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Algebra Geometry: Arithmetic Operations Geometric Formulas

This document provides formulas and concepts from algebra, geometry, trigonometry, and other areas of mathematics. It includes: 1) Formulas for calculating area, circumference, volume, distance, midpoint, and equations of lines, circles, and other shapes. 2) Operations and rules for exponents, radicals, factoring polynomials, and solving quadratic equations. 3) Concepts of angle measurement, trigonometric functions, identities, and inequalities.

Uploaded by

Esteban Cadena
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
74 views8 pages

Algebra Geometry: Arithmetic Operations Geometric Formulas

This document provides formulas and concepts from algebra, geometry, trigonometry, and other areas of mathematics. It includes: 1) Formulas for calculating area, circumference, volume, distance, midpoint, and equations of lines, circles, and other shapes. 2) Operations and rules for exponents, radicals, factoring polynomials, and solving quadratic equations. 3) Concepts of angle measurement, trigonometric functions, identities, and inequalities.

Uploaded by

Esteban Cadena
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

REFERENCE PAGES

Algebra Geometry
Arithmetic Operations Geometric Formulas
a c ad  bc Formulas for area A, circumference C, and volume V:
ab  c  ab  ac  
b d bd
Triangle Circle Sector of Circle
a
A  12 bh A  r 2 A  12 r 2
ac a c b a d ad
  
  12 ab sin  C  2 r s  r   in radians
b b b c b c bc
d
a r
h s
Exponents and Radicals
¨ r
xm b ¨
x m x n  x mn  x mn r
xn
1
x mn  x m n xn  n
x

xyn  x n y n x
y
n

xn
yn
Sphere
V  43  r 3
Cylinder
V   r 2h
Cone
V  13  r 2h

x 1n  s
n
x x mn  s
n
x m  (s
n
x )m A  4 r 2 A   rsr 2  h 2

n
s xy  s
n n
xs y n x
y
n
s
 n
sy
x

r
r

h
h
Factoring Special Polynomials r
x  y  x  yx  y
2 2

x 3  y 3  x  yx 2  xy  y 2
x 3  y 3  x  yx 2  xy  y 2
Distance and Midpoint Formulas
Binomial Theorem Distance between P1x1, y1 and P2x 2, y2:
x  y2  x 2  2xy  y 2 x  y2  x 2  2xy  y 2
d  sx 2  x12   y2  y12
x  y3  x 3  3x 2 y  3xy 2  y 3

 
x  y3  x 3  3x 2 y  3xy 2  y 3
x1  x 2 y1  y2
nn  1 n2 2 Midpoint of P1 P2 : ,
x  yn  x n  nx n1y  x y 2 2
2

   n nk k
k
x y   nxy n1  y n
Lines
where
n
k


nn  1 n  k  1
1  2  3   k
Slope of line through P1x1, y1 and P2x 2, y2:

y2  y1
Quadratic Formula m
x 2  x1
b  sb 2  4ac
If ax 2  bx  c  0, then x  . Point-slope equation of line through P1x1, y1 with slope m:
2a

Inequalities and Absolute Value y  y1  mx  x1

If a  b and b  c, then a  c.
Slope-intercept equation of line with slope m and y-intercept b:
If a  b, then a  c  b  c.
If a  b and c  0, then ca  cb. y  mx  b

If a  b and c  0, then ca  cb.


If a  0, then
Circles
x  a means xa or x  a
Equation of the circle with center h, k and radius r:
x  a means a  x  a
x  a means xa or x  a x  h2   y  k2  r 2

❙❙❙❙ 1 ❙❙❙❙
REFERENCE PAGES
Trigonometry

Angle Measurement Fundamental Identities


 radians  180 1 1
s csc   sec  
r sin  cos 
 180
1  rad 1 rad  ¨
180  sin  cos 
r tan   cot  
s  r cos  sin 

 in radians 1
cot   sin 2  cos 2  1
tan 
Right Angle Trigonometry 1  tan 2  sec 2 1  cot 2  csc 2
opp hyp
sin   csc   hyp sin  sin  cos  cos 
hyp opp opp

cos  
adj
hyp
sec  
hyp
adj
¨
adj
tan  tan   
sin

2
   cos 

   
opp adj
tan   cot    
adj opp cos    sin  tan    cot 
2 2

Trigonometric Functions
B
y r y
The Law of Sines
sin   csc   sin A sin B sin C a
r y  
(x, y) a b c
x r r
cos   sec   C
r x c
y x ¨
tan   cot   x
The Law of Cosines
x y b
a 2  b 2  c 2  2bc cos A

