MATHEMATICAL FORMULAE

MATHS : Er. Anupam Agarwal

TRIGONOMENTRY
1
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS Sin  
cos es 
1.TRIGONOMETRIC RATIO : 1
cos ec 
Sin 
P  Perpendicular
B  Base 1
cos  
H  Hypotenuse Sec 
1
sec  
cos 
1
cot  
tan 
1
tan  
P H cot 
sin    cos ec  Sin 
H P tan  
B H cos 
cos    sec   cos 
H B cot  
P B sin 
tan    cot  
B P sin 2   cos 2   1
sec 2   tan 2   1
2. TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES : Co sec 2  Cot 2  1

3. STANDARD ANGLE AND RADIAN

RADIAN 0     2 3 5 3
 2
6 4 3 2 3 4 6 2
ANGLE 0 30 45 60 90 120 135 150 180 270 360
Sin 0 1 1 3 1 3 1 1 0 -1 0
2 2 2 2 2 2
Cos 1 3 1 1 0 1 1  3 -1 0 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
tan 0 1 1 3   3 -1 1 0  0

3 3
 4 TRIGONOMETRIC RATIO OF ALLIED ANGLES

    90    90    180    180    270    270    360   360   

Sin  Sin  Cos  Cos  Sin   Sin   Cos   Cos   Sin  Sin 

Cos Cos  Sin   Sin   Cos   Cos   Sin  Sin  Cos  Cos 

tan  tan  Cot   Cot   tan  tan  Cot   Cot   tan  tan 

5. TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF SUM AND DIFFERENCE OF TWO ANGLES

sin  A  B  sin A cos B  cos A sin B

sin  A  B  sin A cos B  cos A sin B

cos A  B  cos A cos B  sin A sin B

cos A  B  cos A cos B  sin A sin B

tan A  tan B
tan  A  B  
1  tan A tan B
tan A  tan B
tan  A  B 
1  tan A tan B
Cot A Cot B  1
Cot  A  B  
Cot B  Cot A
A Cot B  1
Cot  A  B   Cot
Cot B  Cot A
sin  A  B  sin  A  B   sin 2 A  sin 2 B  cos 2 B  cos 2 A

cos  A  B  cos  A  B   cos 2 A  sin 2 B  cos 2 B  sin 2 A

sin  A  B  C   sin A cos B cos C  cos A sin B cos C  cos A cos B sin C  sin A sin B sin C

cos  A  B  C   cos A cos B cos C  cos Asin B sin C  sin A cos B sin C  sin Asin B cos C

tan A  tan B  tan C  tan A tan B tan C

tan  A  B  C  
1  tan A tan B  tan B tan C  tan C tan A
6. FORMULAE TO TRANSFORM THE  A  A
SinA  2 Sin   cos  
PRODUCT INTO SUM OR DIFFERENCE 2 2
Sin A  B  Sin A  B  2SinA CosB  A  A
CosA  Cos 2    sin 2  
Sin A  B  Sin A  B  2CosA SinB 2 2
Cos A  B  Cos A  B  2CosACosB  A
1  CosA  2 Cos 2  
Cos A  B  Cos A  B  2SinA SinB 2
 A
7 .FORMULAE TO TRANSFORM THE 1  Cos A  2 Sin 2  
SUM OR DIFFERENCE INTO PRODUCT 2
CD CD  A
Sin C  Sin D  2 Sin Cos 2 tan  
2 2 tan A  2
 A
CD CD 1  tan 2  
Sin C  Sin D  2 Sin Cos 2
2 2
 A
C  D C D 2 tan  
Cos C  Cos D  2 Cos   Cos   SinA 
2
 2   2   A
1  tan 2  
C D  D C  2
Cos C  Cos D  2 Sin   Sin  
 2   2   A
1  tan 2  
8. TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF Cos A   2
2  A
ANGLE 2A IN TERMS OF ANGLE A 1  tan  
 2
Sin 2 A  2 Sin A Cos A 10. TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF
Cos 2 A  Cos 2 A  Sin 2 A ANGLE A/2 IN TERMS OF COS A
Cos 2 A  1  2Sin 2 A A 1  Cos A
Sin 
2 2
Cos 2 A  2C os 2 A  1
A 1  Cos A
Cos 
1  Cos 2 A  2 Cos 2 A 2 2
1  Cos 2 A  2 Sin 2 A A 1  Cos A
tan 
2 tan A 2 1  Cos A
Sin 2 A 
1  tan 2 A 11. TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF
ANGLE 3A IN TERMS OF ANGLE A
1  tan 2 A
Cos 2 A  Sin 3 A  3 Sin A  4 Sin 3 A
1  tan 2 A
Cos 3 A  4Cos 3 A  3 Cos A
2 tan A
tan 2 A  3 tan A  tan 3 A
1  tan 2 A tan 3 A 
1  3 tan 2 A
9. TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF
ANGLE A IN TERMS OF ANGLE A/2
12 . TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF 17.HALF ANGLE FORMULA
ANGLE A IN TERMS OF ANGLE A/3 A ( s  b) ( s  c )
Sin A  3 Sin  A / 3   4 Sin 3
A/ 3 sin
2

