UNIT 3

MOISTURE PENETRATION

1) In order to prevent the entry of damp into a building, the

course are provided are known as the ______course.
a) Termites proofing
b) Water proofing
c) Corrosion proofing
d) Damp proofing
2) Due to ______the dampness find its way to the floors through
the substructure.
a) Action of rain
b) Exposed tops of walls
c) Raising of moisture from ground
d) Condensation
3) Due to ______ the external faces of wall become the sources
of entry of dampness in a structure.
a) Exposed tops of walls
b) Miscellaneous causes
c) Action of rain
 d) Condensation
4) ________ is the main source causing dampness in badly
designed kitchens.
a) Action of rain
b) Condensation
c) Exposed tops of walls
d) Miscellaneous causes
5) DPM stands for ______
a) Damp Proof Material
b) Damp Proof Mix
c) Damp Proof Member
d) Damp Proof Membrane
6) _______ is a semi-rigid material and it forms an excellent
impervious layer of damp proofing.
a) Hot bitumen
b) Mastic asphalt
c) Bituminous felts
d) Metal sheets
7) If the soil is dry, DPC for ground floor consists of the layer of
_____
 a) Metal
b) coarse sand
c) Fine sand
d) Concrete
8) The ________ of lead, copper and aluminium can be used as
the membrane of damp proofing.
a) Metal sheets
b) Bituminous felts
c) Mastic asphalt
d) Hot bitumen
9) Dampness spreads upwards from the ground only.
a) True
b) False
10) A _______ layer is in proportion 1;2;4 is generally provided
at the plinth level to work as a damp proofing course.
a) Mortar
b) Cement concrete
c) Stone
d) Brick
11) _______ absorbing water less than 4.50% of their weight
can be used for damp proofing.
a) Bricks
b) Mortar
c) Stones
d) Cement Concrete
12) For DPC at plinth level, which grade of concrete is used?
a) M10
b) M20
c) M25
d) M15
13) Which of the below is an example of semi rigid DPC
material?
a) Plastic sheeting
b) Cement concrete
c) Asphalt
d) Stone
14) DPC materials can be classified into :
a) 3
b) 4
 c) 2
d) 5
15) At roof slab level over the DPC, ______ are provided
a) Tiles
b) Concrete
c) P.C.C
d) Rubber sheet
16) DPC materials should ideally be flexible, where differential
thermal movements occur.
a) True
b) False
17) Dampness causes
a) Efflorescence
b) Bleaching of paints
c) Crumbling of plaster
d) Growth of termites
18) Mastic is a
a) A rich lime concrete mixture
b) Cement concrete in the ratio of 1:2:3
 c) Cement concrete mixture prepared with proofing
compound
d) A preparation of bitumen used for water proofing and
damp proofing etc
19) The dampness on roof may be due to
a) Use of porous materials
b) Insufficient lap of covering materials
c) Bad workmanship in plumbing
d) All of these
20) The most commonly used material for damp proofing is
a) Bitumen
b) Paraffin wax
c) Cement solution
d) Cement concrete
21) In case of buildings without basement, the best position for
damp-proof course lies at
a) Plinth level
b) Ground level
c) 150mm above plinth level
d) 150mm above ground level
22) For D.P.C at plinth level, the commonly adopted material is
a) Bitumen sheeting
b) Plastic sheeting
c) Mastic asphalt
d) Cement concrete
23) Cavity wall is generally provided for
a) Heat insulation
b) Sound insulation
c) Prevention of dampness
d) all the above
24) To prevent from rain, external walls can be plasterd with
a) Cement mortar
b) plaster of paris
c) Concrete
d) All of these
25) The subsoil moisture, present below the ground level rises
through the foundation beds due to
a) Osmosis
b) Reverse osmosis
 c) capillary action
d) All the above
26) Due to condensation, moisture is deposited on
a) walla
b) Floors
c) ceiling
d) all the above
27) The exposed walls should have the minimum thickness of
a) 30mm
b) 20mm
c) 10mm
d) 40mm
28) The ratio of cement mortar used to produce perfect bonding
in the building is
a) 1:1
b) 1:2
c) 1:3
d) 1:4
29) ______ should be provided to repel rain water away from
the walls
 a) cornices and string courses
b) DPC
c) coping
d) all the above
30) ________ are more reliable than solid walls in preventing
dampness
a) Cavity walls
b) Gravity walls
c) compound walls
d) all the above
31) Dampness in wall causes
a) Efflorescence
b) disintegration of bricks
c) Damage of tiles
d) All the above
32) Damp floors may be deteriorated due to
a) Warping
b) buckling
c) Dry rotting
 d) All the above
33) Floor coverings cannot be used in
a) Damp floors
b) Rough floors
c) Dry floors
d) polished floors
34) The floors gets loosened because of reduction in
a) corrosion
b) Adhesion
c) rotting
d) all the above
35) If the groundwater level is high, it will affect the
a) Foundation
b) walls
c) floors
d) columns
36) The newly constructed walls remain damp for
a) short period
b) long period
 c) 1 week
d) 1 year
37) The rainwater can be temporarily stored in the
a) roof
b) walls
c) floors
d) ground
38) Plastic sheets have thickness of about
a) 1mm
b) 2mm
c) 3mm
d) 4mm
39) Plastic sheets are made up of
a) plastic
b) Black polythene
c) plain polythene
d) all the above
40) DPC is the layer of materials like
a) Bituminous
 b) Cement
c) Stones
d) all the above
41) Cavity wall consists of ____ to prevent rising of moisture
a) air drains
b) mortar
c) void
d) all the above
42) In _____ method, water repelled compounds are mixed to
the concrete.
a) cavity wall
b) Integral damp proofing
c) Surface treatment
d) all the above
43) In ______ method, a thin layer of repellent material is
provided in the surface
a) cavity wall
b) Integral damp proofing
c) Surface treatment
d) all the above
44) Cement concrete is generally provided at
a) Plinth level
b)floor level
c) All the above
45) The sheets of ____ are used as DPC
a)copper, lead and aluminium
b) copper ,brass and aluminium
c) copper , bronze and aluminium
d) all the above
46. Roofs are constructed keeping in view
(a) climatic conditions
(b) materials availability
(c) architectural considerations
(d) all the above

