Repair and Rehabilitation of Concrete ST

REPAIR AND
REHABILITATION
OF STRUCTURES
AUTHOR
JULIO JOHAN SAIRE YANEZ
Email
juliosaireya@mail.usf.edu
Faculty Advisor
Dr. Rajan Sen
Photo: www.nationalgeographic.com
II
REPAIR AND REHABILITATION OF

STRUCTURES
Author:
Julio Johan Saire Yanez
Department of Civil engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, US
Faculty Advisor:
Dr. Rajan Sen
Department of Civil Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, US
Publish Pending
Julio Saire
III
To my family, my home country, who make my life glow.
Julio Saire
IV
PREFACE
The repair of structures has been a very special issue in civil engineering
since ancient times. Throughout the history, the projects built by the human have
been damaged by the passage of time, natural disasters, and even by errors
during the construction. In this sense, the engineering field related for repairing
and rehabilitate structures has been focused to find methods and techniques to
do this important task. The Graduate level course Repair and rehabilitation of
structures, conducted by the Dr. Rajan Sen has been concentrated to bring real
engineering experiences to the classroom. He invited authorities in the
construction, management, and engineering to provide their expert knowledge
about different topics in the repair and rehab field.
This book tries to collect the main ideas, techniques, and methods used
by these prominent engineers in order to repair and rehab the large variety of
structures. Furthermore, this book presents study cases of rehabilitation of
structures such as bridges, buildings, garages, hotels and other exciting kind of
structures. What is more, the book discuss about different types of construction
as Pre-stressing, Post-tensioning, Cast-in-place, Pre-cast.
The author wishes to express his sincere gratitude to all the speakers of
the graduate level course Repair and Habilitation of Structures and the faculty
advisor Dr. Rajan Sen who gave freely of their time and expert knowledge in
providing frequent assistance during the spring 2018 at the University of South
Florida.
Julio Johan Saire Yanez

Graduate student
University of South Florida
Julio Saire
V
TABLE OF CONTENT
PREFACE ...................................................................................................................... IV
CHAPTER I: INVESTIGATION AND REPAIR OF DAMAGED/SETTLED
RESIDENTIAL FOUNDATIONS .................................................................................. 3
1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................... 3
1.2 Discussion ................................................................................................ 3
1.3 Sinkholes .................................................................................................. 4
1.4 Common Subsurface Investigation Methods ...................................... 6
1.5 Forms of Subsurface Remediation ....................................................... 7
1.6 Conclusion: ............................................................................................... 8
1.7 Reference: ................................................................................................ 8
CHAPTER II: REPAIR OF MASONRY PROBLEMS ............................................. 11
2.1 Masonry Cracking ................................................................................. 11
2.2 Moisture Leakage. ................................................................................. 14
2.3 Stucco Debonding/ Delamination. ...................................................... 16
2.4 Stucco cracking ..................................................................................... 17
2.5 Ungrouted cells ...................................................................................... 18
2.6 Missing rebar.......................................................................................... 19
2.7 Soft mortar .............................................................................................. 19
2.8 Efflorescence ......................................................................................... 20
2.9 Reference ............................................................................................... 20
CHAPTER III: CORROSION REPAIR ...................................................................... 23
3.1 The Importance Of Concrete Preservation. ...................................... 23
3.2 Industry Resources ............................................................................... 24
3.3 Concrete Corrosion ............................................................................... 25
3.4 Evaluation Existing Structures............................................................. 29
3.5 Concrete Repair Basics........................................................................ 37
3.6 Electrochemical Corrosion Mitigation................................................. 40
3.7 Reference ............................................................................................... 50
CHAPTER IV: CORROSION OF THE REINFORCING STEEL IN THE
CONCRETE ELEMENTS ........................................................................................... 53
4.1 Corrosion of the Reinforcing Steel................................................... 53
4.2. Codes and References........................................................................ 54
4.3 Proposal or work scope: ....................................................................... 54
4.4 Case Study 01: Filter Beds Structure ................................................. 55
4.5 Case Study 02: Settling Tanks ............................................................ 58
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VI
4.6 Case Study 03: Junction Chamber..................................................... 60

4.7 Case Study 04: Clarifier. ...................................................................... 62
4.8 Reference ............................................................................................... 62
CHAPTER V: DETECTION AND REPAIR OF DEFECTS IN POST-
TENSIONED CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION ........................................................ 66
5.1 What is Post-tensioned concrete ........................................................ 66
5.2 Types of construction defects.............................................................. 67
5.3 Methods of detecting construction ...................................................... 70
5.4 Repair of construction defects ............................................................. 72
5.5 Case Study 01: Parking structure in South Florida .......................... 74
5.6 Case Study 02: Parking structure in Central Florida. ...................... 77
5.7 Reference ............................................................................................... 79
CHAPTER VI: PROFESSIONAL ETHICS AND ENGINEERING. ...................... 82
6.1 Ethics and Professionalism.................................................................. 82
6.2 Forensic Engineering ............................................................................ 84
6.3 Engineering Licensure .......................................................................... 85
6.4 Reference ............................................................................................... 86
CHAPTER VII: CONSTRUCTION AND FORENSIC ENGINEERING. .............. 89
7.1 Forensic Engineering. ........................................................................... 89
7.2 Construction Engineering..................................................................... 91
7.3 Reference ............................................................................................... 93
CHAPTER VIII: DISTRICT SEVEN BRIDGE PRESERVATION PROGRAM
AND SPECIALIZED CONCRETE REPAIRS. ......................................................... 96
8.1 Bridge Preservation Program Overview ............................................ 96
8.2 Case Study I: NB I-75 Over SR50. Emergency Bridge Repair ...... 99
8.3 Study Case II: Corrosion Repair of Cortez Bridge .........................102
8.4 Study Case III: Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP)
Application on the Sunshine Skyway Bridge .....................................................107
8.5 Tips for a Successful Bridge Preservation Program ......................109
8.6 Reference .............................................................................................109
CHAPTER IV: TROUBLESHOOTING FLATWORK FINISHING. .....................112
9.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................112
9.2 Safety in the Jobsite............................................................................112
9.3 Concrete ...............................................................................................113
9.4 Joints in Concrete................................................................................118
9.5 Bad Join Practices...............................................................................122
9.6 Concrete Cracks ..................................................................................123
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9.7 Reference .............................................................................................133

CHAPTER X: CONCRETE RESTORATION PROJECTS. ................................136
10.1 Large Scale Plaza Restoration .......................................................136
10.2 Who Was Arrhenius?........................................................................145
10.3 Cooling Towers..................................................................................147
10.4 Restoration of RC SLAB .................................................................149
10.5 Chloride in Pools ...............................................................................151
10.6 Replacements of Balconies .............................................................153
10.7 Failure of Transfer Slab....................................................................154
10.8 Reference ...........................................................................................158
CHAPTER XI: CONCRETE REPAIR, STRENGTHENING, AND
PROTECTION. ...........................................................................................................161
11.1 Introduction.........................................................................................161
11.2 Deterioration of the concrete. ..........................................................162
11.3 Conditions Surveys ...........................................................................164
11.4 Concrete Repair, Strengthening And Protection ..........................166
11.5 Refurbishment of East Paradise Island Bridge.............................183
11.6 Reference ...........................................................................................190
CHAPTER XII: INSPECTING, SCOPING, AND DESIGNING PUBLIC SECTOR
PROJECTS. ................................................................................................................193
12.1 Example Project ................................................................................193
12.2 Client Relations .................................................................................193
12.3 Request for Proposals (RFP) ..........................................................194
12.4 Proposal Preparation ........................................................................195
12. 5 Scope of Work ..................................................................................196
12.6 Cost Negotiation and Project Award ..............................................197
12.7 Project Delivery .................................................................................198
12.8 Design .................................................................................................198
12.9 Construction .......................................................................................199
12.10 Closeout ...........................................................................................200
12.11 Reference .........................................................................................201
CHAPTER XIII: HIGHLIGHTS REPAIR AND REHABILITATION OF
STRUCTURES. ..........................................................................................................203
ABOUT THE AUTHOR .............................................................................................206
Julio Saire
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CES 6841 REPAIR & REHABILITATION SPRING 2018

Feedback on Presentation
Presenter: Brian W. Jory
Title: Investigation and Repair of Damaged /Settled Residential Foundations.
What did you learn?
 I learned to identify what a sinkhole is and its characteristics easily.
 The important role of expansive clays and the damage they cause to the
property.
 There are many common subsurface investigation methods which should
be considered to design foundations. E.g. static cone penetrometer,
standard penetration test, etc.
 I learned that Florida has a lot of sinkhole activity and it should be taken
into account when a foundation is designed.
 The structural damage from the active clays could cause damage to the
property and also the water extraction by trees could cause shrinkage.
 I learned how to characterized and differentiate among sand, clays and
organic matter.
 The repair of a building could involve underpinning, compaction grouting,
and shallow chemical grounding.
 The presenter recommended that the soil tests should be performed until
the limestone or hard rock layer are reached.
What were the best features of the presentation?
 I liked how the presenter made an analysis of sinkhole conditions in (CPT)

data report. He explained the possible issues in that soil’s behavior.
 Based on his experience, the presenter recommended placing foundations
at a minimum depth of 18 inches depth in residential areas in Tampa.
How could the presentation be improved?
 I suggest using the same format and font for each slide because it allows
the public to follow the presentation without abrupt changes.
 At the beginning of the presentation, the presenter mentioned that some
contributions were provided from different authors. I suggest to include
each contribution as a references.
 I suggest the presenter to read the book “The Craft of Scientific
Presentations” by Michael Alley. This book is useful because it teaches
how to organize the slides and what type of fonts an author should use.
 I suggest to include in the slides video links on how to perform each type
of test. This will facilitate the audience with a better understanding of what
he is presenting.
Reviewer Name: Julio Johan Saire Yanez Date 01/18/2018
Julio Saire
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UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH FLORIDA
CHAPTER I: INVESTIGATION AND REPAIR OF DAMAGED

SETTLED RESIDENTIAL FOUNDATIONS
COURSE: REPAIR AND REHABILITATION OF STRUCTURES
STUDENT: JULIO JOHAN SAIRE YANEZ
USF ID: U83049840
Julio Saire
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CHAPTER I: INVESTIGATION AND REPAIR OF DAMAGED/SETTLED