bc
Cos A  4 Cos 3
 A / 3   3 Cos A/ 3 B ( s  c) ( s  a )
sin 
 3 tan  A / 3   tan 3 A / 3  2 ca
tan A   
 1  3 tan 2 A / 3  C ( s  a ) ( s  b)
sin 
2 ab
TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS A s ( s  a)
cos 
2 bc
13 .GENERAL SOLUTION OF
B s ( s  b)
TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION cos 
Sin  0    n 2 ca
Cos   0     2n  1  / 2 C
cos 
s ( s  c)
tan   0    n 2 ab

Sin   Sin     n   1  A ( s  b) ( s  c )
n
tan 
2 s ( s  a)
Cos  Cos    2n  
tan   tan     n   B ( s  c) ( s  a)
tan 
2 s ( s  b)
sin 2   sin 2     n  
C ( s  a ) ( s  b)
cos   cos 
2 2
   n   tan 
2 s ( s  c)
tan 2   tan 2     n  
18. AREA OF TRIANGLE
14 PROPERTIES OF TRIANGLES SINE 1 1 1
RULE:  ab sin C  bc sin A  ac sin B
2 2 2
a b c
 
sin A sin B sin C 19. HERO’S FORMULA

15 COSINE FORMULA
  s (s  a) (s  b) (s  c)
a 2  b 2  c 2  2bc cos A
b 2  c 2  a 2  2ca cos B 20 NAPIER’S ANALOGIES
 BC  bc
c  a  b  2ab cos C
2 2 2
tan   cot
A
 2  bc 2
16. PROJECTION FORMULA
C  A c  a B
a  c cos B  b cos C tan   cot
 2  ca 2
b  a cos C  b cos A  A B a b C
c  a cos B  b cos A tan   cot
 2  ab 2
 INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
FUNCTION DOMAIN (X) RANGE (PRINCIPAL VALUE Y)
y  sin 1
x   1, 1    / 2,  / 2
y  cos 1
x  1, 1   0,  
y  tan 1 x R   / 2,  / 2
y  cosex 1 x  ,1  1,    / 2 ,  / 2   0
y  sec 1
x  ,1  1,  [0,  ]  / 2
y  cot 1
x R  0,  
PROPERTIES OF INVERSE FUNCTIONS
1
sin (sin x)  x tan 1 (tan x)  x 
cosec 1 x  sec 1 x 
sec 1 (sec x)  x cos 1 (cos x)  x 2
cosec 1 (cosec x)  x cot 1 (cot x)  x  x y 
tan 1 x  tan 1 y  tan 1  
1 1  1  xy 
sin 1 x  cosec 1 tan 1 x  cot 1
x x  x y 
tan 1 x  tan 1 y  tan 1  
cos 1 x  sec 1
1
cosec 1 x  sin 1
1  1  xy 
x x  2x 
1 2 tan 1 x  sin 1  2 
cot 1 x  tan 1 1 x 
x
 1  x2 
sec 1 x  cos 1
1 2 tan 1 x  cos 1  
2 
x 1 x 
sin ( x)   sin 1 x
1
 2x 
2 tan 1 x  tan 1  2 
1
cosec ( x)  cosec x 1 1 x 
sec 1 ( x)    sec 1 x 2 sin 1 x  sin 1[ 2 x 1  x 2 ]
tan 1 ( x)   tan 1 x 2 cos 1 x  cos 1 (2 x 2  1)
cot 1 ( x)    cot 1 x 3 sin 1 x  sin 1 (3x  4 x3 )
cos 1 ( x)    cos 1 x 3 cos 1 x  cos 1 (4 x3  3x)
 3x  x 3
sin 1 x  cos 1 x  3 tan 1 x  tan 1
2 1  3x 2
tan 1 x  cot 1 x 