47. Which one of the following in not a type of flat roof?

(a) Punjab terrace roof
(b) Maharashtra and M.P. terrace roofs
(c) Madras terrace roof
(d) Rajasthan terrace roof
48.In Madras terrace roof, furring pieces are provided
(a) to span between two I-sections
(b) to support brick to be laid
(c) to give required slope to the top surface
(d) to facilitate decentering.

49.Hip is the line formed by the intersection of two sloping

roofs, where the exterior angle is
(a) > 180°
(b) < 180°
(c) 90°
(d) < 90°

50. Wooden planks used to fix the ends of common rafters

projecting beyond sloping top of a gable
wall are known as
(a) eve boards
(b) ridge piece
(c) barge board
(d) battens

51.The limiting span of a couple roof is

(a) 2.5 m
(b) 3.5 m
(c) 4.5 m
(d) 5.5 m

52.Which is the top most portion of the building?

(a) Walls
(b) Lintels
(c) Roof
(d) Stairs

53.Flat roofs have slight slope of _______ in order to drain

rainwater.
(a) 60°
(b) 40°
(c) 30°
(d) 10°

54. A double-pitched roof, usually of narrow span, in which

opposite rafters are not tied together; the walls resist the
outward thrust.
(a) Couple roof
(b) Single roof
(c) Collar roof
(d) Membrane roof

55. A roof has fallen in rainy season . It’s maintenance will

be classified under which of the following maintenance?
(a) Routine
(b) Pre monsoon
(c) Special repair
(d) None of the above
56. What are the thin strips of metal that seal roof
transitions under shingles to create a water resistant barrier?
(a) Gutters
(b) Vents
(c) Flashing
(d) Soffit

57.Roof covering which consists of individual overlapping

elements.
(a) Shingles
(b) Gutters
(c) Skylights
(d) Fascia

58.Very first step of rectification of roof leaks ?

(a) Redoing water proofing on the slab area
(b) Identifying the type of defect
(c) Testing the adequacy of waterproofing done
(d) Do water ponding and check for damp signs

59.Which type of roofing is widely adopted in southern

parts of our country?
(a) Brick bat coba
(b) Membrane treated roof
(c) Lime concrete terracing
(d) Pitched roof
60. Another name for Lime concrete terracing
(a) Mud Phuska
(b) Madras Terrace
(c) China mosaic
(d) Indian Patent Stones

61. Water softens ________ and cause holes in which small

animals like squirrels goes and makes the problem worse.
(a) Soffit
(b) Fascia
(c) Vents
(d)Chimney

62.Pipe along the edge of roof which carries rainwater

away from the building.
(a) Vent flashing
(b) Cast iron pipes
(c) Gutters
(d) Soffit

63.Which among these are not the cause of roof leaks?