RESIDENTIAL FOUNDATIONS
1.1 Introduction
Brian W. Jory is the Senior Geotechnical Engineer in BJ ROCK, LLC. He
is dedicated to treat geological engineering issues in different kind of buildings
from residential up to considerable type of buildings. He presented a dissertation
in USF about his geotechnical engineering experience for more than 30 years in
Florida.
1.2 Discussion
The presenter started this section by

introducing different possible causes of
foundations settlement based on his
experience. The lack of geotechnical
information is one of the most common
problems that cause foundations settlement. Fig 01: Settlements in Florida (Jory,2018)
The building code assumes a bearing capacity of 2000 psf, but usually this value
is less in-situ hence the presenter recommends to take a less value of bearing
capacity before design the foundations.
Another current cause of settlement is the improper foundations design

and construction. The presenter showed cases failures in houses which
foundations embedment was less than 12 inches. He stated that the failure
happened because foundations were placed in the top of the ground, where the
bearing capacity is lower than greater depths. Some homeowners instead of
looking for a building permit they make changes in their houses by themselves.
They miss place foundations or placed a poor slab, which often failed. The
presenter said that the lack of inspection plays an important role during
construction.
What is more, trees within the influence

of foundation is another important reason why
foundation cracks. The presenter suggests
that houses should be erected at least 20 feet
away from trees. They have huge roots which
raise foundations and produces cracks. Fig 02: T he tree near to building (Jory,2018)
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Moreover, trees during dry seasons could remove 100 gallon of water per day
causing shrinkage of the soil. The slope stability during construction is an
important factor when foundation is being placed. The presenter suggests
building houses far from ponds where foundations are in risk of settlement.
Organic matter produces settlements. The presenter demonstrated that

organic matter is easy to compress. After decomposition the organic components
form voids and it contributes to the settlements. The presence of debris in the
foundation cause settlements. As well as the organic matter, debris has problems
during the compaction process. The presenter made analysis about case studies.
Lastly, the expansive clays are another reason why there are settlements
in Florida. The presenter established not every clay is expansive. Additionally,
expansive clays absorb water during wet season or release water over drought
season producing swelling or shrinkage of clay layers respectively. Those
changes introduce stresses over the foundations causing settlement. Moreover,
active clays could increase their ability to cause damage. It depends on their
thickness and other external agents such as water pipes in poor condition.
1.3 Sinkholes
The most important cause of

settlements is a consequence of sinkholes in
Florida. According to the presenter, a sinkhole
is a natural enclosed depression. It happens
when water dissolved limestone over
hundreds of years. Based on the presenter Fig 03: Sinkhole Florida (Jory,2018)
experience, the State of Florida has a large presence of sinkholes. Sinkholes

could happen suddenly, and it could produce depressions of settlements.
The presenter showed a hydrogeological section. He states that the

geological shape of Florida is interesting because it has intermediates aquifers
within the confining bed. The suddenly collapse of those aquifers could produce
a sinkhole. That is why Florida is very prone to the occurrence of sinkholes.
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As an example of sinkholes, the

presenter explained “The Scott Lake” sinkhole
as a case study. The Scott Lake covered 285
acres and included 1 billion gallons of water.
This sinkhole drained the Scott Lake in 10
days. Moreover, because of the water
Fig 04: T he Scott Lake (Jory,2018)
drainage, the water table down. That situation
caused the settlement of the surrounding houses.
The presenter explained the process of sinkhole formations. He developed

the stages of a cover´-subsidence sinkhole development. First, the rainwater
percolates through in cohesive geological deposit to the limestone. Second,
depressions in the land shows up because of differential solution of limestone.
Third, the water table intersects the sinkhole.
Lastly, the sinkhole spreads laterally.
One of the most common and

dangerous type of sinkhole is the cover
collapse. The presenter stated that although
the surface layer is well compacted, the
presence of water cause the collapse into a
Fig 05: Cover Collapse (Jory,2018)
large cavern in the bedrock.
In summary, the presenter named several reasons of what is not a

Sinkhole. First, there is no relation between the activity of clays and the presence
of sinkholes. The shrinking or swelling of clays is an inner property of the soil.
Second, buried debris cause settlements but the reason why is completely
different of sinkholes. Buried debris are difficult to compact that is why they cause
damage. The organic matter is an important reason why settlements appear. It is
easy to compact but its decompositions produce voids and emptiness, which
allows deformations in the soil causing sinkholes. Finally, settlements happen
because changes in the water level produce emptiness in the soil.
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1.4 Common Subsurface Investigation Methods
According to the presenter, there are

many subsurface investigation methods
used commonly in the US. Applying each
method depends on the soil condition of the
project. First, he mentioned the hand auger
boring using the static cone penetrometer.
Fig 06: Hand Auger Boring (Jory,2018)
This method allows recognizing what type of
material is in the upper layer of the soil. Further, it is cheap and provides important
information about the composition of the soil. In addition, the test pit dug is also
an inspection method commonly used. This method provides information about
the depth of the foundation.
Another inspection method is called

the standard penetration method. The
presenter stated that this is used in
deepest subsurface investigations (around
150 feet). These prospections should be
applied close to the area with settlements.
The SPT prospection is used to get the “N”
value during the test. This value could be
reached measuring the number of blows needed to penetrate 12 inches into the
soil.
The presenter analyzed a sample of SPT boring. He explained the

advantages of this type of inspection. The SPT boring allows obtaining a profile
of soil, but it also provides information about the depth foundation.
The Mini cone penetrometer is

another method of soil inspection. This
device is mounted on small excavator. It
flexible and easy to carry. It allows
characterizing the research site. There is a
variety of types of cones according the
Fig 08: Mini Cone Penetrometer (Jory,2018)
material
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Finally, the presenter demonstrated how a mini cone graph shows the
composition of the soil and its relationship with their strength site. The CPT
inspection test is useful to recognize a sinkhole. According to the graphs, abrupt
changes in the soil profiles could involve a sinkhole. The SPT boring showed a
soil profile where it is possible to analyze the composition of the soil.
1.5 Forms of Subsurface Remediation
As a part of the remediation, the presenter developed engineering

techniques, which allows fixing the consequences of settlements and sinkholes.
First, compaction grouting is a technique commonly used to sinkhole

remediation. Grout is pumped into underground to compact soil and fill the voids.
The diameter of the pipe is five inches and the pressure required varies from 200
to 300 psi. Second, the underpinning remediation method is used in shallow
foundations. It involves a metal piers embedded into the foundations. These piers
allow going up the level of the house. Because, these are pushed up by
hydraulics jack. As a result, this method provides horizontally support to the
house.
Third, Piles are another important (Jory,2018)

Fig 09: Chemical Grouting
method used to repair settlement damage.

Those may be designed using the
traditional static capacity formulas or use
accepted design aids like FDOT (Florida
Department of Transportation). Moreover,
Helical piles are type of repairing method
used to provide vertical support to the
foundations house. Those devices are installed by twisting into the ground. Its
design can be obtained using Terzagui’s bearing capacity equations.
Finally, chemical grunting is a mix of chemical grout, which improves the

bearing capacity of the soil. This method introduces the chemical cocktail at high
pressures underground. Nowadays, compacting grunting replaces chemical
grouting because it does not use aggregates and fills the void better.
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1.6 Conclusion:
 I find interesting how the presenter made an analysis of sinkhole

conditions in (CPT) data report. He explained the possible issues in that
case study.
 The presenter recommended placing foundations at a minimum depth of
18 inches depth in residential areas in Florida.
 I find interesting the formation process of a sinkhole. Because, although it
could appear suddenly. It takes decades to form.
 I realized that there are many subsurface investigation methods available
in the market. Those help to do accurate assessments during the
engineering work.
1.7 Reference:
[1] Brian W. Jory. (2018). Investigation and repair of damaged/settled

residential foundations [PowerPoint presentation]. Retrieved from
CANVAS.
Julio Saire
9

Presenter: Don Beers, PE
Title: Repair of Masonry Problems
What did you learn?
 According to the presenter, prevention is the best way to avoid masonry
cracks.
 There are courses of masonry construction throughout the year offered by
the National Masonry Association.
 The most common joints in masonry are Mechanical Slip Connectors,
Sash Block with Preformed Gasket, Standard Raked Joint and Michigan
Keyed Joint.
 I learned to recognize the difference between deboned and bonded stucco
using a method called Sounding by Ear.
 It was stated that in Florida more than 70 % of the masonry is covered by
stucco.
 I learned to find masonry’s solutions and information using the
National Concrete Masonry Association’s website.
 There are concrete masonry wall types; double Wythe cavity, Single
Whyte, and Stucco.
 The efflorescence is a phenomenon caused by salt in the blocks.
 I appreciated the video during the presentation, it demonstrated the

behavior of a delaminated wall using a small hammer (sounding by ear).
 The presenter recommended avoiding “floating” during construction
because it affects stucco adhesion.
 I admired the type of creative solutions used by the presenter in order to
repair shrinkage cracking.
 I found helpful the detailed plan for Repair Minor Shrinkage Cracking,
because it serves as a guide to develop my own projects in the future.
 The presenter should go more in-depth about the causes of shrinkage in
stucco walls.
 I suggest including different methods on how to deal with efflorescence in
walls.
 Include more pictures and examples about effloresce, because that topic
is not covered in depth.
Reviewer Name: Julio Johan Saire Yanez Date 01/25/2018
Julio Saire
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CHAPTER II: REPAIR OF MASONRY PROBLEMS

USF ID: U83049840
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CHAPTER II: REPAIR OF MASONRY PROBLEMS
Don Beers, P.E. is the staff engineer for the masonry

association of Florida and president of Adrian Engineering
services. He has served as chair of the National Concrete
Masonry Association’s Codes Committee. He made a
dissertation about of Repair of Masonry Problems in USF.
2.1 Masonry Cracking

2.1.1 Reason for cracking
According to the presenter, there are two types of cracking, minor

cracking, and severe cracking. First, minor cracking is caused by temperature
change and the moisture loss in the concrete. Second, the building settlement
and the movement of the structure produce a severe cracking. As an example,
the figure below shows a building in a seismic risk zone that is prone to move
resulting to crack.
Moisture loss and Curing Effects or movements-structure

(http://www.wallnettaacbricks.com) (http://probuildermag.co.uk)
2.1.1 Shrinkage cracking identification:
The presenter stated that cracking is the Mother Nature’s control joints.
The main cause of shrinkage cracking is the loss of moisture. This can be
identified as small cracks distributed through the wall. Even though those cracks
are not often noticeable (0.06 in or 0.15 cm), they should be treated as a real
cracks, because over time they can get worst.
Stucco Shrinkage Cracking Stucco Shrinkage crack in Wall

(http://h3pe.com) (http://gciconsultants.com)
Julio Saire
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2.1.2 Repair of minor shrinkage cracking
The presenter proposed a method to repair minor shrinkage cracks and it

is described below
1) Make a hole Ø (1/8

in) alongside the
route of the crack.
2) Cover the crack
using polyurethane
sealant.
3) Finally, paint the
crack using
elastomeric paint to
match existing
(Beers D., 2018)
building color
2.1.3 Structural cracking
Based on the presenter experience, structural cracking occurs because

the building is experiencing movements. These movements occur for many
reasons. The most common reason is the foundation settlement. That movement
introduces stresses into the building producing cracks in the wall. Another
important reason of movement is the overloading and member failure.
Overloading introduces additional loads to the building modifying the behavior of
resistance elements producing structural cracks. Finally, the presenter suggested
that identifying the cause of movement should be the first step to treat structural
cracking.
Masonry Structural Cracking Masonry Structural Cracking

(Jory B., 2018) (www.shinspections.com)
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2.1.4 Major crack Repair
The presenter explained a method to repair structural cracks. He

suggested to follow a series of steps to repair a major crack. First, to make a 1/2”
perforation into the wall. Second, to insert a 3/8 backer rod. Third, to cover the
hole with polyurethane sealant to reach the top of the wall. Finally, to cover the
polyurethane sealant with elastomeric paint to match the existing building color.
Repair structural Cracks

(Beer D, 2018)
2.1.5 Prevention of Cracking
The presenter suggested some ways for prevention of cracking. First, he

suggested avoiding abrupt changes in the wall height because that introduces
additional stress into the building. Second, to avoid changes in wall thickness.
The most common joints discussed by the presenter are Mechanical Slip
Connector, Sash Block with Preformed Gasket, Standard Raked Joint and
Michigan Keyed Joint.
(Beers D, 2018) (Beers D, 2018) (Beers D, 2018) (Beers D, 2018)

Mechanical Slip Sash Block with Standard Raked Michigan Keyed
Connector Preformed Joint Joint
Gasket
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2.2 Moisture Leakage.
The presenter stated that leakage is difficult to measure because it comes

from parapet, windows, and doors. However, he demonstrated how to find
information about moisture leakage in the National Concrete Masonry
Association’s web page. Moreover, there are two standardized tests to determine
the water penetration in the masonry. One being Masonry Water Penetration Test
(ASTM E 1601) (Field Testing), and the Masonry water penetration test (ASTM
E 514) (Laboratory Testing)
Masonry water penetration testing Masonry water penetration testing

(ASTM E 1601) (Field testing) (ASTM E 514) (Laboratory Testing)
2.2.1 Basic Concrete Masonry Wall Types
There are three basic concrete masonry wall types:
(Beers D, 2018) (Beers D, 2018) (Beers D, 2018)

Two layers of masonry, Architectural block. Stucco has to be
preventing moisture. Surface has to be sufficient to stop the
sufficient to stop the water water from getting into.
from getting into.
Julio Saire
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2.2.2 Defense Mechanism
a) Internal protection: In order to provide an