2

sin 1 x  sin 1 y  sin 1 x 1  y 2  y 1  x 2 
cos 1 x  cos 1 y  cos 1 [ xy  (1  x 2 ) (1  y 2 ) ]
 CALCULUS  cos x 
lim  0
x 
 x 
1  x n  1  nx  n  1 x 2  nn  1n  2 x 3  .......
1. LIMIT
2! 3!
lim f ( x)  f ( a ) x2
xa
a x  1  x(log a)  (log a) 2  ................
x  a 
n n
n 1
2!
lim 
   na x 2 x3
x a
 x a  ex  1 x    .............
2! 3!
x  am
m
m mn
lim n  a x 2 x3
x a x  a n
n e  x  1  x    .............
2! 3!
sin x
lim 1 x 2 x3 x 4
x 0 x log( 1  x)  x     ...................
2 3 4
tan x
lim 1 
log (1  x)   x 
x2

x3 
 ......
x 0 x  2 3 
sin 1 x x3 x5 x 7
lim 1 sin x  x     ...............
x 0 x 3! 5! 7!
tan 1 x
lim 1 x3
sin h x  x  
x5
 ..................
x 0 x 3! 5!
 log (1  x)  x2 x4 x6
lim  e  1 cos x  1     ...............
x 0
 x  2! 4! 6!
 a x 1 x2 x4
lim    log a cosh x  1    .............
x 0
 x  2! 4!
 ex 1  x3 2
lim    1 tan x  x   x 5  ..................
x 0
 x  3 15
1 1 x3 1 3 x5 1 3 5 x7
lim (1  x) x
e sin 1 x  x  .  . .  . .  ....
x 0 2 3 2 4 5 2 4 6 7
1
lim (1  ax) x
 ea 1 1
tan 1 x  x  x 3  x 5  ....
x 0
x
3 5
 a
x4
lim 1    e a 1
x 
 x sec x  1   5  ...........
x
2! 4!
 1
lim 1    e 2. DIFFERENTIATION
x 
 x d n
x  nx n1
1 dx
lim    0
x 
 x d
( x)  1
 sin x  dx
lim  0
x 
 x 
d
(c )  0
d 1
cos 1 x 
dx dx 1  x2
d 1
(log x)  d 1
dx x tan 1 x 
dx 1  x2
d x
e  ex d 1
dx cot 1 x 
dx 1  x2
d x
a  a x log a d
sec 1 x 
1
dx dx | x | x2  1
d 1
3. DERIVATIVES OF TRIGONOMETRIC cos ec 1 x 
FUNCTIONS
dx | x | x2 1
d
(sin x)  cos x 7 LOGARITHMIC DIFFERENTIATION
dx m
d log  log m  log n
(cos x)   sin x n
dx log mn  n log m
d
tan x  sec 2 x log m  n  log m  log n
dx
d log e e  1
cot x  cosec 2 x
dx log 1  0
d
(sec x)  sec x  tan x
dx 8. INDEFINITE INTEGRALS
d x n 1
(cosec x)  cosec x  cot x   C
n
x dx
dx n 1
1
4. PRODUCT OF TWO & THREE
 x dx  log x C

