
 π dT
a √ 2¿ 2= a2 x ; using fourie r ' s law q=−kA
4 dx
-
π π
A= D 2= ¿
4 4
qdx qdx 4q
=−kdT → =−kdT → dx=−kdT
- A π 2 π a 2
x
a x
4
x T

- ∫ π4dxq dx=∫ −kdT → π4 aq2 lnx ¿ xx =−kT ¿ TT

1 1
x1 T 1

( x )−ln x 1
ln ¿=−k (T −T 1 )→
- ¿
4q
¿
π a2
4q x
- T =T 1 − 2
πa K
ln ( )
x1
≫(a)

4q x
- x=x 2 ≡T =T 2 ; ∴T 2=T 1− 2
πa K
ln
x1 ( )
π a 2 K T 2−T 1

( ( ))
−4 q x
-
T 2 −T 1=
π a2 K
ln
( )
x1
→ q=
4
ln
x
≫ ( b ) ; Substitute ( b ) ∈(a)

x1
 ( ) ( )
x x

- T =T 1 −
4πa K2 ( ) →T +
T 2 −T 1 ln
x1
1
( )
T 2−T 1 ln
x1
4 π a2 K x x
ln
(x )
1
ln
(x )
1

2
π a K T 2−T 1
-
q=
4
( ( ))
ln
x
x1
, substituting given values

2
π x 0.5 x 236 600−400 W
-
q=
4
ln ( ( ))
0.125
0.025
; K al =236
mK

- q=5758.344 W
20. A 65-kg beef carcass (k=0.47 W/m-K and a=0.13 x 10-6 m/s) initially at a uniform temperature of
37°C is to be cooled by refrigerated air at 210°C flowing at a velocity of 1.2 m/s. The average heat
transfer coefficient between the carcass and the air is 22 W/m 2K. Treating the carcass as a cylinder of
diameter 24 cm and height 1.4 m and disregarding heat transfer from the base and top surfaces, determine
how long it will take for the center temperature of the carcass to drop to 4°C.

( mL )−1
hPkA ¿0.5
- ¿
¿
cosh ¿ ¿
q=[ T b−T ∞ ] + [ T L +T ∞ ] ¿
21. An ordinary egg can be approximated as a 5.5-cm diameter sphere whose properties are roughly k=0.6
W/m-K and a=0.14 x 10 m/s. The egg is initially at a uniform temperature of 8°C and is dropped into
boiling water at 97°C. Taking the convection heat transfer coefficient to be h=1400 W/m 2K, determine
how long it will take for the center of the egg to reach 70°C.
 W

- Bi=
hr
=
( 1400
o m ℃)
( 0.0275 m ) 2
=64.2>0.1, lumped systemnot applicable
k
( 0.6 mW℃ )
- For this Biot number , we get λ=3.0877, A=1.9969
T ( t ) −T α 70−972 2

- = A e−λ r ; =1.9969 e−3.0877 r , r=0.202

T i−T α 4−97
- This is above the value of 0.2 .Therefore , the one−term appx solutionbe used .
τ r 2 0.2 x 0.027 52
- t= = =18 min
α 0.14 x 1 0−6
22. Water at 43.3°C flows over a large plate at a velocity of 30.0 cm/s. The plate is 1.0 m long (in the flow
direction), and its surface is maintained at a uniform temperature of 10.0°C. Calculate the steady rate of
heat transfer per unit width of the plate.
43.3+10
- T film= 2 =27 ℃

ρ vL (996.6)(0.03)(1)
- Re = μ = =35 x 10 5 → Laminar
L
.8654 x 10−3
1
5.85 ¿ 3 =707.9
1
- 3.5 x 10 ¿ ¿5 2