Integral water repellants into the blocks. We
have to include a compatible admixture into
the mortar, which cuts the possibility of
efflorescence.
(http://www.speccrete.com)
Internal Water Repellent
Admixture
b) Surface Protection: The best admixture must provide a better bond

between the block and the mortar. The presenter recommends for exterior walls
mortar type N or alternatively S (Masonry) or M (Chemical in the soil). Moreover,
for a below grade, he recommends mortar type S, or alternatively M or N. Acrylics,
silicone resins, silanes and siloxanes can be used as surface protection. However
those solutions are expensive to use.
Mortar composition (Beers D. 2018)
c) Drainage: The drainage into walls is a good way to avoid moisture

because it releases extra water. One fancy method to avoid moisture is called
Flashing. It involves weeping holes into the wall which allows releasing water.
Another procedure is called Black Flashing (Through wall single Wythe). Which
consists in releasing water by the base of the wall.
Flashing (Beers D. 2018) Black Flashing (Beers D. 2018)
d) Crack Control: The crack control in a wall is important because anytime

the wall is cracking it has a potential to produce leaking.
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2.3 Stucco Debonding/ Delamination.
There are two different ways to place the stucco. First, there is a lap
material between stucco and wall (which is not recommendable). Second, to
apply directly the stucco to the wall (recommended).
Based on the presenter experience, stucco debonding is a big issue in the

state of Florida. When a stucco debonds it creates a water problem behind the
crack. Hopefully, stucco debounded could be sounded by ear.
Sounding by ear Sounding by ear

(Beer D., 2018) (Beer D., 2018)
2.3.1 Option to repair debonded stucco
Remove and replace.
When there are large debonded stucco areas, the best way to repair it is
by removing and replacing.
Pinning in place:
The presenter suggested that Pinning in Place Repair Process is cheaper

than the Removing and Replacing processes. The pinning process is described
below.
(https://www.helifix.com) (https://www.helifix.com) (https://www.helifix.com) (https://www.helifix.com)

1) Carefully drill an 2) Load the stucco 3) Power-drive the 4) Finish over the
appropriate pin into the driver stucco pin into entry hole with
diameter pilot hole Attachment fitted position matching
materials or
sealed
Julio Saire
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Recommendations during stucco placing
Do:
 Line up the stucco joints with the block control joints

 Use acrylic paint
 Clean the substrate (by removing the remaining cement or dampen
substrate.)
 Make sure the surface allows block-mortar bonding
 Stucco should be applied to smooth surfaces using non-re emulsifiable
bonding agent (ASTM 932). Alternatively, 1/3 of the stucco water
content can be replaced by using Scratch Coat (ASTM 932)
Do not:
 Use integral water proofing in the block

 Floating and sponging is prohibited during construction
2.4 Stucco cracking
When Cracking Is Excessive
The presenter developed criteria to determine when cracking is excessive.

He determined that cracks are normal when:
 A crack of 1/32 in (0.08 cm) at four linear feet (1.22 m) long

 A crack of 1/64 in (0.04 cm) at ten linear feet (3.05 m) long
 Cracks above the mentioned measures are not normal and must
repaired.
Removing and Replacing Stucco Stucco cracking

(Beers D, 2018) (GCI consultant, 2016)
Julio Saire
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Working or Non-Working crack
 Working crack happens because they start in the substrate. Meaning

that there is a movement in the structure.
 No-Working cracks involves shrinkage from moisture loss and
temperature variation.
2.5 Ungrouted cells
Cell blockage is a situation when the grout does not go down into block
cells. There are many reasons why grout does not go down into the block cell.
That involves the fluidity of the grout and the placing procedures during
construction. That is why; it is important to determine the location of un-grouted
cells. The most popular way to determine un-grouted cells is Thermal Imaging
(Used in large scale). Finally, Sounding the stucco is another way to identify a
hollow cell in the wall (used in small scale).
Thermal imaging Thermal imaging in fence wall

(Beers D, 2018) (Kruinger, 2016)
Grouting repair procedure for unexposed wall (ungrouted cells)
The presenter explained grouting repair procedures for unexposed walls.

He stated the following procedure:
1) Opening in face
shell
2) Remove the excess
grout to facilitate filling
3) Put form board on
4) Fill the void area
5) Top space between
existing grout and new
grout should be
packed with non-
shrink grout 2”
(Beers D, 2018)
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Regrouting Unfilled Cells in Exposed Walls
The presenter established that the repair process is the same as

unexposed wall. It has to be carefully saw cut.
1) Opening in face Shell

2) Remove the excess grout to
facilitate filling.
3) Put form board on
4) Fill the void area
4) Top space between existing
grout and new grout should be
packed with non-shrink grout 2”
(http://waysto.com.au)
2.6 Missing rebar
Missing rebar is a structural problem. Is one of the most common reasons

why masonry cracks. The presenter explained the process on how to install rebar
in Grouted Cells.
(Primo Contracting, 2018) (Primo Contracting, 2018) (Primo Contracting, 2018)

Chisel slot 2” ¼” clearance around bar Slot is packed with non-
shrink grout
2.7 Soft mortar
The presenter stated that soft mortar is not a simple problem of stucco
strength, it involves a hydration problem. For example, Florida has the potential
of drained up the water from the mortar easily. As a result, re-hydration is a big
issue because the water needs to get back to the wall. The presenter
recommends to used Frog spray to cure the stucco.
Soft mortar (http://www.idostuff.co.uk) Fog Spray (Beer D, 2018)
Julio Saire
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2.8 Efflorescence
Efflorescence is the content of salt in the block. The water in the block
brings the content salt to the wall surface. The main reason why efflorescence
happens is because there is water that gets into the wall somewhere.
Efflorescence Stucco Efflorescence

(Beer D, 2018) (https://www.askthebuilder.com)
Finally, the presenter suggested some ways to dealing with efflorescence.

First, he suggested not to harm the affected area. Removing the efflorescence
through harming reduces the section area of the wall and weakens it. Another
damaging method is the pressure cleaning. This method is risky because high
pressure could remove unnecessary areas close to the efflorescence. If this
method is used it should be confine to low pressure and acute angle of attack.
Cleaning efflorescence softly Cleaning efflorescence with high pressure

(Beer D, 2018) water
(http://powerwashaz.com)
2.9 Reference
[1] Don Beers, (2018). Repair of Masonry Problems [PowerPoint

presentation]. Retrieved from CANVAS.
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Presenter: Chris Ball
Title: Corrosion Repair
What did you learn?
 The potential difference between two dissimilar metals produces electron
flow between them.
 When two metals are in contact, corrosion of the less corrosion-resistant
metal is increased. This one becomes anodic (Zinc).
 When two metals are in contact, attack of the more resistant material is
decreased. This one becomes cathodic (Steel).
 There are some electrochemical reactions besides the concrete corrosion.
Knowing about chemical reactions allows to use the correct types of
protection and repair of concrete.
 Most galvanic corrosion effects result from the electrical connection of two
corroding metals.
 In galvanic corrosion, polarization of the reduction reaction (cathodic
polarization) usually predominates.
 Prestressed structures have a different chloride threshold compared with
a normal reinforced concrete.
 The cathodic protection utilizes the principles of galvanic corrosion.
 The zinc corrodes preferentially and protects the steel.
 I found helpful the number of anodic protection samples shown during the
presentation.
 I appreciated the graphic visualizations of measurements of the electrical
potential of the reinforcing steel.
 The graphical representation of the electrochemical reactions were easy
to understand.
 I admired the type of creative solutions (patented devices) used by the
presenter in order to deal with concrete corrosion.
 According to the number of important topics discussed during the

presentation. I suggest to split the presentation by chapters in order to
make it easy to understand.
 The presenter should go more in-depth about the importance of concrete
preservation (ecofriendly methods).
Reviewer Name Julio Johan Saire Yanez Date 02/01/2018
Julio Saire
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CHAPTER III: CORROSION REPAIR

USF ID: U83049840
(Ball C., 2018)
Julio Saire
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CHAPTER III: CORROSION REPAIR
Chris Ball is the president of the Vector Corrosion

Services and Vice President of Vector Corrosion Technologies.
He is actually the chairman of the Concrete Repair Education
Committee in ACI-E706. He made a dissertation about
Corrosion Repair as a part of the graduate course Repair and
Rehabilitation of Structures at USF.
3.1 The Importance Of Concrete Preservation.
Concrete Preservation.
According to the World Economic Forum, the construction industry

represents at least 50% of raw material consumption. What is more, a 40 %
percent of the solid waste comes from construction and demolition. The presenter
stated that more efficient long-term use of buildings offers huge potential benefits.
Concrete in Society
Based on the presenter research, concrete is the most used product in the
construction world. The concrete production makes up to six billion tons per year.
Further, concrete requires cement, aggregates, concrete production and steel
production.
The cement production encompasses one billion tons per year. In addition,
the cement production involves an equivalent weight of CO2 production. Other
emission such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide and volatile
organic compound are also produced by cement production.
Sustainable development
Even though concrete production involves an environmental impact, it

turns ecofriendly if it is used correctly. On the other hand, concrete turns to be
useful because its durability. An example of this characteristic is the Pantheon in
Rome. It has lasted since 25 BC and it is still standing. On the other hand, if
concrete is not used correctly, it lasts less than their initial design period. As an
illustration, the bridge-deck replacement ratio in the US is 35 years old. It shows
clearly the importance of the concrete sustainability.
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Corrosion In Bridge Substructure Pantheon

(Sagues A, 2003) (http://www.romanconcrete.com, 2018)
3.2 Industry Resources
The focus of the Concrete Repair Industry is to put guidelines and promote
information about concrete maintenance.
3.2.1 International Concrete Repair Institute
The guide of surface preparation for the repair of deteriorated

concrete resulting from reinforcing steel corrosion is a wide known guideline that
has been used for more than 20 years. The Surface Profile Guide helps to
determine the characteristics of coating or sealers to be applied.
International Concrete Repair Institute ICRI Surface profile Guide

www.icri.org www.icri.org
3.2.2 National Association of Corrosion Engineers
The NACE is another

corrosion repair resource. They
develop up-to-date concrete repair
techniques from a corrosion
engineering perspective. e.g.
Cathodic Protection, Sacrificial
anodes, etc. NACE Standard Practice
(https://www.nace.org, 2018)
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3.2.3 American Concrete Institute
The presenter stated that the American Concrete Institute’s

guidelines is also focused in the repair application procedures. This academic
resource is free in the American Concrete Institute’s web page. Additionally,
users could obtain credits for Professional development.
Guide to concrete
repair. (ACI 546R-14)
(Ball C., 2018)
Code requirements
for evaluation. Repair
and rehabilitation of
concrete building
(ACI 562-13)
3.3 Concrete Corrosion
According to the presenter, corrosion is normally characterized by

a chemical or electrochemical reaction that process uniformly over the entire
exposed surface or over a large area into the reinforced concrete. Moreover,
corrosion is the most common reason why concrete structures need repairs.
Bridge Corrosion – Leaking joints Corrosion of reinforced concrete

(Ball C., 2018) (https://www.nace.org ,2018)
Marine Corrosion – Tidal Zone Corrosion of Parking Garage

(Ball C., 2018) (http://www.bushman.cc.2018)
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CAUSES OF CORROSION
According to the presenter, corrosion results in the destruction of the

steel’s passive oxide layer. The exposure of reinforced concrete to chloride ions
is the primary cause of premature corrosion of steel reinforcement. The intrusion
of chloride ions into reinforced concrete that can be found in deicing salts and
seawater can cause steel corrosion only if oxygen and moisture are also available
to sustain the reaction.
Furthermore, Carbonation is another important cause of corrosion. It acts

by reducing the alkalinity of the concrete, which it eventually makes it more
neutral.
CORROSION STAGES AND

STRUCTURAL LIFE SERVICE.
1. Initiation Stage : ±25 years

2. Chloride ions coming in.
3. Propagation: 2 - 5 years
4. The corrosion product takes more
space and introduce tensile
stresses in the concrete. It
produces cracks in the structure,
5. Structural failure
(Ball C., 2018)
Chloride-Induced Corrosion
Chlorides breaking up passive oxide layer cause the Chloride-

