ECBA - Techniques Summary

Bakkah Inc.
Acceptance & Evaluation Criteria

• Define the requirements, conditions or outcomes that must be met so the solution is considered as acceptable by key
stakeholders, the criteria are the measures used to assess a set of requirements to choose between multiple options.
Purpose
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Bakkah Inc.
Backlog Management
• Used to record, track and prioritize remaining work items.
Purpose
Bakkah Inc.
Benchmarking & Market Analysis
• Conducted to improve enterprise operations, increase customer satisfaction and increase value to stakeholders.
Purpose
Bakkah Inc.
Data Dictionary
• Used to standardize the definition of a data element and enable a common interpretation for data elements.
Purpose
Bakkah Inc.
Data Flow Diagrams
• Used to show where the data comes from, what activities process the data and if output results are stored or utilized by
other activity or external entity.
Purpose
Bakkah Inc.
Data Modelling
• Used to describe entities, classes or objects related to the domain, the attributes and relationships between them to
provide a common set of semantics for analysis and implementation.
Purpose
Bakkah Inc.
Decision Analysis
• Used to assess a problem and possible decisions in order to determine value of alternate outcomes under conditions of
uncertainty.
Purpose
Bakkah Inc.
Decision Modelling
• Used to show how repeatable business decision made.
Purpose
Bakkah Inc.
Brainstorming
• To foster creative thinking about a problem by producing many ideas and deriving from them themes for future analysis.
Purpose
Bakkah Inc.
Interviews
• An interview is a systematic approach to elicit business analysis information from a person or group of people by talking to
the interviewee(s), asking questions, and documenting the responses.
Purpose • It can also be used for establishing relationships and building trust between business analysts and stakeholders.
Bakkah Inc.
Focus Groups
• A focus group is a means to elicit ideas and opinions about a specific product, service, or opportunity in an interactive
group environment.
Purpose
Bakkah Inc.
Workshops
• Workshops bring stakeholders together in order to collaborate on achieving a predefined goal
Purpose
Bakkah Inc.
Collaborative Games
• Encourage participants in an elicitation activity to collaborate in building a joint understanding of a problem or a solution.
Purpose
Bakkah Inc.
Functional Decomposition
• Used to manage complexity and reduce uncertainty by breaking down processes, systems, functional areas, or deliverables
into their simpler constituent parts and allowing each part to be analyzed independently.
Purpose
Bakkah Inc.
Metrics & Key Performance Indicators (KPIs)
• Used to measure the performance of solutions , solution components, and other matters of interest to stakeholders.
Purpose
Bakkah Inc.
Document Analysis
• Used to elicit business analysis information including contextual understanding and requirements, by examining available
material that describe business environment or organizational assets.
Purpose
Description
• May be used to gather background information to understand the business need or research existing solutions to
understand how they work .
• May be used to validate findings from other elicitation approaches like observation or interviews.
• May address the gap when subject matter exists are no longer available.
Bakkah Inc.
Business Capability Analysis
• Provides a framework for scoping and planning by generating a shared understanding of outcomes, identifying alignment
in strategy, and providing a scope and prioritization filter.
Purpose
Bakkah Inc.
Business Model Canvas
• Describes how an enterprise creates, delivers and captures value for and from its customers.
Purpose
Bakkah Inc.
Lessons Learned
• Used to compile and document successes, opportunities for improvement, failures, and recommendations for improving the
performance of future projects or project phases.
Purpose
Description
• A lessons learned session (retrospective) helps identify either changes to business analysis processes and deliverables or
successes that can be incorporated into future work.
• Lessons learned sessions can include any format or venue that is acceptable to the key stakeholders.
Bakkah Inc.
Estimation
• Used to forecast the cost and efforts for pursuing a course of action.
Purpose
• Top Down: examining the components at high level in a hierarchical