Graphs of Trigonometric Functions b 2  a 2  c 2  2ac cos B


A
y y y y=tan x c 2  a 2  b 2  2ab cos C
y=sin x y=cos x
1 1
π 2π 2π
Addition and Subtraction Formulas
x x sinx  y  sin x cos y  cos x sin y
π 2π x π
_1 _1 sinx  y  sin x cos y  cos x sin y
cosx  y  cos x cos y  sin x sin y

y y=csc x y y=sec x y y=cot x cosx  y  cos x cos y  sin x sin y


tan x  tan y
tanx  y 
1 1 1  tan x tan y
tan x  tan y
π 2π x π 2π x π 2π x tanx  y 
1  tan x tan y
_1 _1

Double-Angle Formulas
sin 2x  2 sin x cos x
Trigonometric Functions of Important Angles cos 2x  cos 2x  sin 2x  2 cos 2x  1  1  2 sin 2x
 radians sin  cos  tan  2 tan x
tan 2x 
0 0 0 1 0 1  tan2x
30 6 12 s32 s33
45 4 s22 s22 1 Half-Angle Formulas
60 3 s32 12 s3 1  cos 2x 1  cos 2x
sin 2x  cos 2x 
90 2 1 0 — 2 2

❙❙❙❙ 2 ❙❙❙❙
REFERENCE PAGES

Differentiation Rules

General Formulas
d d
1. c  0 2. cf x  c f x
dx dx
d d
3.  f x  tx  f x  tx 4.  f x  tx  f x  tx
dx dx

5.
d
dx
 f xtx  f xtx  txf x (Product Rule) 6.
d
dx
 
f x
tx

txf x  f xtx
 tx 2
(Quotient Rule)

d d
7. f  tx  f  txtx (Chain Rule) 8. x n   nx n1 (Power Rule)
dx dx

Exponential and Logarithmic Functions


d d
9. e x   e x 10. a x   a x ln a
dx dx
d 1 d 1
11.
dx  
ln x 
x
12.
dx
log a x 
x ln a

Trigonometric Functions
d d d
13. sin x  cos x 14. cos x  sin x 15. tan x  sec 2x
dx dx dx
d d d
16. csc x  csc x cot x 17. sec x  sec x tan x 18. cot x  csc 2x
dx dx dx

Inverse Trigonometric Functions


d 1 d 1 d 1
19. sin1x  20. cos1x   21. tan1x 
dx s1  x 2 dx s1  x 2 dx 1  x2
d 1 d 1 d 1
22. csc1x   23. sec1x  24. cot1x  
dx x sx 2  1 dx x sx 2  1 dx 1  x2

Hyperbolic Functions
d d d
25. sinh x  cosh x 26. cosh x  sinh x 27. tanh x  sech 2x
dx dx dx
d d d
28. csch x  csch x coth x 29. sech x  sech x tanh x 30. coth x  csch 2x
dx dx dx

Inverse Hyperbolic Functions


d 1 d 1 d 1
31. sinh1x  32. cosh1x  33. tanh1x 
dx s1  x 2 dx sx 2  1 dx 1  x2
d 1 d 1 d 1
34. csch1x   35. sech1x   36. coth1x 
dx  
x sx 2  1 dx x s1  x 2 dx 1  x2

❙❙❙❙ 3 ❙❙❙❙
REFERENCE PAGES
Table of Integrals

Basic Forms

1. y u dv  uv  y v du 11. y csc u cot u du  csc u  C


du 
u n1
 C, n  1 12. y tan u du  ln  sec u   C
2. yu n
n1
du 13. y cot u du  ln  sin u   C
3. y u
 ln u  C  
14. y sec u du  ln  sec u  tan u   C
4. ye u
du  e u  C
15. y csc u du  ln  csc u  cot u   C
au
5. ya u
du  C
ln a du u
16. y sa  sin1 C
2 u 2 a
6. y sin u du  cos u  C du 1 u
17. ya  tan1  C
2
 u2 a a
7. y cos u du  sin u  C
du 1 u
18. y u su  sec1  C
8. y sec u du  tan u  C
2 2  a2 a a

9. y csc u du  cot u  C
2 19. ya 2
du
 u2

1
2a
ln
ua
ua

C

10. y sec u tan u du  sec u  C 20. yu 2


du
 a2

1
2a
ln
ua
ua

C

Forms Involving sa 2  u 2 , a  0
u a2
21. y sa 2  u 2 du  sa 2  u 2  ln(u  sa 2  u 2 )  C
2 2

u 2 a4
22. y u 2 sa 2  u 2 du  a  2u 2  sa 2  u 2  ln(u  sa 2  u 2 )  C
8 8

23. y
sa 2  u 2
u
du  sa 2  u 2  a ln
a  sa 2  u 2
u

C

sa 2  u 2 sa 2  u 2
24. y 2 du    ln(u  sa 2  u 2 )  C
u u
du
25. y sa  ln(u  sa 2  u 2 )  C
2  u2
u 2 du u a2
26. y sa  sa 2  u 2  ln(u  sa 2  u 2 )  C
2  u2 2 2