Induced Corrosion. The most common chloride environments are Marine
Environments, Chemical Plants and Cast-in Chlorides.
Corrosion Cell in Concrete
The presenter stated that there is a corrosion cell in the concrete

and this cell allows electrochemical reactions. This corrosion cell has two basic
components, the anodic area, and the cathodic area. The anodic area involves
the visible corrosion and it is the area where the oxidation reaction takes place.
Second, the cathodic side of the corrosion cell where the reduction reaction
occurs. This side becomes more passive over time. What is more, the cathodic
area receives cathodic protection from the area who is corroding.
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Requirements for corrosion cell in

concrete
1. Moisture : (Water)
2. Electrolyte : (Concrete)
3. Metallic Path : (Steel)
Corrosion Cell in Concrete A Battery is an Electrochemical Process

(Ball C., 2018) (Ball C., 2018)
Corrosion Induced Damages
The presenter established two possible situations for corrosion

induced damage. First, for conventional mild reinforcing bar the loss of steel
section is not a primary concern. Typically, damage to concrete becomes
significant and observable prior to severe sections loss. Second, for high strength
tendons (prestressed or post tensioned strands), a minor section loss of steel can
have significant effect on strength. Moreover, strands can have significant section
loss without significant concrete damage.
Beam Strands Corroded Bridge substructure

http://www.lehigh.edu https://static.wixstatic.com
Julio Saire
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Carbonation
Carbonation is the result of the

dissolution of CO2 in the concrete
pore fluid. This reacts with calcium
from calcium hydroxide and calcium
silicate hydrate to form calcite
(CaCO3). Moreover, reduction of pH
in cover concrete causes loss of
Concrete carbonation using a pH passive oxide layer.
indicator
(https://www.researchgate.net2018)
Carbonation –Induced Corrosion
CASE OF STUDY
CARBONATION
According to the picture, the
corrosion damage does not occurs
just in marine environments, but
also it happens in urban
environments. This building has
been carbonated-attacked by the
Carbonated wall
(Ball C., 2018) presence of carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere.
Patch Accelerated Corrosion
The presenter stated that

when a structure is corroded a patch
is required. It is not just enough to
replace the affected area because
the same bar is exposed as two
different environments. Moreover,
throughout time new corrosion
Patch Accelerated Corrosion
(Ball C., 2018) comes again.
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3.4 Evaluation Existing Structures
The presenter suggested that in order to take good decisions, it is

important to know what exactly is happening in concrete. That is why he proposed
the following work flow chart:
Concrete Repair Process (Ball C., 2018)
3.4.1 Visual Inspection.
In order to do a structural
condition assessment, it is important
to identify areas of visual damage:
1. Exposed steel
2. Types of environment?
3. Are there cracks?
4. Are rust stains on the surface?
5. Take Notes
Delamination surface
(Ball C., 2018)
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3.4.2 Delamination Survey
A Delamination is inter-
planar separation along the steel. In
other words Delamination are areas
where concrete has lost bond with
rebar and delaminated concrete
which has not yet spalled. There is a
Guide to perform test and that is
ASTM D4580. The most common
method to identify in-situ is Sounding
Test.
Substructure with Delamination
(Ball C., 2018)
3.4.3 Infrared Thermography
Infrared Thermography is a
rough way to do structural condition
assessments. This method picks up
the heat of the structure. Also, the
number samples are limited because
it depends on environment conditions.
Spalls can be identified because of the
difference in the temperature.
Thermic image of Bridge substructure
(Ball C., 2018)
3.4.4 Depth Cover
In order to do a structural
assessment, it is important to
determine the depth of cover. By
comparing the depth of rebar with the
result of chloride and carbonation, we
can determine the factual rebar
condition.
Ground Penetrating Radar

(Ball C., 2018)
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Concrete Cover
(Ball C., 2018)
This is the result of a Depth

cover test using Ground Penetrating
Case study: Concrete Silo cover Depth. Radar. Based on the figures, it can be
(Ball C., 2018)
concluded that the concrete cover is
varying in the structure. It implies that
the structure ii is suffering damage.
3.4.5 Rebar Continuity
The rebar continuity test

verifies the electrical continuity of
steel. Additionally, it helps to
determine where structural repair
should take place.
 Measure the resistance or voltage

between two points
Rebar Continuity Test

(Ball C., 2018)
3.4.6 Chloride Threshold
The chloride threshold value

may be defined as the minimum
concentration of chloride at the depth
of the reinforcement, which results in
active (pitting) corrosion of the steel.
Chloride ratio vs corrosion current

(Ball C., 2018)
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3.4.7 Chloride Sampling and Analysis
Concrete cores provide the

chloride content depending on the
sample’s depth.
Additionally, it is possible to
determine if the reinforcing has been
affected by the chloride content. By
comparing the chloride penetration depth
Concrete Cores and the concrete’s cover.
(Ball C., 2018)
3.4.8 pH Testing
The pH Test determines the depth

of carbonation.
In order to perform the pH test, a

chemical indicator is required
(1 % phenolphthalein in alcohol)
The color purple indicates the

Non-carbonated area, and the color
brown indicates the carbonated area.
Concrete Core during pH Test.
(Ball C., 2018)
3.4.9 Corrosion Potential
1. Corrosion Potential Test is

performed according ASTM-
C87691
2. Measures the electrical potential of
the reinforcing steel
3. Each location takes 5 second to
determine the potential
4. This test uses reference electrodes,
Corrosion Potential Test the most common one is copper -
(Ball C., 2018)
copper sulfate
5. It determines the probability of
corrosion
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Based on the information provided by the presenter, the corrosion potential

result can be classified into three different ranges:
 (> -0.20 V, means an >95 %probability of no corrosion)

 (from -0.20 to – 0.35 V) means a 50 % of corrosion activity is
uncertain
 (> -0.35 V) means that there is more than 95 % probability of
corrosion
3.4.10 Corrosion Potential Bridge Deck
As an example, the presenter discussed about the corrosion potential

survey in a bridge deck. He established a scale based on the corrosion potential
ranges. It goes from red (high corrosion potential) to green (low corrosion
potential). The corrosion potential survey determines the most accurate treatment
that can be applied in the structure.
1. The orange or red scale means a

high corrosion potential
2. Green scale implies low corrosion
potential
3. A whole survey is required in this
type of projects it all depends on
the size of the structure.
Deck Surface Survey
(Ball C., 2018)
3.4.11 Corrosion Rate Measurements
This method implies the polarization of the

steel using different voltages. The shift between
potential is measured and this information can be
used to draw a line. The corrosion-rate
measurement method takes more time than the
corrosion potential test, which lasts five second
per location. Finally, this test method allows to
obtain the corrosion rate measured by number of Corrosion Rate
millimeters (thousands of an inch) it penetrates each year. Measurements
(Ball C., 2018)
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3.4.12 Ground Penetration Radar
This test uses an electromagnetic energy to evaluate the concrete. This

test gives a qualitative assessment of reinforced concrete.
Ground Penetrating Radar Ground Penetrating Radar.

(Ball C., 2018) (http://www.global-gpr.com)
3.4.13 Impact Echo – Equipment
The impact echo is a nod destructive test method. It uses geophysics to

make a concrete analysis. This test introduces stress waves into the material and
receives reflections back. It depends on how fast the waves traveled, to
determine the thickness of the structure, compressive strength and the structural
integrity.
Impact Echo Result

Impact Echo Testing (Ball C., 2018)
(Ball C., 2018)
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CASE STUDY: NON-DESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION OF CLINKER

STORAGE
As an example, the presenter explained some issues into this structure.
Assessment of concrete roof

bam pockets and roof slab to identify
the extent concrete deterioration.
1. Structural integrity
2. Ultra-sonic test
3. Sensors reading the velocity of
the waves
Clinker Storage Silos
(Ball C., 2018)
Sonic/Ultrasonic Testing
Beam Assessment
(Ball C., 2018)
Roof slab assessment
(Ball C., 2018)
Roof Slab Beam Pocket
The ultra sonic testing allows The ultra sonic testing allows to
determines the level of structural determine the level of structural
integrity. Based on the figure, there integrity, cover and the average of the
are sifnificant areas of deterioration, compressive strength.
some would not have been detected
by conventional sounding.
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Post-Tension Structures Evaluation
Post-tension structures are commonly used

in bridges, parking and building. These type of
structures need to slide, they are disbonded
systems. Post-tension structures could fail
explosively, because they are holding an 80 % of
the yield strength. Post Tension Strands
(http://fenixposttension.com, 2018)
CASE STUDY: Impact Echo (Post-Tension Example)
As an example, the presenter discussed about the Rogers

Overpass post-tension bridge in Canada. He stated that this bridge had some
peculiarities during its assessments. It include full grouted duct and soft grout
duct. Those characteristics could induce to the error. Because, the velocity of the
wave into the air is lower than in concrete it takes lot of time to get back the wave
signal. As a result, the data could be misinterpreted. The presenter suggested to
do an excavation and verified the structure inside.
1. Rogers Over pass (Canada).

2. Fully Grouted duct involved a
resonant frequency is 8500
MHz
3. Voided duct resonant
frequency involves a 7000
Strand Assessments
(Ball C., 2018) MHz
Borescope Inspection (verifying Post- tension structures)
Borescope inspection is a test method with a minor physical impact.

This method requires a hole of 4 mm into the through vent tube. It allows verifying
the strand’s conditions. By obtaining that information, the remediation could be
chosen.
Borescope Device Inside Tendons

http://www.netzerotools.com (Balls C.,2018)
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POST TECH ® Corrosion Evaluation
Unbounded systems allows doing unbounded testing. This test is also

referred to as Moisture Testing. Additionally, the corrosion potential test do not
work well because plastic duck shield the steel. The steps needed to do the test
are detailed above.
Test Procedure
1. Drill in
2. Push in dry gas (nitrogen)
3. Measure how much air is
coming out
4. If there is moisture in tendons,
hydrogen has been picked up.
Post-Tech
(Balls C.,2018)
Post -Tech Testing scale
The present scale allow us

to verify if there is dry gas
consumption intro the poste
tension cable.
Post-Tech
(Balls C.,2018)
3.5 Concrete Repair Basics.