1 1
2 3
N u =.664 Re Pr =(.664)¿
L L

a N K (707.9)(0.61) W
- h= L = 1
=431.8 2
m K
- Q=hA ( T s−T ∞ )= ( 431.8 ) ( 1.1 )( 10−43.3 ) =18400W
23. Inside a condenser, there is a bank of seven copper tubes with cooling water flowing in them. Steam
condenses at a rate of 0.6 kg/s on the outer surfaces of the tubes that are at a constant temperature of
68°C. Each copper tube is 5-m long and has an inner diameter of 25 mm. Cooling water enters each tube
at 5°C and exits at 60°C. Determine the average heat transfer coefficient of the cooling water flowing
inside each tube and the cooling water mean velocity needed to achieve the indicated heat transfer rate in
the condenser.
 kJ
- Q́tot =mcondensation h fg =( 0.6 ) ( 2371 )=1422.6
s
Q́tot 1422.6 kJ
- Q́= = =203.22
N tubes 7 s
2
- A s =πDL=π ( 5 ) ( 0.025 )=0.392 m
T e −T i (60−50)
∆ T ln = = =12.33℃
- T s−T e 68−60
ln
(
T s−T i ) (
ln
68−50 )
Q́ 203.22 W 1 kW kW
- Q́=h A s ∆ T ln → h= = ( )=42.05 2
A s ∆ T ln ( 0.392m ) ( 12.33℃ ) 1000 W
2
m℃
Q́ 203.22 x 1 03 kg
- Q́=ḿ C p ( T e −T i ) → ḿ= = =4.85
C p ( T e−T i ) 4183 ( 60−50 ) s
0.025 ¿2
m
π ( ¿¿ 4)=10.02
s
-
985.2 ¿
ḿ 4.85
ḿ=ρ Ac V m → V m= =
ρ Ac ¿
24. Hot air at 60°C leaving the furnace of a house enters a 12m-long section of a sheet metal duct of
rectangular cross section 20 cm x 20 cm at an average velocity of 4 m/s. The thermal resistance of the
duct is negligible, and the outer surface of the duct, whose emissivity is 0.3, is exposed to the cold air at
10°C in the basement, with a convection heat transfer coefficient of 10 W/m 2K. Taking the walls of the
basement to be at 10°C also, determine (a) the temperature at which the hot air will leave the basement
and (b) the rate of heat loss from the hot air in the duct to the basement. Evaluate air properties at a bulk
mean temperature of 50°C. Is this a good assumption?

- A s =4 aL=4 x ( 0.2 m )( 12 m )=9.6 m

4 A c 4 a2
- D h= = =a=0.2 m
p 4a
m

- ℜ= mυ
V D h
=
( 4 ) ( 0.20 m )
s
=44509>1000 →Turbulent
m2
1.797 x 10−5
s
- Lh ≈ Lt ≈ 10 Dh=10 ( 0.2 m )=2.0 m< LTotalof duct → Turbulent
0.7228 ¿0.3 =109.2
44509¿ 0.8 ¿
- h Dh 0.8 0.3
Nu= =0.023 ℜ Pr =0.023 ¿
k
W
0.02735
- h= k Nu= m℃ W
( 109.2 )=14.93 2
Dh 0.2 m m ℃
kg m kg
( ) 2
- ḿ=ρ Ac V = 1.092 3 ( 0.2 x 0.2 ) m 4 s =0.1748 s
m ( )
conv ,∈¿=Q́conv + rad, out =∆ Éhot air
-
Q́=Q́¿
T e −T i W T e−60
conv ,∈¿: Q́=hi A s ∆ T ln =h i A s =(14.93 2
)( 9.6 m2)
T s−T e m℃ T −T e
- ln
( T s−T i ) ln ⁡( s
T s−60
)

Q́ ¿
-
T s+ 273¿ 4−( 10+273 ¿4 ] K 4
¿
W ( W
(
Q́conv+rad , out =Q́=h o A s ( T s−T o ) +ε A s σ (T 4s −T 4o )= 10
m℃ ) ( )
9.6 m2 ) ( T s−10 ) ℃+0.3 ( 9.6 m2 ) 5.67 x 10−8 2 4 ¿
m K
kg J
- ∆´Ehot air =Q́=ḿC p ( T e−T i ) =(0.1748 s )(1007 kg ℃ )(60−T e )℃

- Q́=2622 W , T e =45.1℃ ,∧T s=33.3 ℃

25. A 22.7-kg/s flow of air enters a preheater at 28°C and leaves at 150°C; 23.7 kg/s of exhaust gases,
Cp=1,09 kJ/kg-K, enters at 315°C. The overall coefficient of heat transfer is 710 W/m 2-K. Determine (a)
the exit exhaust gas temperature; (b) the surface area for parallel flow; (c) the surface area for
counterflow; (d) the LMTD.