 e dx  e C
FUNCTIONS x x
d d d
( I .II )  I II  II I
ax
 a dx 
dx dx dx x
C
d d d d log a
I  II  III  I  II III  II  III I  I  III II
 1  dx  x
dx dx dx dx
5. DERIVATIVE OF THE QUOTIENT OF
TWO FUNCTIONS  cos xdx  sin x  C
d d
dy
I I
II II  sin xdx   cos x  C
 dx dx
dx II
2
 tan xdx   log (cos x)  log(sec x)  C
 sec x dx  tan x  C
2
6. DERIVATIVES OF INVERSE
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
 cos ec x dx   cot x  C
2
d 1
sin 1 x 
dx 1  x2  sec x  tan xdx  sec x  C
 cos ec x  cot xdx   cos ec x  C 11.PROPERTIES OF DEFINITE
INTEGRALS
 cos ec x dx  log cos ec x  cot x  C b b

 cot x dx  log sin x  C 

a
f ( x) dx   f (t ) dt
a
 sec x dx  log sec x  tan x  C b a


1
dx  sin 1 x  C  f ( x) dx   f ( x) dx
1  x2 a b
b c b
1
 1  x2 dx  tan x  C  f ( x) dx   f ( x) dx   f ( x) dx
1

a a c
1
x
1
 sec x  C
a a

x2  1  f ( x) dx   f (a  x) dx
0 0
9 . INTEGRATION BY PARTS (ILATE) b b

 f ( x) dx   f (a  b  x) dx
 I.II dx I  II dx     dx
d 
I  II dx  dx

a a

 a
 a f ( x) dx   0
2 f(x)dx ,
a
f (x) is an even funtion
10 .SOME SPECIAL INTEGRATION  0
dx 1 ax  , f (x) is an odd funtion
a x
dx  log
ax
C
 a
2 2
2a
f 2a  x   f ( x)
f ( x)dx   
2 f ( x)dx , if
2a
dx 1 xa
x 2
 a2
dx 
2a
log
xa
C

f 2a  x    f ( x)
0
 0

0
dx 1 1 x , if
 x 2  a 2 dx  a tan a  C
dx x 12 DEFINITE INTEGRALS AS THE
 a2  x2
dx  sin 1
a
C LIMIT OF A SUM
dx
 dx  log x  x 2  a 2  C b
x a  f ( x) dx  lim h[ f (a)  f (a  h)  f a  2h  ........
2 2
h 0
dx

a
dx  log x  x 2  a 2  C
x2  a2 .........................................................  f [a  (n  1) h]
x 2 2 a  x
2 ba
where , h 
 a 2  x 2 dx 
2
a  x  sin 1   C
2 a n
x 2 a2
 x 2  a 2 dx 
2
x  a 2  log x  x 2  a 2  C
2 13 SOME USEFUL APPLICATIONS
a2 1
 x  a dx 
2 2 x 2
x a 2
log x  x 2  a 2  C 1  2  3  .....  ( n  1)  n ( n  1)
2 2 2
eax 1
e
ax
sin bx dx   a sin bx  b cos bx   C 12  22  32  .......  (n  1)2  n (n  1) (2n  1)
a  b2
2 6
 n (n  1) 
2

1  2  3  .....  ( n  1)  
3 3 3 3

 2 
CO-ORDINATE GEOMETRY 3D-CO-ORDINATE GEOMETRY
2D-CO-ORDINATE GEOMETRY The coordinates of any point on
(i) The distance between points (i)x-axis are of the form x,0,0
Px1 , y1 and Qx1 , y2  is given by (ii)y-axis are of the form 0, y,0
(iii)z-axis are of the form 0,0, z 
d  x2  x1    y2  y1 
2 2