3.5.1 Remove and Replace All Contaminated Concrete
One of the most common repair

methods is Hydro demolition. High-
pressure water removes the chloride-
contaminated concrete.
Concrete Repair
(Balls C.,2018)
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When the contaminanted

concrete is critical in the deck, usually
the whole deck should be replaced.
Another achievement is to
make the substructure last long as the
new deck.
Bridge deck Change (Balls C.,2018)
Typical Concrete Repair
Typical Concrete Repair
1. Make sure the repair will have a

good enough bond
2. Prepair the concrete surface is
really important
3. Make sure the old and the new
concrete are compatible
(Balls C.,2018)
Concrete Repair
Recommendations
1. Determine removal
configuration
2. Abrasive blasting to clean
subtrate and reinforcing
3. Remove concrete to undercut
an expose reinforcing steel and
provide uniform repair depth
4. Saw cut perimeter to provide
(Balls C.,2018) vertical edge.
Additionally, the ICRI Guideline for surface preparation for repair of

concrete deterioration resulting from reinforcing steel corrosion includes some
key issues during the repair corrosion. First, recover concrete from full
circumference of all reinforce and reinforcing steel. Remove corrosion from steel,
and finally to expand patch beyond significant corrosion
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Bulk Concrete Removal
Bulk Concrete Removal is a corrosion repair method that allows a

more detailed repair. The machinery required is the lightweight chipping hammer
(15 lb.).
Recommendation :
1) Rough surface for repair material

bonding
2) Square / rectangular in shape
3) Saw cut edges perpendicular to
surface.
4) Remove rust and cement past from
Bulk Concrete Removal
http://www.hss.ie the steel
5) Saturated surface dry
New Construction Vs Repair
According to the presentation, there are some important features by each

type of concrete: the new construction considerations and the repair material
consideration. On one side, the new construction consideration takes into
account the value of the strength (w/c ratio). The value of the consistency of fresh
concrete (slump) and the shrinkage. On the other hand, the repair material
considerations are bond strength shrinkage, modulus, freeze thaw and slump.
Substructure Corroded
(http://www.corrosionclinic.com,2017)
Pier Corrosion
(https://theconstructor.org, 2016)
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3.6 Electrochemical Corrosion Mitigation.
The electrochemistry is a branch of chemistry dealing with chemical

changes produced by electricity and the production of electricity by chemical
changes.
Galvanic Series
Galvanic Corrosion refers that a potential difference usually exists

between two dissimilar metals when they are immersed in a corrosive or
conductive solution. If these metals are placed in contact, this potential difference
produces electron flow between them. Corrosion of the less corrosion-resistant
metal is increased and attack of the more resistant material is decreased, as
compared with the behavior of these metals when they are not in contact. The
less resistant metal become anodic and the more resistant metal cathodic.
Usually the cathode or cathodic metal corrodes very little or not at all in this type
of couple. Because of the electric currents and dissimilar metals involved, this
form of corrosion is called galvanic, or two metal corrosion.
Electrochemical cell
Galvanic Series (Balls C.,2018) (Balls C.,2018)
Measuring Potential of Steel in Concrete
Based on the potential of steel, it

possible to determine the probability of
corrosion. The presenter determiners
a chart to visualize easily:
Potential >-0.20 V corresponds to
90% probability of No corrosion.
Potential -0.20V to -0.35 V
corresponds an uncertain probability
Potential < -0.35 V corresponds to
Measuring Potential of steel 90% probability of corrosion.
(Balls C.,2018)
Potential of zinc vs CSE is -1.1 V
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3.6.1 ELECTROCHEMICAL CORROSION PROTECTION
Galvanic Protection
The cathodic protection utilizes the principles of galvanic corrosion.

Cathodic protection is the protection of a metal structure by making it the
cathode of a galvanic cell. The most suitable anodic metal is the zinc, because it
corrodes preferentially and protects the steel. As a result, Zinc acts as a sacrificial
anode. Cathodic protection is also obtained by impressing a current from an
external power source through an inert anode.
Cathodic Prevention
The main goal if this type of corrosion treatment is to prevent corrosion

from initiating. The presenter showed some devices to accomplish that labor. The
Galvashield X2 anode (Figure above) includes a mortar’s pH is 14. That
environment keeps the zinc form passivating.
Type 01 Anode (Galvashield)

Construction Joint (Anodes)
(Balls C.,2018)
(Balls C.,2018)
Titanium Mesh Type 2 Anode

(Balls C.,2018) (Balls C.,2018)
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Case Study: Installing Galvanic Anode
Galvanic Protection repaired concrete Installation of Anode type 02

(Balls C.,2018) (Balls C.,2018)
Galvanic Protection in bridges Galvanic Protection in Decks

(Balls C.,2018) (Balls C., 2018)
Case Study: Corrosion control (Lucy Tower Multi Story CAR Park Lincoln)
Parking Garage Corrosion potential survey in the deck

(Balls C.,2018) (Balls C.,2018)
Installing corrosion control system Installing Type 01 Anodes

(Balls C.,2018) (Balls C.,2018)
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CATHODIC PROTECTION
Provide enough protective current to the steel to reduce corrosion rate to

approximately Zero.
According of the figure, the

native potential in steel is so high. Then,
the cathodic protection system goes on
and electros are pumping. Those
electrons forces the steel to be more
negative. After that step, the cathodic
protection turns off and this process is
called Depolarization (remove the
cathodic protection). As a result, the
Cathodic Protection
potential in steel raise up again. (Balls C, 2018)
CASE STUDY AND EXAMPLES: Galvanic cathodic protection System

for global protection.
Distributed Anodes protection Large area repair on concrete deck

(Balls C.,2018) (Balls C.,2018)
Reinforced overlay on bridge abutment Bridge Desk with Galvanic Anodes

(Balls C.,2018) (Balls C.,2018)
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CASE STUDY: Cement Clinker Storage Silo Columns
Based on the presenter experience, the best approach to do a structure

assessment is the following:
1. Visual observation
 Cracking.
 Corrosion.
 Spalled Areas.
(Balls C.,2018)
2. Big Picture (Concrete Damage)
Verify the following damage signs
 Spall.
 Patch.
 Crack.
(Balls C.,2018)  Reduced cross-section.
3. Cover Depth
 Make a cover survey
 Verify the cover depth
variation
(Balls C.,2018)
4. Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity

 Determine the concrete quality
based on the velocity of the
ultrasonic pulse.
 Make an etaditical analysis
(Balls C.,2018) about the ultrasonic pulse
velocity results.
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5. Carbonation
 Verify the level of carbonation
using the phenolphthalein.
 Determines the carbonation
depth.
(Balls C.,2018)
6. Chloride Profile
 Having concrete cores, it is
possible to suit a chloride
profiles and determines the
chloride content and other
properties.
(Balls C.,2018)
7. Corrosion potentials
 Determines the corrosion
potentials in elements.
 Make sure about the
difference of the potential in
the element.
 Establish a scale for
(Balls C.,2018) comparison.
8. Repair Strategy
 Remove and replace concrete
cover
 Incorporate galvanic anodes
 Use ICRI procedures.
(Balls C.,2018)
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9. Concrete Removal
 Make sure the corroded
concrete has been removed
from the element.
(Balls C.,2018)
10. Surface Preparation

 Remove corrosion damage
 Prepare the surface to receive
Galvanic anodes protection
(Balls C.,2018)
11. Galvanic Anodes

 Install galvanic anodes
 Make sure the surface has
been covered by the protection
 Use anodes to reach the entire
surface.
(Balls C.,2018)
12. Forming and Finished Repair

 Forming the protection with
grout.
 Finish the repair, getting a
cover back.
(Balls C.,2018)
Julio Saire
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CASE STUDY: Galvanic Jackets
According to the presenter, Galvanic Jackets are common cathodic

protection used by Florida Department of Transportation. This device includes a
Zinc mesh Jacket that is stable at pH 6 to 12.5. In addition, a FRP form covers
the zinc mesh. This type of cathodic protection is primarily for Tidal zone.
Tidal Jacket
Pile Exposure
(Balls C.,2018)
(Balls C.,2018)
Bulk Anode Tidal Plus Jacket

(Balls C.,2018) (Balls C.,2018)
METALIZING
This cathodic protection implies painting the surface of the structure with
zinc paint. According to the presenter, this method is commonly used by the
Florida department of transportation because its advantages. Usually, this
method lasts 15 to 20 years.
Spray Zinc Protection Arc sprayed Zinc

(Balls C.,2018) (Balls C.,2018)
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3.6.2 IMPRESSED CURRENT
This type of cathodic protection are not

connected directly with the steel. In addition, the steel
and the anode create a voltage difference. Moreover,
an outside power source is required.
Impressed Current
(Balls C, 2018)
STUDY CASE : Balcony Repair and Protection (Impressed current)
Structure without cathodic anode Wired damage and active corrosion

(Balls C.,2018) (Balls C.,2018)
Titanium anode system

Titanium Ribom mesh (Balls C.,2018)
(Balls C.,2018)
Dac- Anode
(Balls C.,2018)
Black Coating in balconies
(Balls C.,2018)
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3.6.3 Electrochemical Treatments
This type of corrosion protection system impress cathodic protection over

steel reinforcement. This method try to change the environment around the steel.
The main goal is make the steel passive.
ELECTROCHEMICAL CHLORIDE EXTRACTION
 Used for more than 30 years ago.

 Keep the structure wet.
 The chloride anode ions are push
away from the bar.
 Chloride Ions attracted from the
temporary anode.
 Takes 60 to 90 days
Chloride Extraction  Creates a passive environment
(Balls C.,2018)
around the steel.
 It is well used in historic structures.

 It is no required destructive
methods.
 You apply the current to the steel
 After application, everything is
pulled off.
Historic Structures
(Balls C.,2018)
Phenolphthalein
testing.
 This method wants to do a
Re-alkalization of the structure.
Re-alkalization
(Balls C.,2018)
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3.7 Reference
[1] Ashworth, V. (1993). ‘‘Some basic design and operating parameters for
cathodic protection.’’ Cathodic protection: Theory and practice, V.
Ashworth and C. Googan, eds., Ellis Horwood, Chichester, U.K., 1– 16.
[2] Bertolini, L., Bolzoni, F., Cigada, A., Pastore, T., and Pedeferri, P. (1993).
‘‘Cathodic protection of new and old reinforced concrete structures.’’
Corros. Sci., 35, 1633–1639.
[3] Chris Ball, (2018). Repair of Masonry Problems [PowerPoint
presentation]. Retrieved from CANVAS.
[4] Fontana, M. G. (1988). Corrosion engineering, 3rd Ed., McGraw-Hill, New
York.
[5] Sagues, A. A., Kranc, S. C., Al-Mansur, A. K. M., and Hierholzer, S.
(1994). ‘‘Factors controlling corrosion of steel-reinforced concrete
substructure in seawater.’’ Final Rep. FL/DOT/RC/0537-3523, National
Technical Information Service, Springfield, Va.
Online Resources
[1] Beam Strands Corroded (2009). Lehigh University,

http://www.lehigh.edu. Accessed February 2018.
[2] Bridge substructure (2016), https://static.wixstatic.com. Accessed
February 2018.
[3] Concrete carbonation (2007). The Research gate,
https://www.researchgate.net. Accessed February 2018.
[4] Corrosion of Parking Garage (2003). Bushman Lta.
http://www.bushman.cc. Accessed February 2018.
[5] Corrosion of Reinforced concrete (2014). NACE Internation al,
https://www.nace.org. Accessed February 2018.
[6] Ground penetrating radar (2015). Global GPR, http://www.glob al-
gpr.com/gpr-technology/how-gpr-works.html. Accessed February 2018.
[7] Pantheon (2007). The Roman Concrete, http://www.romanconcrete.com .
Accessed February 2018
[8] Pier Corrosion (2016). The Constructor, https://theconstructor.or g.
Accessed February 2018.
[9] Post Tension Strands (2003). Fenix Posttension,
http://fenixposttension.com. Accessed February 2018.
Julio Saire
51

Presenter: Robert J. Reinhart
Title: Corrosion of the Reinforcing Steel in the Concrete Elements.
What did you learn?
 The reinforced corrosion is an electrochemical reaction, which happens
naturally. However, there are many factor, which can increment the
possibility of corrosion. E.g. Chloride ions and Carbonation.
 The reinforcement into the steel does not corrode by themselves; an
oxide layer is formed because of the initial electrochemical reaction into
the concrete.
 The chloride ions penetration in steel is the most common reason why
corrosion occurs.
 Because of corrosion, steel reinforced produces rust and it expands its
volume. This volume expansion produces cracks and spalls.
 It is important to consider 90 degrees angles repair in concrete
structures.
 It also important to includes anodic protection in order to avoid a
premature corrosion after concrete restoration.
 The entrepreneurship in civil engineering field is profitable in United
States.
 I found helpful the corrosion repair process used in Filter Beds, because
my home country has same corrosion structure problems.
 I found interesting the Junction Chamber repair process developed by the
presenter. That process was excited because it involved many concrete
structures such as slabs, and walls.
 I appreciated the speech about entrepreneurship and his
recommendations how to start a company in United States.
 I would like the presenter includes titles for each step by each type of
concrete repair.
 I suggest using the same format for each slide, because it increases
public’s attention and it makes presentation easy to understand.
 I suggest including in the slides video links on how to perform each type
of concrete repair process. This will enhance the audience understanding.
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CHAPTER IV: CORROSION OF THE REINFORCING STEEL IN

THE CONCRETE ELEMENTS
USF ID: U83049840
(Reihnart R., 2018)
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CHAPTER IV: CORROSION OF THE REINFORCING STEEL IN THE