- ḿC p ( T 2−T 1 )= ḿC p ∆T

- (22.7 kgs )( 1.0047 kgK

kJ
) (150−28) =(23.7 kgs )(1.09 kgK
kJ
) (th −th ) 1 2

- th2 =207.3℃
 θ max −θmin 179.3−165
θmax =179.3,θ min =165; LMTD= = =172.1℃
- θmax 179.3
ln
( ) ( )
θmin
ln
165

Q 2782 kW
A= = =22.78 m2
- U∗LMTD kW
(0.710 2 )(172.1)
m K
26. Crude oil, Cp=1.92 kJ/kg-K, flows at the rate of 0.315 kg/s through the inside of a concentric, double
pipe heat exchanger and is heated from 32°C to 96°C. Another hydrocarbon, cp=2.5 kJ/kg-K, enters at
240°C. The overall coefficient of heat transfer is found to be 4400 W/m2-K. Determine for a minimum
temperature difference of 17°C between the fluids (a) the LMTD for parallel flow and counterflow, (b)
the surface area for parallel flow and counterflow.
( 240−32 )−17
LMTD= =76.268 ℃(¿ flow)
- ln ⁡(
240−32
)
17
( 240−96 )−17
LMTD= =59.44 ℃(counter flow)
- ln ⁡(
240−96
)
17
- Q́=0.315 ( 1.92 ) ( 96−32 )=38.7072 kW
- Q́=u A s LMTD
- 38.7072W =4400 ( A s ) ( 76.268℃ )= A s=0.1153 m2 (¿ flow)
- 38.7072W =4400 ( A s ) ( 59.44 ℃ )= A s=0.148m2 (counter flow)
27. A shell-and-tube heat exchanger must transfer 205 kW to a solution with a specific heat of 3.26 kJ/kg-
K and change its temperature from 65°C to 93°C. Steam is available at 250 kPa. The unit convective
coefficient is 3400 W/m2K for the inside and 7300 W/m2K for the outside. The thermal conductivity for
the tubes is 111 W/m-K, and the tubes have 4.0cm O.D. and 3.0cm I.D. and are 3m long. Determine the
number of tubes required.
28. A one-shell-pass, six-tube-pass heat exchanger is used as an economizer on a steam generator. The
flue gas, Cp=1.09 kJ/kg-K, enters at 350°C and leaves at 205°C with a flow rate of 58.0 kg/s. The
feedwater enters at 175°C with a flow rate of 63 kg/s. A change of operating conditions occurs; the water
flow is now 25.2 kg/s, entering at 138°C. The new gas flow rate is 23.8 kg/s, but the gas temperature
remains the same. Determine (a) the old surface area required if U=170 W/m-K; (b) the effectiveness; (c)
the new water outlet temperature.
29. A two-shell-pass, four-tube-pass heat exchanger is used as a feedwater heater and has an effectiveness
of 80%. Water with a flow rate of 12.6 kg/s enters at 115°C, and air enters at 290°C with a flow rate of
25.2 kg/s. Determine (a) the air exit temperature; (b) the water exit temperature.
kW
- C c =( 12.6 )( 4.24 ) =53.424 =C max
℃
 kW
- Ch =( 25.2 )( 1.042 )=26.258 =Cmin
℃
Q
- Qmax =Cmin ( T h 1−T c 1 ) ; Qmax = ; Qmax =4595.15 kW
h
- For Th2, Tc2
- hQ=Q max=C h ( T h 1−T h 2 ) ; ( 0.8 ) ( 4595.15 )=26.258 ( 290−T h2 )
- T h2 =150℃ ; AIR
30. A new plant process requires 50.4 kg/s of air to be heated from 4°C to 32°C. Saturated water at 280
kPa is available for heating the air and has a supply capacity of 8.82 kg/s. An old heat exchanger is
suggested for use in the new process. Records show the following: dry saturated steam flow with no
subcooling, 1.94 kg/s at 2000 kPa; airflow, 96,5 kg/s, exiting at 65°C. Determine (a) the original LMTD;
(b) the effectiveness; (c) whether the heat exchanger can be used in the new process.