breakdown.
• Bottom-up: using the lowest-level elements of a hierarchical
breakdown to examine the work in detail and estimate the individual
cost or effort,
then summing across all elements to provide an overall estimate.
• Parametric Estimation: use of a calibrated parametric model of the
element attributes being estimated.
• Rough Order of Magnitude (ROM): a high-level estimate, generally
based on limited information, which may have a very wide confidence
interval.
• Rolling Wave: repeated estimates throughout an initiative or project,
providing detailed estimates for near-term activities extrapolated for
the remainder of the initiative or project.
• Delphi: uses a combination of expert judgment and history.
• PERT: each component of the estimate is given three values:
Optimistic , Most Likely Pessimistic
E = (O + M + L) / 3.
Bakkah Inc.
Root Cause Analysis
• Used to identify and evaluate the underlying causes of a problem.
Purpose
Bakkah Inc.
Roles & Permission Matrix
• Used to ensure coverage of activities by denoting responsibility, to identify roles, to discover missing role .
Purpose
RACI Matrix
Bakkah Inc.
Stakeholder list, Map or Personas
• Stakeholder lists, maps, and personas assist the business analyst in analyzing stakeholders and their characteristics.
Purpose
Persona
Bakkah Inc.
Survey or Questionnaire
• Used to elicit business analysis information—including information about customers, products, work practices, and
attitudes—from a group of people in a structured way and in short period of time.
Purpose
Bakkah Inc.
SWOT Analysis
• SWOT analysis is a simple, yet effective tool used to evaluate an organization's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and
threats to both internal and external conditions.
Purpose
Helpful Harmful
Internal S W
Strengths Weaknesses
External O T
Opportunities Threats
Bakkah Inc.
Non-Functional Requirements Analysis
• Used to examine the requirements for a solution that define how well the functional requirements must perform by
specifying criteria that can be used to judge the operation of a system rather than specific behaviors.
Purpose
Bakkah Inc.
Financial Analysis
• Used to understand the financial aspects of an investment, a solution, or a solution approach.
Purpose
Return On Investment (ROI) Discount Rate
Present Value Net Present Value (NPV)
Internal Rate of Return (IRR) Payback Period
Bakkah Inc.
Business Cases
• Provides a justification for a course of action based on the benefits o be realized by using the proposed solution, as
compared to cost , efforts and other considerations.
Purpose
Bakkah Inc.
Business Rules Analysis
• Identify, express , evaluate , refine and organize the rules that shape the day-to-day business behavior and guide
operational business decision making.
Purpose
Description:
• Business policies are directives that control, influence and regulate the actions and people of an enterprise.
• A business rule is a specific, testable directive that serves as a criterion for guiding behaviors, shaping judgements, or making decision, it
should be practical and under the control of the business.
• Sources of business rules may be explicit ( documented policies , regulations …etc.) or tacit ( norms of corporate culture, undocumented
know-how …etc.).
• A set of rules making an operational decision can be expressed as decision tree or table.
• Basic principles for business rules are:
o Based on a standard business vocabulary to to enabling validating them.
o Expressed separately from how they will be enforced.
o Defined at atomic level in a declarative format.
o Separated from processes they support or constrain.
o Mapped to decisions they support or constrain.
o Maintained, can be monitored and adapted over evolving changes.
Bakkah Inc.
Glossary
• A glossary defines key terms relevant to a business domain.
Purpose
Description:
• Glossaries are used to provide a common understanding of terms that are used by stakeholders.
• A term may have different meanings for any two people so a list of terms and established definitions provides a common
language that can be used
to communicate and exchange ideas.
• A glossary is organized and continuously accessible to all stakeholders.
Bakkah Inc.
Use Case and Scenarios
• Used to describe how a person or system interacts with the solution being modelled to achieve a goal.
Purpose
Bakkah Inc.
Observation
• Used to elicit information by viewing and understanding activities and their context.
Purpose
Bakkah Inc.
Vendor Assessment
• Used to assess the ability of a vendor to meet commitments regarding the delivery and the consistent provision of a
product or service.
Purpose
Bakkah Inc.
Balanced Scorecard
• Used to manage the performance in any business model, organization structure or business process.
Purpose
Bakkah Inc.
Item Tracking (Registers)
• Used to capture and assign responsibility for issues and stakeholder concerns that pose an impact to the solution.
Purpose
Bakkah Inc.
Concept Modelling
• Used to organize the business vocabulary needed to consistently and thoroughly communicate the knowledge of a
domain.
Purpose
Description:
• A concept model often starts with a glossary that focuses on the core noun concepts of a domain.