CONCRETE ELEMENTS
Robert Reinhart is the Vice President at Biller

Reinhart Structural Group Inc. He graduated in Architectural
Engineering from Pennsylvania State University, and he got
Master of Engineering from University of South Florida. He
made a dissertation about Corrosion of the Reinforcing Steel
in the Concrete Elements as a part of the graduate course
Repair and Rehabilitation of Structures at USF.
4.1 Corrosion of the Reinforcing Steel
The steel corrosion is an electrochemical reaction, which happens

naturally. The formation of the steel oxide layer occurs during concrete casting.
During this process, the surrounding environment around the steel develops high
alkalinity because the presence of oxygen. As a result, the passive film protects
the steel. However, there are some factors, which increases the possibility of
corrosion. E.g. Carbonation and Chloride ions.
4.1.1 Carbonation Carbonation

(http://www.xypex.com )
Carbonation is one of the most common
reasons why steel corrodes. This process takes place
because the surrounding concrete environment turns
out acidic or mildly alkaline. The steel is passivated in
concrete when pH is about 12 to 13. However, the steel
begins to corrode when the pH’s environment is less or equal to than 9.5.
Moreover, Carbonation affects low quality concrete structures principally.
Because, these kind of structures involves high porosity and permeability rates.
4.1.2 Chloride Ions Chloride Ions

(Reinhart, 2018)
The chloride ions penetration in steel is the
mainly reason why reinforcement corrosion occurs. It is
important to mention that little quantities of chloride into
the concrete are enough to cause damage into the
reinforcement. Reinforcing corrosion produces rust and
this expands its volume. This volume variation produces cracks and spalls.
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4.2. Codes and References
The presenter recommends taking into account the resources below

mentioned to treat corrosion issues in concrete.
ACI 318 ACI 350/350R
Code requirement
for Environmental
Building Code
Engineering
Requirements
Concrete Structure
for Structural
adopted as a Code
Concrete
standard in 2001
and was referenced as a guide prior to
(https://www.concrete.org, 2018) 2001. (https://www.concrete.org, 2018)
ICRI ICRI
Guide for Selecting and

Surface Specifying
Preparation for Concrete surface
the Repair of preparation for
Deteriorates sealer, coating,
Concrete resulting from reinforcing Polymer Overlays, and Concrete
steel corrosion, guide line No. Repair, Guideline No 310.2R-2013
314.1R-2008 (http://www.icri.org) (http://www.icri.org)
4.3 Proposal or work scope:
According to the presenter, one of the most achieving approach to solve a

corrosion problem is the proposal below described. Each procedure is a good
practice according to the Florida state Laws.
a. Data Collection
Data collection implies to make a research about precedents of the project.
Sometimes, those precedents include plans, construction reports and, related
studies. Having correct information enhances the taking decision–making
procedure.
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b. Site condition survey

As well as the data collection, the visual inspection and the physical
sounding helps to determine critical issues in the structure.
c. Structural Testing
Based on the presenter experience is extremely recommendable
perform structural tests. These tests allows determining physical and
structural properties of the concrete.
d. Report
The report is a technical document, which includes a summary of
the site condition survey; structural tests applied and repair
recommendations.
e. Preparation of construction
This process includes technical documentation such as plans,
specifications, and manuals.
4.4 Case Study 01: Filter Beds Structure
a) Data collection: The owner provided project information.

 The owner of the structure tried to
make it looks better.
 The owner was supervising the
repairs
 The owner provide information
Filter Bed (Reinhart, 2018) about the structure.
b) Site condition survey: The presenter made a visual inspection of the

structure to determine weaknesses
Skim coating (Reinhart, 2018) Efflorescence (stalactites) (Reinhart, 2018)
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Cracking around pipe (Reinhart, 2018) Cracks above pipeline (Reinhart, 2018)
Delaminated concrete (Reinhart, 2018)

Cover loss (Reinhart, 2018)
c) Structural testing
The presenter developed a

strategy to extract concrete cores and
complete the structural testing in the
shorter time. That is because the
whole structure cannot stop working
during testing. Concrete cores and
Coring Schedule (Reinhart, 2018) carbonation test were performed.
Concrete Cores(Reinhart, 2018) Petrographic test (Reinhart, 2018)
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d) Report
According to the concrete coring and petrographic tests, the concrete
compressive strength was 3450 psi which it is a good quality indicator. On the
other hand, the carbonation test demonstrated ¾ in of concrete depth
carbonation. This is a good indicator because the concrete cover was 1 ½ in.
Finally, the presenter made a concrete repair proposal. This proposal will add at
least five years of service to the structure.
e) Preparation for construction

The presenter developed a complete strategy to repair the filter bed. First,
he included a rebar corrosion inhibitor in order to prevent the prescense of
corrosion again. Second, he used bonding agent to increase the bonding
between new concrete and old concrete. Third, delamination areas were removed
and replaced by new concrete. Finally, he followed same procedure inside filter
beds.
Corrosion inhibitor to rebar + bonding Concrete Restoration

agent (Reinhart, 2018)
(Reinhart, 2018)
Concrete Patches (Reinhart, 2018) Marked up affected areas

(rectangular)(Reinhart, 2018)
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4.5 Case Study 02: Settling Tanks
The second case study two illustrates the concrete repair process in a Settling
Tanks. In order to complete this task, the presenter follow procedure described
below.
a) Data collection :
The Structure required repair

because there were cracks and spalls.
The most likely reason was steel
corrosion into the concrete. The
information were provided by the
project owner.
Settling Tanks (Reinhart, 2018)
b) Visual Inspection: Each key point was recorded and taken into account.
Corrosion stain (Reinhart, 2018) Steel Corrosion Tank (Reinhart, 2018)
Water Intrusion (Reinhart, 2018)

Previous repair work (Reinhart, 2018)
Water Stop embedded (Reinhart, 2018) Steel Section loss (Reinhart, 2018)
c) Structural Testing:
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In this case study, the presenter made a visual inspection and he considered
a prompt restoration, because the damage was in the outer part of the tank and
it could carry several structural problems.
d) Report :
The presenter developed a restoration plan including anodic protection,
removing, and replacing damaged concrete.
e) Preparation for construction:
Remove damage concrete (Reinhart, 2018) Cast new grout (Reinhart, 2018)
Anodic Protection (Reinhart, 2018) Pipe Penetration (Reinhart, 2018)
Rectangular square edges in repair Coating on the exterior (Reinhart, 2018)

(Reinhart, 2018)
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4.6 Case Study 03: Junction Chamber
a) Data collection
The presenter established that chemical fumes damaged the concrete
structure. The chemical cocktail included hydrofluosolic (HFS).
b) Visual inspection
Steel corrosion (Reinhart, 2018) Reinforcement exposed (Reinhart, 2018)
Leaking Cause (Reinhart, 2018) Acid drift (Reinhart, 2018)
Absence of cover in ceiling Pipes corrosion (Reinhart, 2018)

(Reinhart, 2018)
c) Structural Testing
In this case study, the presenter made a visual inspection and he considered
to repair directly, because it was an undeniable concrete deterioration.
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d) Report
This corrosion issue in this project involved different stages. As a result, the
presenter split the corrosion process reparation in differences phases. Those
phases are illustrated with figures below.
Section 01 (Reinhart, 2018) Section 02(Reinhart, 2018)
e) Construction process:
Shotcrete Layers (Reinhart, 2018) Pipe Line Reparation (Reinhart, 2018)
Shotcrete (Reinhart, 2018) Concrete Patch (Reinhart, 2018)
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4.7 Case Study 04: Clarifier.
a) Data Collection
According to the presentation, it was important to recover the information
provided by the owner. For example, in this case study, the steel reinforcement
were steel strands. This kind of reinforcement is rarely used in this type of
structures but for repair purposes is important to consider.
b) Visual inspection
The presenter developed an integral visual inspection taking into account
spalls and cracks. This kind of damage was repaired conducting the same repair
processed explained before.
Concrete Spalls (Reinhart, 2018) Concrete cracks (Reinhart, 2018)
4.8 Reference
Textbooks
[1] Fontana, M. G. (1988). Corrosion engineering, 3rd Ed., McGraw-Hill, New

York.
[2] Robert J. Reinhart, (2018). Corrosion of the reinforcing steel in the
concrete elements [PowerPoint presentation]. Retrieved from CANVAS.
[3] Sagues, A. A., Kranc, S. C., Al-Mansur, A. K. M., and Hierholzer, S. (1994).
‘‘Factors controlling corrosion of steel-reinforced concrete substructure in
seawater.’’ Final Rep. FL/DOT/RC/0537-3523, National Technical
Information Service, Springfield, Va.
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Online Resources
[1] ACI 318-14 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (2014).
American Concrete Institute https://www.concrete.org. Accessed
February 2018.
[2] ACI 350/350R Code requirement for Environmental Engineering Concrete
Structure – adopted as a Code /standard in 2001 and was referenced as
a guide prior to (2001). American Concrete Institute,
https://www.concrete.org. Accessed February 2018.
[3] Carbonation (2003). Xypex , http://www.xype x.com. Accessed February
2018.
[4] Guide for Surface Preparation for the Repair of Deteriorates Concrete
resulting from reinforcing steel corrosion, guide line No. 314.1R (2008).
International Concrete Repair Institute, http://www.icri.org. Accessed
February 2018.
[5] Selecting and Specifying Concrete surface preparation for sealer, coating,
Polymer Overlays, and Concrete Repair, Guideline No 310.2R (2013).
International Concrete Repair Institute, http://www.icri.org, Accessed
February 2018.
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Presenter: Matthew Conley
Title: Detection and repair of defects in Post-Tensioned Concrete Construction.
What did you learn?
 I find important differences between pre-stressed structures and post-
tensioned structures. Pre-cast structures involves pre-fabricated elements
made in concrete factories. Further, they have to be placed on site.
Second, post-tensioned structures are concrete elements who have been
cast in place and they have to be tensioned after casting.
 Jacketing in beams is a highly cost repair process. This repair is commonly
used in post-tensioned beams and it involves a cost around 80K to 10K
USD a beam for 60’ long.
 One of the best nondestructive test to do preliminary investigations is using
Ground Penetrating Radar. This nondestructive method helps to
determine tendon position and internal consolidation issues.
 The reverse curvature in post-tensioned structures is a critical type of
cracking. Additionally, to treat this problem is completely required a
structural analysis approach.
 The presenter encouraged the public to be careful during posttensioned
process. Because this type of structure has an enormous amount of
energy in the strands. Once the strands are release, they could cause
personal and property damage.
 The posttensioned concrete growth is taking relevant importance in North

America. The growth ratio is eight percent per year since 1986.
 Using posttensioned elements, concrete design will reduce the weight of
the structure. That means a considerable reduction in elements’ size.
 I found interesting the large variety of nondestructive methods used to
identify structural issues.
 The Jacketing repair is a good approach to solve internal consolidation
issues in poste-tensioning structures. Further, this type of repair involve
mathematical calculation and expert technical skills.
 I suggest investing more time in the calculus approach in the

posttensioned structures.
 I suggest increasing the size font in pictures. This will enhance the
audience understanding.
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65
CHAPTER V: DETECTION AND REPAIR OF DEFECTS IN POST-
TENSIONED CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION

COURSE : REPAIR AND REHABILITATION OF STRUCTURES
USF ID : U83049840
(Reihnart R., 2018)
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CHAPTER V: DETECTION AND REPAIR OF DEFECTS IN

POST-TENSIONED CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION
Matthew Conley serves as a structural engineer at