(a) Flashing damage
(b) Leaks in skylights
(c) Clogged gutters
(d) Improper consolidation

64.Gradient of pitched roof

(a) 1:5 to 1:15
(b) 1:2 to 1:6
(c) 1:20 to 1:30
(d) 1:40 to 1:80

65.Pitched roof has slope less than

(a) 60°
(b) 40°
(c) 30°
(d) 10°

66.Which roof type creates a watertight covering that

protects the interior of the building?
(a) Mud Phuska roof
(b) China mosaic roof
(c) Pitched roof
(d) Membrane roof

67.Which one of the following methods will be the best

method to make RC slab leak proof?
(a) Plaster the roof with cement mortar
(b)Bitumen pain on whole roof surface
(c)Lime koba layer over R.C. roof with proper slopes
(d) Soap solution to be sprinkled over R.C. roof

68.Water that is excessively acidic is known as

(a) Hard water
(b) Soft water
(c) Pure water
(d)Spring water

69. Water that is excessively alkaline is known as

(a) Hard water
(b) Soft water
(c) Pure water
(d)Spring water

70.Which pipes are naturally softer and more vulnerable to

elements which cause corrosion?
(a) Concrete pipes
(b) PVC pipes
(c) Copper pipes
(d)Asbestos pipes

71.The normal pH of water should be between

(a) 6.5 to 8.5
(b) 7.5 to 8.5
(c) 6 to 7
(d) 7 to 8

72. Which type of water is identified by blue or green stains

on bathtub shower or sink?
(a) Alkaline water
(b) Acidic water
 (c) Infused water
(d) Flavoured water

73.Which water has a chlorine like smell?

(a) Alkaline water
(b) Acidic water
(c) Infused water
(d) Flavoured water

74.When the pipes in your foundation becomes corroded

which leakage occurs?
(a)Slab leaks
(b)Floor leaks
(c)Roof leaks
(d)Column leaks

75.Which pipes are at high risk of abrasion?

(a)Cold water pipes
(b)Hot water pipes
(c)GI pipes
(d)Asbestos pipes

76.If the solid is dry, DPC of the ground floor consist of a

layer of
a) Metal
b) Coarse sand
 c) Fine sand
d) Concrete
77. Dampness spread upward from the ground only
a) True
b) False
78. At roof slab level over DPC what are provided
a) Tiles
b) Concrete
c) P.C.C
d) Rubber sheet
79.DPC members should be ideally flexible, where
differential thermal movement occur
a) True
b) False
80.Which of the following is an example of semi rigid
DPC material
a) Plastic sheeting
b) Cement concrete
c) Asphalt
d) Stone
81.For DPC at plinth level which grade of concrete is
used
a) M10
 b) M20
c) M25
d) M15
82.Dampness causes
a) Efflorescence
b) Bleaching of paints
c) Crumbling of plaster
d) Growth of termites
83.In order to prevent the entry of damp into the building
the coarse are provided are known as
a) Termites proofing
b) Water proofing
c) Corrosion proofing
d) Damp proofing
84.Due to what, the dampness find its way to the floors
through the substructure
a) Action of rain
b) Exposed tops of walls
c) raising of moisture from ground
d) condensation
85. Due to what the external face of wall become the
source of entry of damp in the structure
a) Exposed tops of walls
 b) Miscellaneous causes
c) Action of rain
d) Condensation
86. What is the main source causing, dampness in
kitchen walls
a) Action of rain
b) Condensation
c) Exposed tops of walls
d) Miscellaneous causes
87.What is a flexible material and it is easy to lay and is
available in rolls of normal wall width
a) Hot bitumen
b) Metal sheets
c) Mastic asphalt
d) Bituminous felts
88.To control corrosion concrete with what property is
provided
a) Low permeability
b) High permeability
c) Low viscosity
d) High viscosity
89. The main reason for crack in masonry joints is
a) Sulphate
 b) Aluminium
c) Zinc
d) Copper
90. How many types of cracks can occur in a building
a) 3
b) 1
c) 4
d) 2
91. Creep in concrete structure increases with
a) Increase in humidity
b) Increase in water
c) Decrease in temperature
d) Decrease in humidity
92.Shear cracks between main wall and cross wall can
corrected using
a) Grouting
b) Rebuilding
c) Guining
d) Toothing
93. Which IS codes gives details about termite proofing
a) IS 6835
b) IS 6313
c) IS 5886
 d) IS 5668
94.Leaks in the pitched roof may be due to
a) Improper slopes
b) Unfinished roof
c) Depression on top of roof
d) Heavy wind
95.Desiccants are chemicals that
a) Remove humidity
b) Add humidity
c) Add moisture
d) Remove moisture
95.The chemical heptachlor in anti termite proofing has a
concentration of
a) 0.5%
b) 0.1%
c) 0.2%
d) 0.3%
96.In prestressed concrete structures the primary
problem is caused due to
a) Bridge decks
b) Spane
c) Anchorage
d) Ridges
97. What is the problem of rehabilitation
a) Unique
b) Submerged
c) Lined
d) Layered
98. The corrosion of reinforcement due to extreme
exposure is common for structure located in
a) Dry conditions
b)
b)Coastal zones
c) Regional zones
d) Hot condition
99. DPM stands for
a) Damp proof material
b) Damp proof mix
c) Damp proof membrane
d) Damp proof member
100.How many methods of ferro cementing are there
a) 3
b) 1
c) 2
d) 4
101. What is used to construct thin hard and strong
surface
a) R.C.C
b) PSC
c) PCC
d) Ferro cement
102.In an R.C.C structure the tension zone lies in
a) Top
b) Middle
c) Bottom
d) Side
103.The structural concrete slab panels can be removed
by
a) Internal bonding
b) External bonding
c) Stress bonding
d) Layered bonding
105. The impression of a structure is
a) 3
b) 4
c) 2
d) 1
106. __________ is used to construct very thin, hard and
strong surface:
a) R.C.C.
b) PSC
c) PCC
d) Ferro-Cement