(iv)xy-plane are of the form x, y,0

(ii) The distance of a point P x, y  from the
(v)yz-plane are of the form 0, y, z 
origin O0,0 is given by OP  x 2  y 2
(vi)zx-plane are of the form x,0, z 
(iii)The area of the triangle, the coordinates of
whose vertices x1 , y1 x2 , y2  and x3 , y3  is 3.The distance between two point
the absolute value of P( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and Qx2 , y2 , z2  is give by
   x1  y2  y3   x2  y3  y1   x3  y1  y2   d  x2  x1 2   y 2  y1 2  z 2  z1 2
1
2
4. The distance of a point Px, y, z 
(iv)If the points x1 , y1  x2 , y2  and x3 , y3 
from the origin O0,0,0 is given by
are collinear, then
x1 y1 1 OP  x 2  y 2  z 2
x2 y2 1 0
x3 y3 1 5. The coordinates of the point R which
(v) The coordinates of the point dividing divides the line segment joining two points
the line segment joining x1, y1 , and P( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and Qx2 , y2 , z2  internally
x2 , y2  in the ratio m : n are and externally in the ratio m : n are given
by
 m x 2  n x1 m y 2  n y1  internally

mn
,
mn
,  mx2  n x1 my 2  n y1 mz 2  n z1 
   , , 
 m x 2  n x1 m y 2  n y1  externally  m  n m  n mn 
 , ,
 mn mn   mx2  n x1 my 2  n y1 mz 2  n z1 
 , , 
(vi) The coordinates of the mid-point of the  m  n mn mn 
line segment joining x1, y1 , and x2 , y2  respectively.
x  x2 y  y2  6. The coordinates of the mid –point of the
are   1 , 1 
 2 2  line segment joining two point ( x1 , y1 , z1 )
(vii) The coordinates of the centroid of the and ( x2 , y 2 , z 2 ) are
triangle whose vertices are  x1  x 2 y1  y 2 z1  z 2 
x1 , y1 , and x2 , y2  and x3 , y3  are 
 2
,
2
,
2


 x1  x 2  x3 y1  y 2  y 3  7. The coordinates of the centroid of the
 , 
 3 3 
triangle whose vertices are ( x1 , y1 , z1 )
and ( x2 , y 2 , z 2 ) and ( x3 , y 3 , z 3 ) are them is given by
a1 a 2  b1b2  c1 c 2
 x1  x 2  x 3 y1  y 2  y 3 z1  z 2  z 3  cos  
 , ,  a1  b1  c1
2 2 2
a 2  b2  c 2
2 2 2
 3 3 3 
8. The coordinates of the centroid of
the tetrahedron formed by the points THE STRAIGHT LINES
( x1 , y1 , z1 ) , ( x2 , y 2 , z 2 ) , ( x3 , y 3 , z 3 ) and 13. The slope of m a non-vertical line passing
( x4 , y 4 , z 4 ) is through the point x1 , y1 , and x2 , y 2  is
given by
 x1  x2  x3  x4 y1  y 2  y3  y 4 z1  z 2  z 3  z 4 
 , ,  y  y1 Difference of ordinates
 4 4 4  m 2 
x 2  x1 Difference of abscissae
9. Direction cosine of a line
l  cos  , m  cos  , n  cos  , 14. An acute angle  between the lines
   
r  l i  m j n k l  m  n
2 2 2
1 having slopes m1 and m2 is given by
m1  m2
10. Direction ratio of a line : tan  
 1  m1 m2
If l , m, n are direction cosines of a vector r and
l m n 15. The equation of a line with slope m
a, b, c are three number such that  
a b c and passing through the origin is y  mx.
a b c
l ,m  ,n  16. The equation of a line with slope m
a b c
2 2 2
a  b2  c2
2
a2  b2  c2 and making an intercept c on y-axis is
y  mx  c
11. Angle between two lines :
If  the angle between two lines having 17. The equation of the line which passes
direction cosines l1 , m1 , n1 and l 2 , m2 , n 2, through the point x1 , y1  and has slope m