Walker Consultant Company. He holds a Bachelor degree in
Civil Engineering from the University of Florida, and a Master
of Engineering from the University of South Florida. He made
a presentation about Detection and Repair of Defects in Post-
Tensioned Concrete Construction at USF.
5.1 What is Post-tensioned concrete
Post-tensioning is an up-to-date concrete design method. This method of

design has been taking relevance since the seventies. Posttensioned structures
allow reaching long and slender spans avoiding huge quantities of concrete and
steel. That considerable amount of advantages makes this kind of concrete
design more efficient and stronger. As an example, US structural engineers has
been considered posttensioned structures because its performance during
design. As a result, it decreases cost during construction. Finally, posttensioned
structures have certain inherent advantages over pre-stressed elements, which
are important during concrete design and casting in place.
Even though post-tensioned design has some similarities with pre-

stressed design, there are quite differences between each other to take into
account. Post-tensioned structures involve applying tension forces to tendons
after they have been casting into the concrete. Unlike pre-stressed structures,
post-tensioned structures need to be cast in place. According to the presenter,
post-tensioned structures are more beneficial than pre-stressed members are,
because the entire structure has a monolithic structural behavior. In contrast, pre-
cast structures need to be cast in place before and then arranged during
construction. That configuration allows more displacements it also gives an
uncomfortable physical perception to the building’s users.
Prestressed concrete (http://www.dailycivil.com) Post-tensioning (http://www.dailycivil.com)
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According to the presenter, posttensioned design has been taken a

considerable importance in US since the last three decades. The growth of post-
tensioned structures has been estimated about 8.6% per year. That means an
increase in revenues and profits in this civil engineering field. As an example,
during 2007 more than 225 K tons of posttensioning materials have been shipped
in US. Additionally, posttensioning concrete members allows saving around 25 %
in concrete production cost. Indeed, using posttensioning technologies, the cost
of concrete production, the elements size, and the weight of the structure
decrease.
Posttensioning is a structural method, which introduces compression

forces into the faces of concrete to compensate tensile stresses. What is more,
posttensioning members provide continuity to the concrete element. It allows a
reduction in the member size and its reinforcement. As an example, the presenter
illustrated this advantage comparing the quantity of moment, which has to be
carried by a simple supported beam in contrast to a continuous beam. The
moment in a simple supported beam is greater than the moment in a continuous
beam. That is why posttensioning method provides continuity to the members.
5.2 Types of construction defects

5.2.1 Cracking in Posttensioned beams and girders
The presenter stated that cracking in concrete beams is not necessarily a

problem. However, there some reasons why concrete cracks. To analyze cracks
in beam it is important to take into the account the size of the crack. It is possible
to determine the size of the crack by using a crack scale. If there is a narrow
crack, it is not a major issue. Nevertheless, if there is a wide crack, there is a
potential concrete issue in the beam.
Wide Crack (Conley M, 2018) Narrow Crack (Conley M, 2018)
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5.2.2 Reverse curvature
Reverse curvature is a major structural issue in posttensioned beams. This

kind of cracking is due to misplaced tendons during concrete pour. The beam’s
cracks follow the curvature of the tendon. That is due to the tensile forces applied
to the tendon. Reverse curvature can get worse if it is not repair. As a result, the
presenter encourages the public to repair as soon as possible.
Reverse Curvature Crack Tendon and Reverse Curvature

(Conley M, 2018) Profile(Conley M, 2018)
5.2.3 Cracking Within anchorage zones
Another important reason why post-tensioned structured cracks is the

cracking within anchorages zones. This kind of cracking occurs because of some
important factors. On the one hand, the improper tendon placement is a common
reason why anchorages zones cracks. That is because, too many tendons has
been placed in a single area. This produces non-designed stresses in members.
On the other hand, another common type of anchorage failure is the insufficient
bursting reinforcement. It happens because there is not enough steel
reinforcement in the anchorage zone. Which eventually will allow concrete
cracking.
Cracking in anchorage zone –Slab Insufficient column ties in anchorage

(Conley M, 2018) zone (Conley M, 2018)
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5.2.4 Visible and non/visible concrete consolidation issues.
A consolidation issue is a common problem in posttensioned concrete

elements. Honeycombing is the most common consolidation issue because of
poorly consolidated concrete. Indeed, it is a combination of issues: tendons are
too close together or an improperly vibration when the concrete is placed. On the
other hand, this type of concrete issue could be located in the outer part of the
element and in the interior of the element. The best way to return the durability to
the structure is remove the concrete and replace it.
Concrete Consolation Issue in above Concrete Consolation Issue visible on

tendons (Conley M, 2018) concrete (Conley M, 2018)
5.2.5 Damaged post/ tensioned tendon
A number of reasons can damage tendons. First, they are damaged

because the installation of electrical and mechanic equipment. The problem takes
place because something is being supplementary installed into the structure. As
an example, when the concrete structure has been finished, there were missing
electrical or mechanical lines. Third, another critical damage in tendons is
because core drilling. Topping installation cuts posttensioned elements in order
to accommodate new lines. During this process, it is common that some tendon’s
wires have been cut, and those tendons no longer have the integrity that they
supposed to have.
Tendon Dislodged From the anchor PT Slab Tendon Cut by a Saw

(Conley M, 2018) (Conley M, 2018)
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5.3 Methods of detecting construction
Based on the presenter experience, there are destructive and

nondestructive approaches to identify construction defects. The most
recommendable approach is the non-destructive method because it does not
affect the element section. Indeed, the concrete has not been deteriorated to
analyze the issue. However, if there is a critical problem, a destructive method is
totally required.
5.3.1 Visual observations
Visual observation is the most simple way and cost effective way for
detecting defects in structure. Based on the presenter experience, this method
could identify effectively the structure issues if it is used properly. The presenter
recommends using some techniques to identify issues; such as crack mapping,
measuring crack width and length, taking photos.
Taking Photos Crack mapping

(https://www.videoblocks.com) (http://www.concreteconstruction.net)
5.3.2 Hammer sounding
Hammer sounding is another cost-effective method to identify concrete

consolidation issues. Those types of concrete issues are located not just on the
surface but also they are in the interior of the member. That is why; the presenter
established that this method requires well-trained personnel because as
consequence of the assessment, the repair process will take place. Finally, It is
important to provide accommodate accessibility to the personnel during the
testing process in order to perform the test properly.
Hammer Sounding of a PT Beam Hammer Sounding of a FRP Beam

(Conley M, 2018) https://www.researchgate.net
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5.3.3 Ground Penetrating Radar
The GRP (ground Penetrating Radar) is a device, which introduces high

frequencies into the concrete element and record the energy reflected back to the
surface. That response could be used to identify consolidation issues, tendon
position, and the reinforcement location in the member. It is important to mention
that this kind of nondestructive method has limitations for example the depth of
scan is on the range of (8” to 10”) depending on age and strength of concrete.
Ground Penetrating Radar Finding Embedded Steel in PT Beam

https://www.proceq.com (Conley M, 2018)
5.3.4 Impulse Response Testing.
The impulse response testing introduces a low –strain hammer impact in

the concrete surface. This impact sends a stress wave, which is recorded by an
accelerometer into the device. Processing this data is the properly way for
determining cracking and consolidation issues.
PT Girder with low Mobility PT Girder with High Mobility

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5.3.5 Localized Concrete Removal
The localized concrete removal is the last method to identify what is the
problem into the beam. This approach always requires an intrusive inspection of
the beam, which implies a concrete removal. The presenter established a
carefully attention during this repair process. The quality control and the
contractor expertise take a relevant importance during the repair process.
Local Concrete Removal on a PT Girder Concrete Removed from PT Girder

(Conley M, 2018) (https://www.structuraltechnologies.com)
5.4 Repair of construction defects
The presenter determined the most common techniques in post-tensioned

beams. Such are described below.
5.4.1 Jacketing PT beams with reverse curvatures Reverse Curvature PT

Beam (Conley M, 2018)
The reverse curvature in posttensioned beams

is a critical structural issue. This problem is the result
of a change in the tendon profile. That change
introduces non-designed forces into the concrete
element producing cracks. Even though those cracks
are not wide they should be repaired. The best approach to solve this problem is
by doing a structural analysis of the beam and establishing a repair procedure or
protocol.
5.4.2 External post tensioning Jacketing PT Beam

(https://w ww.structuralt.com)
The Jacketing is another approach to repair

reverse curvature problems in post-tensioned beams.
This technique adds flexural and shear reinforcement
to the element in an exterior concrete shell that is cast
around the damaged member. This method takes a lot
of time to perform that is why there is a high cost to perform it.
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5.4.3 Forming and pumping
Forming and Pumping is a localized approach to solve some consolidation

issues in concrete. Before doing the forming and pumping approach, first all the
concrete affected area should be removed. Once the affected area has been
removed, liquid concrete should be pumped under pressure into the cavity. This
approach guarantees to fill void into the form. Indeed, this concrete repair looks
natural after casting.
PT Girder Repaired via Form and Pump Appearance of PT Repair via Form and
(Conley M, 2018) Pump (Conley M, 2018)
5.4.4 Carbon fiber wrapping
Carbon Fiber wrapping is a good approach to increase the shear and

flexural strength of members. This carbon mesh is used complementary during
forming and pumping repair process. It is recommendable to use carbon
wrapping when there are ninety-degree corners in the element. Because this can
increase the deterioration of the carbon wrapping.
Carbon Wrapping Parking PT Beam Carbon Wrapping RC Girder

(http://www.buildera.com) (http://www.buildera.com)
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5.4.5 Splicing Existing Tendons
This method is used to repair damaged tendons. The main damage occurs
during concrete placing. Furthermore, during tendons repairing is totally required
shoring in adjacent bays in order to prevent collapse. The damaged zone should
be removed to find the broken tendon. Once the tendon has been found, it has to
be stressed and patched.
Installed PT Tendon Splice Chuck Post Tension Slab Tendon Repair.

(Conley M, 2018) (https://schnellcontractors.com)
5.5 Case Study 01: Parking structure in South Florida
To analyze this case study properly, the presenter proposed a few steps
to be followed. They will be described in this case study in South Florida, US.
5.5.1 Preliminary investigation
The presenter suggested taking notes about the whole structure. In this
punctual case study, the structure is a parking garage of five levels. It includes
slab spans of 24’ and post tensioned beam of 16” wide and 36” deep. The vertical
elements are concrete columns of 24” wide and 24” deep.
A visual inspection was enough

to determine what structural issues in
the structure were. There was a
critical cracking in Posttensioned
beams. In this particular case, It was
required shoring the beam on every
level down to the grade level.
Cracking in PT- Beam (01)

(Conley M, 2018)
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Cracking in PT- Beam (02) Cracking in PT- Beam (03)

To make sure that was a critical

concrete issue, it was necessary to
use the Ground Penetration Radar.
There was a reverse curvature

into the structure. A repair is required
Local Concrete Removal

(Conley M, 2018)
5.5.2 Repair solutions
In order to solve this problem, there were discussing some ways to repair
it. First, Epoxy Injection into cracks. This option was a temporary solution and it
does not solve the real issue. Another approach was De-stressing the
posttensioned beam and demolishing it. This approach involves a huge budget
that is why it was rejected. The last approach was the Jacketing. As it was
discussed above, this process has esthetic and monetary advantages.
Removing and replacing of Concrete