• Concept models put a premium on high quality design independent definitions free of data or implementation biases.
• The goal of a concept model is to support the expression of natural language statements and supply their semantics.
• Concept models are often rendered graphically and can be effective when:
• The enterprise seeks to organize, retain, build-on , manage and communicate core knowledge.
• The initiatives require to capture large number of business rules.
• There is resistance from stakeholders regarding the perceived technical nature of data models, class diagrams…etc.
• Innovative solutions are sought when re-engineering business processes or other aspects of capabilities.
• The enterprise faces regulatory or compliance challenges.
Bakkah Inc.
Data Mining
• Used to support decision making by finding useful patterns or insights from data.
Purpose
Description:
• Data mining is an analytical process that examines large amount of data from different perspectives and summarizes them in a
what where patterns and insights can be discovered.
• Data mining results are mathematical models or equations describing the patters or relationships and can be deployed for
human decision making through visual dashboards or results and for automated decision making as business rule management
or in-database deployments.
Bakkah Inc.
Document Analysis
• Used to elicit business analysis information including contextual understanding and requirements, by examining available
material that describe business environment or organizational assets.
Purpose
Description:
• May be used to gather background information to understand the business need or research existing solutions to understand how they
work .
• May be used to validate findings from other elicitation approaches like observation or interviews.
• May address the gap when subject matter exists are no longer available.
Bakkah Inc.
Interface Analysis
• Used to identify where, what, why, when, how, and for whom information is exchanged between solution components or
across solution boundaries.
Purpose
Bakkah Inc.
Mind Mapping
• Used to articulate and capture thoughts, ideas, and information.
Purpose
Bakkah Inc.
Organizational Modelling
• Used to describe the roles, responsibilities, and reporting structures that exist within an organization and to align those
structures with the organization's goals.
Purpose
Bakkah Inc.
Prioritization
• Provides a framework for business analysts to facilitate stakeholder decisions and to understand the relative importance of
business analysis information.
Purpose
Bakkah Inc.
Process Analysis
• Used to process for its efficiency and effectiveness, as well as it ability to identify opportunities for change.
Purpose
Bakkah Inc.
Process Modelling
• A standardized graphical model used to show how work is carried out and is a foundation for process analysis.
Purpose
Bakkah Inc.
Prototyping
• Used to elicit and validate stakeholder needs through an iterative process that creates a model or design of requirements.
Purpose
Bakkah Inc.
Reviews
• Used to evaluate the content of a work product.
Purpose
Description:
• Different types of reviews are conducted for business analysis work products.
• A review has three dimensions: objectives, techniques and technology.
• Each review is focused on a work product, not the skills or actions of the participants
• Reviews can include:
• An overview of the work product and review objectives.
• Checklists and reference materials that can be used by reviewers.
• Reviewing the work product and documenting the findings.
• Verifying any rework.
Bakkah Inc.
Risk Analysis & Management
• Identifies areas of uncertainty that could negatively affect value, analyzes and evaluates those uncertainties, and develops
and manages ways of dealing with the risks.
Purpose
Risk Register
Probability/ Impact Matrix
Bakkah Inc.
Scope Modelling
• Used to define the nature of one or more limits or boundaries and place elements inside or outside these boundaries.
Purpose
Description:
• Scope models are commonly used to describe the boundaries of control, change, a solution, or a need.
• Scope models show elements: In-Scope , Out-of-Scope , Both.
• Scope models provide the basis for understanding the boundaries of:
• Scope of Control.
• Scope of Need.
• Scope of Solution.
• Scope of Change.
Bakkah Inc.
Sequence Diagrams
• Used to model the logic of usage scenarios by showing the information passed between objects in the system through the
execution of the scenario.
Purpose
Bakkah Inc.
State Modelling
• Used to describe and analyze the different possible states of an entity within a system, how that entity changes from one
state to another and what can happen to the entity when it is in each state.
Purpose
Bakkah Inc.
User Stories
• A user story represents a small, concise statement of functionality or quality needed to deliver value to specific stakeholder.
Purpose

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Bakkah Inc.

Acceptance & Evaluation Criteria

• Top Down: examining the components at high level in a hierarchical

Return On Investment (ROI) Discount Rate

Present Value Net Present Value (NPV)

Internal Rate of Return (IRR) Payback Period

Probability/ Impact Matrix

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