Answer: d
107. How many methods of ferro cementing are there?
a) 3
b) 2
c) 4
d) 6

Answer: a

108.Which of the below is not a property of ferro cement?

a) Impervious nature
b) Capacity to resist shock
c) No need of formwork
d) Strength per unit mass is low
Answer: d

109. A Creep in concrete structure increases with:

a) Increase in humidity
b) Increase in water
c) Decrease in temperature
d) Decrease in humidity
 Answer: d

110. Leaks in the pitched roof may be caused due to:

a) Improper slopes
b) Unfinished roof and wall junction
c) Depression on top of roof
d) Heavy wind

Answer: d

111. For sloping roofs, ferro cement roofing units can be

used.
a) True
b) False

Answer: a
112. Overlays are useful to seal areas with large number of
cracks, where individual treatment of each crack is too
expensive.
a) True
b) False

Answer: a

113. The protective coatings are used to ___________

a) Corrode the metal
b) Prevent from corrosion
c) Increase the corrosion
d) Slightly increase the corrosion

Answer: b
114. The oxidation resistance is given by the protective
coatings.
a) True
b) False

Answer: a

115. The cleaning methods before applying the protective

coating are of _________ types.
a) 3
b) 4
c) 5
d) 6

Answer: d

116. Epoxy coating is basically used for adhesive purposes,

maintenance of damaged structures, forming better concrete
to concrete joints, etc.
a) True
b) False

Answer: a
117. Coatings based on epoxy resin and hardener tends to
change colour _________
a) when exposed to direct sunlight
b) when temperature increases
c) when humidity decreases
d) when exposed to oxide

Answer: a

118. _________ is the highly versatile form of reinforced

concrete
a) Precast concrete
b) Prestressed concrete
c) PCC
d) Ferrocement concrete

Answer: d

119. It is difficult to fasten Ferrocement with bolts, screws,

welding and nail etc.
a) True
b) False

Answer: a

120. Corrosion of the reinforcing materials due to the

incomplete coverage of metal by mortar is the demerit of
_________
 a) Precast concrete
b) Prestressed concrete
c) PCC
d) Ferrocement concrete

Answer: d

121. Which of the following is a property of ferro cement?

a) less man skill
b) Capacity to resist shock
c) need of formwork
d) Strength per unit mass is low

Answer: b

122.What is the minimum thickness of the polymer

concrete?
a) 1 inch
b) ½ inch
c) ¼ inch
d) ¾ inch

Answer: d

123. A  __________ is a thin color concrete cement based

products that go over existing concrete for repair or
decorative reasons.
a) Cement coatings
b) Cement overlays
 c) Chemical coatings
d) Epoxy coatings

Answer: b

124. _________ is a paper-thin polymer-based product.