27. y u sa
du
2  u2

1
a
ln
sa 2  u 2  a
u

C

du sa 2  u 2
28. y u sa  C
2 2  u2 a 2u
du u
29. y a  2 C
2
 u 2 3 2 a sa 2  u 2

❙❙❙❙ 4 ❙❙❙❙
REFERENCE PAGES

Table of Integrals

Forms Involving sa 2  u 2, a  0
u a2 u
30. y sa 2  u 2 du  sa 2  u 2  sin1  C
2 2 a
u a4 u
31. y u sa
2 2  u 2 du  2u 2  a 2  sa 2  u 2  sin1  C
8 8 a

32. y
sa 2  u 2
u
du  sa 2  u 2  a ln
a  sa 2  u 2
u

C

sa 2  u 2 1 u
33. y du   sa 2  u 2  sin1  C
u2 u a

u 2 du u a2 u
34. y sa  sa 2  u 2  sin1  C
2  u2 2 2 a

35. y u sa
du
2  u2

1
a
ln
a  sa 2  u 2
u
C

du 1
36. y u sa  sa 2  u 2  C
2 2  u2 a 2u

u 3a 4 u
37. y a 2
 u 2 3 2 du  
8
2u 2  5a 2 sa 2  u 2 
8
sin1  C
a

du u
38. y a  2 C
2
 u 2 3 2 a sa 2  u 2

Forms Involving su 2  a 2, a  0
a2
 
u
39. y su 2  a 2 du  su 2  a 2  ln u  su 2  a 2  C
2 2
a4
 
u
40. y u 2su 2  a 2 du  2u 2  a 2  su 2  a 2  ln u  su 2  a 2  C
8 8

su 2  a 2 a
41. y du  su 2  a 2  a cos1 C
u u  
su  a 2
su  a2 2 2
42. y u2
du  
u
 ln u  su 2  a 2  C  
 
du
43. y su  ln u  su 2  a 2  C
2  a2
u 2 du a2
 
u
44. y su  su 2  a 2  ln u  su 2  a 2  C
2  a2 2 2

du su 2  a 2
45. y u su  a  C
2 2 2 a 2u
du u
46. y  C
u  a  2 2 3 2
a 2
su 2  a2

❙❙❙❙ 5 ❙❙❙❙
REFERENCE PAGES
Table of Integrals

Forms Involving a  bu

u du 1
47. y a  bu  b 2
(a  bu  a ln  a  bu )  C
2
u du 1
48. y a  bu  2b [a  bu 3
2
 4aa  bu  2a 2 ln a  bu  ]  C

49.
du
y ua  bu  a ln
1

u
a  bu
C

50.
du
y u a  bu   au  a
2
1 b
2
ln
a  bu
u
C

u du a 1
51. y a  bu 2 
b 2a  bu
 2 ln a  bu  C
b  

52. y ua  bu


du
2 
1
aa  bu
1
 2 ln
a
a  bu
u

C

53.
u 2 du
y a  bu 2 
1
b3
a  bu 
a2
a  bu
 2a ln a  bu 
 C

2
54. y u sa  bu du  15b 2
3bu  2aa  bu3 2  C

u du 2
55. y sa  bu  3b 2 bu  2a sa  bu  C

u 2 du 2
56. y sa  bu  15b 3 8a 2  3b 2u 2  4abu sa  bu  C

57.
du
y u sa  bu  sa ln
1

sa  bu  sa
sa  bu  sa
 C, if a  0


sa
2
tan1 a  bu
a
 C, if a  0

sa  bu du
58. y du  2 sa  bu  a y u sa  bu
u

sa  bu sa  bu b du
59. y du    y u sa  bu
u2 u 2

60. y u sa  bu du  b2n  3
n 2
 u na  bu3 2  na yu n1
sa  bu du 
u n du 2u nsa  bu 2na u n1 du
61. y sa  bu  b2n  1

b2n  1 y sa  bu
du sa  bu b2n  3 du
62. y u sa  bu   an  1u
n n1 
2an  1 yu n1
sa  bu

❙❙❙❙ 6 ❙❙❙❙
REFERENCE PAGES

Table of Integrals

Trigonometric Forms
1
63. y sin u du 
2 1
2 u  4 sin 2u  C
1
76. y cot u du  n  1 cot
n n1
u y cot n2
u du