Then cos   l1l2  m1m2  n1n2 is y  y1  m  x  x1 

l1 m1 n1 18. The equation of the line passing
(i) Lines are parallel, if  
l 2 m2 n 2 through the point x1 , y1 , and x 2 , y 2 
(ii) Lines are perpendicular, if is
l1l 2  m1 m2  n1 n2  0 y 2  y1
y  y1  x  x1 
x 2  x1
12. If  is the angle between two lines whose 19. The equation of the line making
direction rations are proportional to a1 , b1 , c1 intercepts a and b on x and y-axis
and a2 , b2 , c2 respectively, then the angle  x y
between
respectively is   1
a b
20. The equation of the straight line upon c1  c 2
which the length of the perpendicular from d 
the origin is p and the angle between this a2  b2
perpendicular and positive x-axis is  is 25. The equation of the line passing
given by x cos   y sin   p. through x1 , y1  and making an angle
21. The equation of the straight line passing  with the line y  mx  c are given by
through x1 , y1  and making an angle  with m  tan 
the positive direction of x-axis is y  y1  1  m tan  x  x1 
x  x1 y  y1
 r CIRCLE
cos  sin 
26 . STANDARD EQUATION OF A
22. The slope of line ax  by  c  0 is CIRCLE
a
 
Coefficient of x ( x  h) 2  ( y  k ) 2  r 2
b Coefficient of y 27. DIAMETER FORM OF A CIRCLE
23. The perpendicular distance (d) of ( x  x1 ) ( x  x2 )  ( y  y1 ) ( y  y2 )  0
a line ax  by  c  0 from a point 28. GENERAL EQUATION OF A CIRCLE
 
x1 , y1 is given by x 2  y 2  2 gx  2 fy  c  0
ax1  by1  c r g 2  f 2  c Centre ( g ,  f )
d
a2  b2
24. The distance (d) between the parallel Case (i) g 2  f 2  c  0 (Represent a circle )
line ax  by  c1  0 and (ii) g 2  f 2  c  0 (Does not represent a circle)
(iii) g 2  f 2  c  0 (Represent s a point circle)
ax  by  c2  0 is given by

PARABOLA

Equation of Focus Vertex Equation of the Equation of Latus- Focal distance

Parabola Directrix the axis rectum of a point
P x, y 
y  4ax
2  a,0   0,0  xa 0 y0 4a ax
y 2   4ax  a,0   0,0  xa  0 y0 4a ax
x 2  4ay  0, a   0,0  ya 0 x0 4a a y
x 2   4ay  0,a   0,0  ya  0 x0 4a ay
 ELLIPSE
S.No Properties Horizontal Ellipse Vertical Ellipse
. 2
x y 2
x2 y2
  1, a  b   1, a  b
a2 b2 a2 b2
1. Centre  0,0   0,0 
2. Vertices  a, 0 ,  a, 0   0, b ,  0,b
3. Foci ae ,0 ,   ae ,0   0, be  ,  0,be 
4. Length of major axis 2a 2b
5. Length of minor axis 2b 2a
6. Equation of major axis y0 x0
7. Equation of minor axis x0 y0
8. Latus rectum 2b 2
2a 2
a b
9. Eccentricity b2 a2
e  1 e  1
a2 b2
10. Focal distances of point a  ex b  ey
 x, y 
HYPERBOLA
S.No Properties Hyperbola Conjugate hyperbola
. x2 y 2 x2 y2
 1   1
a 2 b2 a2 b2
1. Centre  0,0   0,0 
2. Vertices  a,0 , and   a,0  0, b, and  0,b 
3. Foci  ae,0 0  be
4. Length of the transverse axis 2a 2b
5 Length of the conjugate axis 2b 2a
6 Equation of the directrices a b
x y
e e
7. Eccentricity a2  b2 b2  a2
e e
a2
b2
8. Length of latus –rectum 2b 2 / a 2a 2 / b

9. Equation of the transverse y0 x0

axis
10. Equation of the conjugate x0 y0
axis
 ALGEBRA (iv)  A  B  B  A  B
SETS (v)  A  B  B  
1 Number of subsets in set of n elements  2 n
(iv) A  B  B  A
' '
2. IDEMPOTENT LAWS
For any set A, we have (vii)  A  B  B  A   A  B   A  B
(i) A  A  A (ii) A  A  A
10. If A, B and C are any three sets, then
3. IDENTITY LAWS prove that:
(i) A    A (ii) A U  A (i) A  B  C    A  B   A  C 
(ii) A  B  C    A  B   A  C 
4. COMMUTATIVE LAWS
For any two sets A and B, we have (iii) A  B  C    A  B   A  C 
(i) A  B  B  A (ii) A  B  B  A (iv) A  BC    A  B   A  C 