- Hot fluid: water (saturated)

J
- T h1 @280 kPa=131.21℃ , C pw=4265.783 kgK @−1 5

-
31. A counterflow shell-and-tube heat exchanger cools 1.6 liters of oil (cp=2.5 kJ/kg-K, p=720 kg/m)
from 95°C to 50°C. Cooling water enters the tubes at 15°C and leaves at 38°C. The overall coefficient of
heat transfer is 450 W/m2K. Fouling of the tubes occurs, resulting in one-quarter of the tubes being
blocked. The conditions remain the same except for the outlet temperatures. Determine the oil and water
exit temperatures under the new conditions.
- Q A =95−38=57 ℃=θmax
- QB =50−15=35 ℃=θ min
θmax −θmin 57−35
LMTD= = =45.12
θmax 57
-
ln
( ) ( )
θ min
ln
35

Q kW
- Q= A s U ( LMTD ) ; =450 ( 45−12 )=20.304 2
As m
kW
- For Mw: 20.304 2
=m C p ∆ T
m
20.304 kg
- M w= =0.21 , V f =Vouling factor
( 4.179 ) ( 23 ) s
−1
1 Rf 3
- R= + ; A f = A ; D f =D 4 D
UA A f 4
- R= [ 1 0.0001 1
+
450 0.75 A ] 1 W
;U = =424.53 2 ; Q=19.15 kW
K m K
- Q=m h C ph ( T h 1−T h 2 ) ; m=vρ

- ( Ls )( 1000 kgL )(2.5 kgK

19.15= 1.6
kJ
) ( 45−T ); T =90.213 ℃
h2 h2

kg
- 19.15=(0.277 ) ( 4.179 ) ( T −15 ) ; T =36.72 ℃
c2 c2
s
32. By traveling through a brass tube 2.5 O.D and 2.2 cm I.D., which is surrounded by steam at 55 kPa
and 90% quality, 9,4 kg/s of water is heated from 15°C to 60°C. Assume the inside unit convective
coefficient is 2000 W/m2K, and the outside unit convective coefficient is 7950 W/m2K, Determine (a) the
length of tube required; (b) the steam supply in kg/h if no subcooling occurs.
33. Consider a water-to-water counter-flow heat exchanger with these specifications. Hot water enters at
95°C while cold water enters at 20°C. The exit temperature of hot water is 15°C greater than that of cold
water, and the mass flow rate of hot water is 50 percent greater than that of cold water. The product of
heat transfer surface area and the overall heat transfer coefficient is 1400 W/K. Taking the specific heat of
to be cp=4180 J/kg K, determine (a) the outlet temperature of the cold water, (b) the effectiveness of the
heat exchanger, (c) the mass flow rate of the cold water, and (d) the heat transfer rate.
J J
( )
- Ch =ḿh C ph=ḿh 4180 kg ℃ =1.5 ḿc x 4180=6270 ḿc kgK

J J J
=ḿ ( 4180
kg ℃ )
- C c =ḿc C pc c =4180 ḿ c
kg ℃
;C min =C c =4180 ḿc
kg ℃

min C c 4180 ḿ
- C= C = 6270 ḿ =0.667
max c

c ,∈¿
T c, out −T ¿
- ¿
Q́=C c ¿
h ,∈¿−T h , out
T¿
- ¿
Q́=C h ¿
80−T c ,out
- Equating the 2 equations above: 4.18 ḿ T −20 =6.27 ḿ ¿
c ( c ,out ) c

- 4.18 T c ,out −83.6=501.6−6.27 T c, out

- 10.45T c ,out =585.2; T c ,out =56℃
 c ,∈¿
T c, out −T ¿
¿
c ,∈¿
h ,∈¿−T ¿
- T¿
¿
Cc ¿
Cc ¿
Q́
ε= =¿
Q́max
1 ε −1 1 0. 48−1
( )
- NTU = c−1 ln εc−1 = 0.667−1 ln 0. 48 x 0.667−1 =0.805( )
U As 14 00 kg
- NTU = C ; 0. 805=
4180 ḿc
, ḿc =0.416
s
min