a) Microtopping
b) Stamped overlays
c) Spray down overlays
d) Epoxy coatings

Answer: a

125. Thickness of microtoppings ranges from 3 millimetres.

a) True
b) False

Answer: a

126. Application thickness of stamped overlays is ¼ inch to

¾ inch
a) ¼ inch to ¾ inch
b) 0.5 inch to 1 inch
c) 1 inch
d) ¾ inch

Answer: a
127. _________ is mostly used in repairing concrete
pavements.
a) Microtoppings
b) Stamped concrete
c) PCC
d) Ferrocement concrete

Answer: d

128. The minimum recommended thickness is 1 to 2 in.

a) 0.5 to 2 inch
b) 1 to 2 inch
c) 0.5 to 1 inch
d) 1 to 2.5 inch

Answer: b

129. Which of the following has relatively fast curing time?

a) Epoxy coating
b) Alkyd Coatings
c) Zinc-Rich Coatings
d) Polyurethane coating

Answer: d

130. The curing reaction of epoxy coating slows rapidly at

temperatures below _________
a) 15 °C
b) 26 °C
 c) 10 °C
d) 20 °C

Answer: c

131. Which of the following is not a type of protective

coating?
a) Metallic
b) Non-metallic
c) Organic
d) Inorganic

Answer: b

132. At 26 °C epoxy coating is completely cured within

_________
a) 3 days
b) 5 days
c) 7 days
d) 1 day

Answer: c

133. _________ is an synthetic thermosetting polymers that

can be used to provide the structural enhancement,
damproof,etc,.
a) Polyurethane
b) Epoxy
c) Alkyd Coatings
 d) Zinc-Rich Coatings

Answer: a

134. Polyurethane modified coatings had better workability,

bonding performance and durability in patholes maintenance
than emulsified asphalt.
a) True
b) False

Answer: a

135. Crack resistance of ferrocement overlay slab is

significantly reduced due to welded wire mesh.
a) True
b) False

Answer: a

136. To control corrosion, concrete with _________ is used.

A. Low permeability
B. Low thermal coefficient
C. More cement content
D. More coarse aggregates

137. Creep in concrete structure increases with:

A. Increase in humidity
 B. Increase in water
C. Decrease in temperature
D. Decrease in humidity

138. The main reason for cracks in masonry joints is:

A. Moisture
B. Sulphate
C. Magnesium
D. Sodium

139. How many types of cracks can occur in a building?

A. 3
B. 4
C. 2
D. 6
140. Shear cracks between the main wall and cross wall
can be corrected using:
A. Grouting
B. Rebuilding
C. Guining
D. Toothing
141. Leaks in the pitched roof may be caused due to:
A. Improper slopes
B. Unfinished roof and wall junction
C. Depression on top of roof
D. Heavy wind

142. Rehabilitation of structures may be required due to

several reasons. Choose the correct reason.
A. Environmental effects
B. Tensile effects
C. Compressive effects
D. Range effects

143. What is the problem of rehabilitation?

A. Unique
B. Submerged
C. Lined
D. Layered

144. Maintaining prestressed concrete structures of

various types in a fit and serviceable condition is
primary function of ____________
A. Maintenance engineer
 B. Design engineer
C. Surface engineer
D. Structural engineer

145. The structural concrete slab panels can be repaired

by ____________
A. Internal bonding
B. External bonding
C. Stress bonding
D. Layered bonding

146. Prestressed concrete structures showing visible signs

of distress in the form of ____________
A. Surface cracks
B. Patterns
C. Patches
D. None of the mentioned

147. In the case of dormant cracks wider than about 1m, it

is more economical to use ____________
A. Epoxy resin
B. Grouting
C. Tensioning
 D. Ranging

148. The repair and rehabilitation of damaged or spalled

concrete is done by removing the ____________
A. Loose concrete
B. Collapsing
C. Breakage
D. Bonding

149. The crack propagation in the concrete girders can be

arrested by using the principles of ____________
A. Pre tensioning
B. Post tensioning
C. Prestressing
D. Loading