5. ASSOCIATIVE LAWS 11. SOME IMPORTANT RESULTS ON

If A, B and C are any three sets then NUMBER OF ELEMENTS IN SETS
(i)  A  B  C  A  B  C  If A, B and C are finite sets, and  be the

(ii) A  B  C    A  B  C
finite universal set, then
(i) n  A  B  n( A)  n( B)  n( A  B)
6. DISTRIBUTIVE LAWS (ii) n  A  B  n( A)  n( B)  A, B
If A, B and C are any three sets, then are disjoint non-void sets
(i) A  B  C    A  B   A  C  (iii) n  A  B  n( A)  n( A  B)

(ii) A  B  C    A  B   A  C  (iv) n  AB  n( A)  n( B)  2n( A  B)

7. DE-MORGAN’S LAWS (v) n  A  B  C   n( A)  n( B)  n(C),
If are any two sets, then  n( A  B)  n( B  C )  n( A  C ),
(i)  A  B   A  B
'
 n( A  B  C )
' '

(ii)  A  B   A  B (vi)No, of element in exactly two of the sets

' ' '
A, B, C
8. A  B   A  B  B  A  n( A)  n( B)  n(C )  2n( A  B),
9. If A and B are any two sets, then  2n( B  C )  2n( A  C )  3n( A  B  C )
(i) A  B  A  B '

(ii) B  A  B  A' (vii) nA '  B '   n  A  B '  n()  n A  B 

(iii) A  B  A  A  B   (viii) nA '  B '   n  A  B '  n()  n A  B 
 COMPLEX NUMBER (iii)  z  Re( z )  z ;  z  Im  z
1. INTEGRAL POWER OF IOTA
(iv) z z  z
2

Positive integral powers of i

i   1, i 2  1, i 3  i, i 4  1, i 5  i (v) z1 z 2  z1 z2
2. CONJUGATE OF A COMPLEX z1 z1
NUMBER (vi) 
z2 z2
S tan dard form z  a  ib
Conjugate form z  a  ib
(vii) z1  z 2 2
 z1
2
 z2
2
 
 2 Re z1 z 2
(viii) z1  z 2  z1  z2  2 Re  z z 
2 2 2
3. PROPERTIES OF CONJUGATE 1 2

If z, z1 , z 2 are complex numbers, then (ix) z1  z 2 2

 z1  z 2
2

 2 z1
2
 z2
2


(i) z  z (x) az1  bz 2 2
 bz1  az 2
2

 a b2 2

(ii) z  z  2 Re( z )
(iii) z  z  2 i Im( z )
z 1
2
 z2
2

(iv) z  z  z is purely real 
(xi) arg z   arg z 
(v) z  z  0 z is purely imaginary (xii) arg z1 z 2   argz1   argz 2 
(vi) z z  Re ( z )  Im ( z )
2 2
 
(xiii) arg z1 z 2  arg  z1   arg  z 2 
(vii) z1  z 2  z1  z 2 (xiv) arg z1 / z 2   argz1   argz 2 
7. POLAR FORM OF COMPLEX
(viii) z1  z 2  z1  z 2
NUMBER
(ix) z1 z 2  z1 z 2 z  r cos  i sin  
 
(x)  z1   z1 r  z  a 2  b2
 z  z2
 2
b
4. MODULUS OF A COMPLEX NUMBER tan  
The modulus of a complex number a
8. EULERIAN FORM OF A COMPLEX
z  a  ib is denoted by z and defined as
NUMBER
z  a2  b2  Re ( z)2  Im ( z)2 e i  cos   i sin 
5. ARGUMENT e  i  cos   i sin 

tan  
Im g
, tan  
b z  r cos  i sin  
Re al a z  r ei 
6. PROPERTIES OF MODULUS & 9. CUBE ROOT OF UNITY
ARGUMENT
Cube roots of unity are 1, ,  2 then
(i) z  0  z  0 i.e. Re( z)  Im( z)  0
1    2  0  3  1
(ii) z  z   z 1 3
 i
2 2
 QUADRATIC EQUATION b
      