64. y cos u du 
2 1
2 u  14 sin 2u  C
77.
1
y sec u du  n  1 tan u sec
n
u
n2 n2
y sec n2
u du
n1
65. y tan u du  tan u  u  C
2

1 n2
78. y csc u du  n  1 cot u csc
n
u
n2
n1 y csc n2
u du
66. y cot u du  cot u  u  C
2

sina  bu sina  bu


67. y sin u du   2  sin u cos u  C
3 1
3
2
79. y sin au sin bu du  2a  b

2a  b
C

sina  bu sina  bu


68. y cos u du 
3 1
3 2  cos 2u sin u  C 80. y cos au cos bu du  2a  b

2a  b
C

69. y tan u du 
3 1
2 
tan 2u  ln cos u  C  cosa  bu cosa  bu
81. y sin au cos bu du   2a  b

2a  b
C

70. y cot u du  
3 1
2 
cot 2u  ln sin u  C 
82. y u sin u du  sin u  u cos u  C
71. y sec u du 
3 1
2 sec u tan u  ln sec u  tan u  C
1
2  
83. y u cos u du  cos u  u sin u  C
72. y csc u du  
3 1
2 csc u cot u  ln csc u  cot u  C
1
2  
84. yu n
sin u du  u n cos u  n yu n1
cos u du
1 n1
73. y sin nu du   sin n1u cos u  y sin n2
u du
n n 85. yu n
cos u du  u n sin u  n yu n1
sin u du
1 n1
74. y cos u du  n cos
n n1
u sin u 
n y cos n2
u du
86. y sin u cos u du  
n m
sin n1u cos m1u

n1
y sin n2
u cosmu du
nm nm
1 sin n1u cos m1u m1
75. y tan u du  n  1 tan
n n1
u y tan n2
u du 
nm

nm y sin u cos n m2
u du

Inverse Trigonometric Forms


1 u2  1 u
87. y sin u du  u sin1u  s1  u 2  C 92. y u tan 1
u du  tan1u   C
2 2

 
1
88. y cos u du  u cos1u  s1  u 2  C
1 u n1 du
93. yu n
sin1u du  u n1 sin1u  y s1  u , n  1
n1 2
1 1
u du  u tan u  ln1  u   C 1
89. y tan 2
2

90. y 1
u sin u du 
2u 2  1
4
sin1u 
u s1  u 2
4
C
94. yu n
cos1u du 
1
n1
 u n1 cos1u 
u n1 du
y s1  u 2
, n  1

91. y u cos 1
u du 
2u 2  1
4
cos1u 
u s1  u 2
4
C 95. yu n
tan1u du 
1
n1
 u n1 tan1u 
u n1 du
y 1u 2  , n  1

❙❙❙❙ 7 ❙❙❙❙
REFERENCE PAGES
Table of Integrals

Exponential and Logarithmic Forms


1
96. y ue au
du 
a2
au  1e au  C 100. y ln u du  u ln u  u  C
1 n au n u n1
97. yu e n au
du  u e  yu n1 au
e du 101. yu n
ln u du  n  1 ln u  1  C
a a n  12

e au 1
98. ye au
sin bu du 
a  b2
2 a sin bu  b cos bu  C 102. y u ln u du  ln  ln u   C
e au
99. ye au
cos bu du  a cos bu  b sin bu  C
a  b2
2

Hyperbolic Forms

103. y sinh u du  cosh u  C 108. y csch u du  ln  tanh u   C


1
2

104. y cosh u du  sinh u  C 109. y sech u du  tanh u  C


2

105. y tanh u du  ln cosh u  C 110. y csch u du  coth u  C


2

106. y coth u du  ln  sinh u   C 111. y sech u tanh u du  sech u  C

107. y sech u du  tan  sinh u   C1


112. y csch u coth u du  csch u  C

Forms Involving s2au  u 2 , a  0

113. y s2au  u 2 du 
ua
2
s2au  u 2 
a2
2
cos1
au
a
C

114. y u s2au  u 2 du 
2u 2  au  3a 2
6
s2au  u 2 
a3
2
cos1
au
a
C

115. y
s2au  u 2
u
du  s2au  u 2  a cos1
au
a
C

116. y
s2au  u 2
u2
du  
2 s2au  u 2
u
 cos1
au
a
C

117. y s2au  u
du
2
 cos1
au
a
C

118. y s2au  u
u du
2
 s2au  u 2  a cos1
au
a
C

119. y s2au  u
u 2 du
2

u  3a
2
s2au  u 2 
3a 2
2

cos1
au
a
C

du s2au  u 2
120. y u s2au  u  C
2 au

❙❙❙❙ 8 ❙❙❙❙

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