150. The corrosion of reinforcement due to extreme

exposure is common for structure located in
____________
A. Dry conditions
B. Costal zones
C. Regional zones
D. Hot condition
 151. In restoration of strength by adding external
reinforced concrete the damages concrete is first repaired
by applying ____________
A. Preload
B. Tensile load
C. Compressive load
D. Overload
152. _______ is the commonly accepted theory of corrosion.
a) Direct corrosion
b) Chemical action theory
c) Electro osmosis theory
d) Electrolytic theory
153. Anodic inhibitor is also known as
a) Passivation inhibitors
b) Safe inhibitor
c) Resistive inhibitor
d) Desalination inhibitor
154. Which of the following is/are the types of Cathodic
protection?
a) External impressed current supply
 b) Sacrificial anode
c) External impressed current supply and
sacrificial anode
d) Neither external impressed current supply nor sacrificial
anode
155._________is an admixture that is used in concrete to
prevent metal embedded in concrete from corroding
a) Efflorescence
b) Swelling
c) Epoxy coatings
d) Corrosion inhibitors
156. The increased volume of rust thrust on cover concrete
resulting in
a) Cracks
b) Spalling of concrete
c) Both crack and spalling of concrete
d) None of the above
157. Corrosion of steel is an___________ process
a) Chemical
b) Electro chemical
 c) Physical
d) Bio chemical
158. No corrosion take place if the concrete is dry or
probabily below the relative humidity of 60%
a) True
b) False
159. Cracks which run at 45 degree to the axis of the beam
and are wider at the lower fibre and disappear in the
compressive zone are
a) Cracks due to externally applied loads
b) Cracks due to poor construction practices
c) Cracks due to excessive shear
d) None of the above
160. No cracks are visible on the exposed surface of a
veranda slab. But itleaks sufficiently during rains. The
possible reason is
a) Less thickness of slab
b) Porosity of slab materials
c) Under reinforcement of slab
d) Excessive thickness of slab
161. If the cracks width is less than 0.1mm then they are
called
a) Fine
b) Thin
c) Medium
d) wide
162. Which one is true statement for type of crack as per
width of crack from following
a) Thin – less than 1mm
b) Medium – 1mm to 2 mm
c) Wide – more than 2mm
d) All of above
163. Increased in porosity will _______ rate of freeze-thaw
deterioration
a) increase
b) decrease
c) independent on porosity
d) both increase or decrease
164. Intrinsic crack is also known as
a) Plastic cracks
 b) Plastic settlement cracks
c) Dry shrinkage cracks
d) All the above
165. The cracks which are due to incorrect design, faculty
construction or overloading are
a) Structural cracks
b) Non-structural cracks
c) Thermal expansion
d) None of these
166. Shear crack in RCC member occurs due to
a) Thermal expansion
b) Large differential settlement in the foundation
c) Deflection of RCC beam
d) All of these
167. In case of framed structural roof slab, beams and move
jointly, causing ______ cracks in walls
a) Square
b) Rectangle
c) Triangle
 d) Diagonal
168. Intrinsic concrete crack is
a) Depending on loading
b) Independent of load
c) Independent on bleeding
d) Independent on rapid early drying
169. Thermal conductivity of concrete depends on
a) Type of aggregate
b) Temperature of concrete
c) Both a & b
d) None of above
170.Temperature differential may be considerable in
a) In thick section
b) In thin section
c) In section with rich mix
d) In thick section with rich mixes
171. What are the causes of deterioration
a) Environmental effect
 b) Mechanical factor
c) Both a & b
d) None of the above
172. How the deterioration occurs due to corrosion
a) Spalling of concrete cover
b) Dislocation
c) Swelling of concrete
d) All the above
173. How can we determine the cause for deterioration of
concrete structure
a) Inspect & observe the structure
b) Observe in bad & good weather
c) Study the problem &allow enough time to do the job
d) All the above
174. How to identify the corrosion effects in structures
a) Brown marks associated with the cracks
b) Nil cracks on the beam & column
c) None of the above
d) Both a & b
175. The principle types of damages are
a) Increases in strength of concrete
b) Cracking & spalling of concrete
c) Nil discoloration
d) None of the above
176. Corrosion due to the formation of cavities around the
metal is called as
a) Pitting corrosion
b) Soil corrosion
c) Water line corrosion
d) Galvanic
177. The repair & rehabilation of damaged of damaged or
spalled concrete is done by removing the
a) Loose concrete
b) Collapsing
c) Breakage
d) Binding
178. Corrosion of reinforcement due to
a) Chlorides
 b) Free & thaw action
c) Biological process
d) None of the above
179. Advantage of frame type foundation is
a) If occupies less space
b) Foundation materials are saved
c) It is easy to erect machine
d) All of them
180. What are the coating for reinforcement to prevent
deterioration
a) primer coating
b) Epoxy coating
c) Both a & b
d) None of the above