1. If ax  bx  c  0 is a quadratic
2
a
equation with real coefficient, then  and  c
           
its roots given by a
d
 b  b 2  4ac  b  b 2  4ac         
 ,  a
2a 2a
e
D  b 2  4ac is known as the discriminant   .
of the quadratic equation a

b D b D PERMUTATION

 ,  1.The number of permutation of n dissimilar
2a 2a
things taken r at a time
2 The nature of the roots is as given below:
Pn, r   n Pr 
n!
(i)The roots are real and distinct iff D  0
n  r 
(ii)The roots are real and equal iff D  0
(iii)The roots are complex with non-zero
n
Pr  r.n1 Pr 1  n1 Pr
imaginary part iff D  0 2. The number of mutually distinguishable
(iv)The roots are rational iff a, b, c are permutation of n things, taken all at a time,
rational and D is a perfect square. of which p are alike of one kind , q alike of
3. If  ,  are roots of the second sucth that p  q  n, is n!
quadratic equation p! q!
ax 2  bx  c  0, 3. The number of permutations of n thing, of
then which p are alike of one kind, q are alike of
b c second kind and remaining all distinct, is
   and   n!
a a
4. If  ,  ,  are roots of a cubic equation
p! q!
ax 3  bx 2  cx  d  0, then COMBINATIONS
b If n is a natural number and r is a
      non-negative integer such that
a
n!
(i) C r 
n
c
      n  r  ! r !
a
d (ii) n C r  r ! n Pr
  
a (iii) C r  C n  r
n n

5. If  ,  ,  ,  are roots of the biquadratic

(iv) n C r  n C r 1  n1 C r
equation ax  bx  cx  dx  e  0, then
4 3 2

(v) C x  C y  x  y  n
n n
ARITHMETIC PROGRESSIONS (iii) It is always convenient to select the terms
(i) If a is the first term and d is the common of a G.P. in the following manner-
difference of an A.P then its n th term is given
Number of terms Terms Common ratio
by an  a  n  1 d a
3 , a, ar r
r
(ii) The sum S n of n terms of an A.P With a a
4 , , ar , ar 3 r2
r3 r
first term 'a' and common difference 'd ' is
a a
5 , , a, ar , ar 2 r
given by S n 
n
2a  n  1d  r2 r
2 (iv) Three numbers a, b, c are in G.P. if b 2  ac
n
or , S n a  1,
2 (v) If AM and GM between two number are
where l  last term  a  n  1d in the ratio m :n, then the number are in the
(iii) The following ways of selecting terms ratio
of an A.P are generally very convenient:
2 2
Number of terms Terms m m n
3 a  d , a, a  d 2 2
m m n
4 a  3d , a  d , a  d , a  3d
5 a  2d , a  d , a, a  d , a  2d (vi) If sum of n terms of a G.P. with first
6 a  5d , a  3d , a  d , a  d , a  3d , a  5d term 'a' and common ratio is given by

(iv) If the sum S n of n terms of a sequence  r n 1

S n  a   r 1
is given then n th term a n of the sequence can  r 1 
be determined by using the formula : 1 r n 
S n  a   r 1
an  S n  S n1  1 r 
(v) Three number a, b, c are in A.P a lr lra
if 2b  a  c Also, S n  , Sn 
1 r r 1
ab
(vi) The arithmetic mean of a and b is where l is the term.
2
GEOMETRIC PROGRESSIONS
(i) The nth term of a G.P. with first term 'a'
MATHS
and common ratio ' r ' is given by a n  a r
n 1 Er.Anupam Agarwal
(ii) If l is the last term of a G.P then nth Call:9889922172
n 1
term from end is given by l  1  .
r