c ,∈¿
T c ,out −T ¿
- ¿
Q́=ḿ c C p ¿
34. The mass flow rate, specific heat, and inlet temperature of the tube-side stream in a double-pipe,
parallel-flow heat exchanger is 2700 kg/h, 20 kJ/kg K, and 120°C, respectively. The mass flow rate,
specific heat, and inlet temperature of the other stream are 1800 kg/h, 42 kJ/kg K, and 20°C, respectively.
The heat transfer area and overall heat transfer coefficient are 0.50 mand 2.0 kW/m2K, respectively. Find
the outlet temperatures of both streams in steady operation using (a) the LMTD method and (b) the
effectiveness--NTU method.
- Using LMTD method:
3200
- Q́=ḿh C p ( T h 1−T h2 ) = 3600 x 2.0 x ( 120−T h 2) =1.77 x ( 120−T h2 ) ≫ ( 1 )
2000
- Q́=ḿc C pc ( T c 2−T c1 ) = 3600 x 4.2 x ( T c 2−20 ) =2.333 ( T c2−20 ) ≫ ( 2 )

- ∆ T 1=T h1 −T c 1=120−20=100 ℃
- ∆ T 2=T h2 −T c 2
∆ T 1−∆ T 2 100−( T h2 −T c 2 )
∆ T ln = =
- ∆T1
ln ( )
∆T2
ln
( T100℃
h2 −T )
c2
 100−( T h 2−T c 2 ) 100−( T h 2−T c2 )
-
Q́=UA∗∆ T ln =2.0 x 0.5 x
( ln (100 ℃
T h 2−T c 2 ) )(
=
ln( 100 ℃
T h 2−T c2 ) ) ≫ (3 )

- Solving Eq (1), (2), and (3) by using equation solver we get:

- Q́=63.88 kW ,T h 2=84.19 ℃ , T c 2=47.17 ℃

- Using NTU method:
3200 kW
- Ch =ḿh C p h= 3600 x 2.0=1.77 K =C min
2000 kW
- C c =ḿc C pc = 3600 x 4.2=2.333 K , Cmax
C
min 1.77
- c= C = 2.333 =0.758
max

UA 2 x 0.5
- NTU = C = 1.77 =0.564
min

1−exp [ −NTU (1+ c ) ] 1−exp [ −0.564 x (1+ 0.758 ) ]

- ε= = =0.3577
1+c 1+0.758
- Q́max =Cmin ( T h 1−T c 1 )=1.77 ( 120−20 )=177 kW
Q́
- ε = Q́ → Q́=ε Q́max =0.3577 x 177=63.312 kW
max

3200
- Q́=ḿh C p h ( T h 1−T h 2 ) ; 63.312= 3600 x 2.0 x ( 120−T h 2 ) ,T h 2=84.387 ℃
2000
- Q́=ḿc C pc ( T c 2−T c1 ) ; 63.312= 3600 x 4 . 2 x ( T c2 −20 ) ,T c 2=47.13℃
35. Consider the flow of saturated steam at 270.1 kPa that flows through the shell side of a shell-and-tube
heat exchanger while the water flows through 4 tubes of diameter 1.25 cm at a rate of 0.25 kg/s through
each tube. The water enters the tubes of heat exchanger at 20°C and exits at 60°C. Due to the heat
exchange with the cold fluid, steam is condensed on the tubes external surface. The convection heat
transfer coefficient on the steam side is 1500 W/m2K, while the fouling resistance for the steam and water
may be taken as 0.00015 and 0.0001 m2 K/W, respectively. Using the NTU method, determine (a)
effectiveness of the heat exchanger, (b) length of the tube, and (c) rate of steam condensation.
1 1 1 W
- =f 1 +f 2 + =0.00015+0.0001+ =1090.91 2
U h 1500 m K
- Saturation temp at 270.1 kPa, Ts = 129.98°C
 (129.98−20)(129.98−60)
LMTD= =88.78 ℃
- ln(
129.98−20
)
129.98−60
c ,∈¿
T c, out −T ¿
- ¿
ḿ w C w ¿
W
- 0.25 x 4184 x ( 60−20 )=( UA ) x 88.78 ; UA =471.277 K
UA 471.277
- NTU = ḿ C = 0.25 x 4184 =0.45
w w

- ε =1−e−NTU =1−e−0.45
- ε =0.3623
- 1090.91 x ( n x π x d x L )=471.277
- 1090.91 x 4 x 3.14 x 0.0125 xL=471.277
- L=2.75 m
c ,∈¿
T c, out −T ¿
- ¿
ḿ w C w ¿

- 0.25 x 4184 x ( 60−20 )=ḿs x 2173.757 x 103

kg
- ḿs=0.0192 s