Jacket Reinforcement
(http://www.diamonddrilling.biz)
(Conley M, 2018)
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5.5.3 Repair analysis and design
There presenter suggested an engineering approach to repair the reverse

curvature into this posttensioned beam.
Analyze the beam in a

structural software taking into account
the current stress into the tendon. That
procedure determines forces and
reinforcement required.
Modeling al Structural Analysis
Software(Conley M, 2018)
Shear Design
Design the shear reinforcement

for the jacket assuming the remain
concrete does not contribute with any
resistance.
Shear Diagrams PT Beam
(Conley M, 2018)
Flexural Design
Design the flexural reinforcement

for the jacket assuming that is a
T-beam.
Moment Diagrams PT Beam

(Conley M, 2018)
Conclusion
 Good looking
 Issue repaired
 Increase in the elements dimensions.
Repaired Beam (Conley M, 2018)
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5.6 Case Study 02: Parking structure in Central Florida.
To analyze this case study properly, the presenter proposed a few steps
to be followed. They will be described for this case study in Central Florida, US.
5.6.1 Preliminary investigation
The presenter suggested taking notes about the whole structure. In this
punctual case study, the structure is a parking garage of five levels. It includes
slab spans of 18’ and post tensioned beam of 16” wide and 36” deep. The vertical
elements are concrete columns of 36” wide and 24” deep.
Critical cracking was found in

the posttensioned beam. Before
continuing with the analysis, the
presenter determined to put shoring
close to the beam to avoid more
cracking.
Cracking in PT Beam
(Conley M, 2018)
The ground penetrating radar

was used to analyze the reason why
the concrete element was cracking.
Even though this method is

accurate, It did not give a conclusive
result.
Ground Penetrating Radar test

(https://www.gp-radar.com)
Destructive method of analysis

were required to determine the reason
why the concrete element was
craking. Removing a layer of concrete,
the whole bottom of the beam began
crumbling. A concrete consolidation
issue caused beam craking.
Removing Concrete from PT Beam
(Conley M, 2018)
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5.6.2 Repair solutions
Once the concrete issue were detected was fundamental to determine the
repair option. The presenter had a variety of good approaches to solve this
problem. First, forming and pumping. This approach was not selected because it
does not correct the real concrete issue. Second, demolishing the existing beam,
and reconstructing a new beam. This solution was so expensive and it took long
time. Finally, by carefully removing poorly consolidated concrete around
Posttensioned tendons and patching the member with a fine aggregate repair
material. That was the approach selected because it requires a short time and it
looks good on the structure.
Demolishing Existing structures Carbon Wrapping Proposal in PT Beam

(http://www.grantmackaydemolition.com) (Conley M, 2018)
5.6.3 Repair analysis and design
The presenter determined a detailed

set of performance requirement to do
the restoration:
 Concrete removal limits

 Repair material requirements
 PT sheathing repair requirements Repair Proposal - Jacketing
(Conley M, 2018)
A restoration contractor developed the

repair details.
Further, the restoration contractor

completed the work via from and
pump. Final surface was painted to
hide the repair. Final Product (PT BEAM)
(Conley M, 2018)
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5.7 Reference
Online Resources
[1] Carbon Wrapping Parking PT Beam (2008). Buildera Inc.,

http://www.buildera.com. Accessed February 2018.
[2] Crack mapping (2009). Cracking Scale,
http://www.concreteconstruction.net. Accessed February 2018.
[3] Concrete Removed from PT Girder (2010). Structural Technologies,
https://www.structuralt.com. Accessed February 2018.
[4] Demolishing Existing structures (2001). Grant Mackay Demolition,
http://www.grantmackaydemolition.com. Accessed February 2018.
[5] Ground Penetrating Radar (2013). Proceq Instrument,
https://www.proceq.com. Accessed February 2018.
[6] Ground Penetrating Radar test (2017). GP radar,
https://www.gp-radar.com. Accessed February 2018.
[7] Hammer Sounding FRP Beam (2015). Research Gate,
https://www.researchgate.net. Accessed February 2018.
[8] Matthew Conley, (2018). Detection And Repair of Defects in Post-
Tensioned Concrete Construction [PowerPoint presentation]. Retrieved
from CANVAS.
[9] Post Tension Slab Tendon Repair (2006). Schnell Contractors,
https://schnellcontractors.com. Accessed February 2018.
[10] Prestressed concrete (2003). Daily Civil, http://www.dailycivil.com.
[11] Removing and replacing of Concrete (2012). Diamond Drilling Inc.,
http://www.diamonddrilling.biz. Accessed February 2018.
Text Books
[1] ACI 318-14 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete

(2014). American Concrete Institute https://www.concrete.org.
[2] ACI 440.2R Guide for the Design and Construction of Externally
Bonded FRP Systems for Strengthening Concrete Structures (2017).
American Concrete Institute, https://www.concrete.org. Accessed
February 2018.
Julio Saire
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Presenter: William C. Bracken.
Title: Professionalism and Ethics in Engineering.
What did you learn?

 According to the presenter, running a business requires a lot of
professionalism because during the professional exercise there are many
risky situations, which test your morality and ethics.
 Based on the presenter experience, to have an outstanding professional
exercise is necessary to follow some steps. The most important step is to
get certification as a Professional Engineer. Then, to get this qualification
there some steps required. The first one is getting a degree from an ABET-
Accredited university program. Second, take the Fundamentals of
Engineering exam. Third, accumulate at least 48 months of training.
Finally, take and pass the PE exam.
 The forensic engineering determines the causes of structures failures.
This engineering branch analyzes the engineering techniques applied,
materials, and components.

 The speech’s technique was unusual because the presenter encouraged
the public to ask questions.
 The presenter encouraged the public to follow an impeccable professional
practice. Moreover, I decided running my own business at the end my
masters.
 Engineers should not help or abet the unlawful practice of engineering by
a person or company.

 Even though it was an outstanding presentation, I suggest including
PowerPoint slides to discuss the topic. This suggestion will enhance the
audience understanding
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CHAPTER VI: PROFESSIONAL ETHICS & ENGINEERING

USF ID : U83049840
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CHAPTER VI: PROFESSIONAL ETHICS AND ENGINEERING.
William C Bracken is the CEO of Bracken Engineering

Company. He holds a Bachelor and Master degree in Civil
Engineering from the University of South Florida. He made a
presentation about Professional Ethics and Engineering as a
part of the graduate course Repair and Rehabilitation of
Structures at USF
6.1 Ethics and Professionalism
Engineers need to solve problems, manage work groups, write reports,

assume positions of high responsibility, and over all, make decisions. These
actions require the understanding of ethics in the practice of engineering.
Usually students or engineers do not ETHICS ISSUES

understand the concepts of ethics and
professionalism. It is usual that they
underestimate the importance of these concepts,
or that they do not realize the responsibility they
http://www.alexcormack.com
carry. Since it is well known that committing errors
in professional practice is punishable by law. By correctly understanding the goals
of ethics and professionalism, a better-structured society will be built, avoiding
errors in the professional exercise and guaranteeing good service to society.
It is important to mention that during the presentation some fundament al

rules of the engineering exercise were mentioned. That is why I took “The
Fundamental Canons” established by the National Society of Professional
Engineering as a reference. One of the rules in the “Fundamental Canons” is
"Engineers should Perform services only in areas of their competence” This rule
is important because it establishes that an engineer of a certain branch of
engineering can only practice the profession in his specialty. This implies that the
engineer cannot sign, seal, or modify the designs of any other engineer. This is
a rule that protects the public and guarantees a good service to society.
Duke University
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j1PfqIjb7w0
Professional Ethics & Engineering
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FUNDAMENTAL CANONS (NSPE)

 Hold paramount the safety, health, and welfare of the public.
 Perform services only in areas of their competence.
 Issue public statements only in an objective and truthful manner.
 Act for each employer or client as faithful agents or trustees.
 Conduct themselves honorably, responsibly, ethically, and lawfully so as
to enhance the honor, reputation, and usefulness of the profession.
https://www.nspe.org/resources/ethics/code-ethics
What is more, the license is an accreditation that engineers must respect

and preserve throughout their professional lives. This license is important to take
care of it because it allows you to obtain professional experience and prove your
reputation as an engineer. The National Society of Professional Engineers
established a code of ethics for engineers listed above, which includes the
professional obligations of the engineers, which will be listed below.
PROFESSIONAL OBLIGATIONS (NSPE)
 Engineers shall be guided in all their relations by the highest standards of

honesty and integrity.
 Engineers shall at all times strive to serve the public interest.
 Engineers shall avoid all conduct or practice that deceives the public.
 Engineers shall not disclose, without consent, confidential information
concerning the business affairs or technical processes of any present or
former client or employer, or public body on which they serve.
 Engineers shall not be influenced in their professional duties by

conflicting interests.
https://www.nspe.org/resources/ethics/code -ethics
Finally, the presenter encouraged the CONFLICT OF INTERESTS
public that; engineers should never be involved

in corruption or moral issues. These situations
damage the reputation of engineers and
threaten the welfare of the society.
http://www.alexcormack.com
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6.2 Forensic Engineering
The forensic engineering seeks to analyze the probable causes of failure

in structures. Likewise, it seeks to analyze the materials, the engineering methods
used, and all the practices that have been possible causes of damage to property
and personal damages. Likewise, this branch of engineering has application in
the laws, because they are used as evidence in the courts.
The presenter explained that this type of engineering uses the steps of the
investigation in a contrary way. This statement is correct because when analyzing
the effect of a failure in the structures, it starts by analyzing the current situation
of a fallen structure. Then, it is processed to make tests to the materials, and to
the construction documents to be the case.
It is important to have in mind that forensic engineering is applicable to

analyze the causes of any type of structural damage and thus determine
responsibilities.
HURRICANE HARVEY DAMAGE FORENSIC ENGINEERING FIELDS
https://www.newromellc.com/hurricane - http://www.armstrongforensic.com
harvey/
I have attached the link of a free course (OPENLearn) on Introduction to

forensic engineering, which describes widely the concepts involved in forensic
engineering. Finally, this course allows online certification after completing all the
content.
FREE ONLINE COURSE http://www.open.edu/openlearn/science-maths-technology/engineering-

FORENSIC and-technology/engineering/introduction-forensic-engineering/content-
ENGINEERING section-0?active-tab=content-tab
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6.3 Engineering Licensure
The engineering licensure is one of the best credentials that an engineer

can hold. This certification means for the clients means that the engineer is
qualified to elaborate projects. Likewise, for an employer it means that the
engineer is qualified to assume important positions. In general, licensure
generates respect in society for being a sign of professional achievements.
There are some important differences ENGINEERING PRACTICE

between a professional engineer and engineer.
First, only a licensed engineer can sign, seal,
engineering drawings or drawings that will be
presented before a state authority or a client of
the public or private sector. Second, engineering
licensing implies that all responsibility for the
designs, decisions or signed documents rests
with the Professional engineer. That is why http://www.educationforever.in
having ethics and professionalism is one of the
best tools to succeed.
Based on the presenter experience, to have an outstanding professional

exercise is necessary to follow some steps. The most important step is to get
certification as a Professional Engineer. Then, to get this qualification there some
steps required. The first one is getting a degree from an ABET-Accredited
university program. Second, pass the Fundamentals of Engineering exam. Third,
accumulate at least 48 months of training. Finally, take and pass the PE exam.
In the United States is a requirement that engineers must follow a series

of steps to obtain a professional license, these steps are described below:
STEPS TO GET THE PROFESSIONAL LICENSURE

To use the PE seal, engineers must complete several steps to ensure their competency.
1. Earn a four-year degree in engineering from an accredited engineering program

2. Pass the Fundamentals of Engineering (FE) exam
3. Complete four years of progressive engineering experience under a PE.
4. Pass the Principles and Practice of Engineering (PE) exam
https://www.nspe.org/resources/licensure/what-pe
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6.4 Reference
[1] Ethic issues and Interest conflict (2012). Alex Cormack.

http://www.alexcormack.com, Accessed February 2018.
[2] Engineering Practice (2016). National Society of Professional
Engineers., http://www.educationforever.in, Accessed February 2018.
[3] Forensic Engineering Field (2014). Forensic Specialists.
http://www.armstrongforensic.com, Accessed February 2018.
[4] Hurricane Harvey Damage (2017). National Society of Professional
Engineers, https://www.newromellc.com/hurricane-harvey, Accessed
February 2018.
[5] NSPE Code of Ethics for Engineers (2016). National Society of
Professional Engineers.,
https://www.nspe.org/resources/ethics/code-ethics, Accessed
February 2018.
[6] Steps To Get The Professional Licensure (2016). National Society of
Professional Engineers.,
https://www.nspe.org/resources/licensure/what-pe, Accessed
February 2018.
[7] William Bracken, (2018). Ethics and Professionalism in Civil
Engineering [PowerPoint presentation]. Retrieved from CANVAS.
Julio Saire
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Presenter: Dr. Nick Bradford
Title: Construction and Forensic Engineering
What did you learn?
 It is important that in a construction company there is a professional
engineer who can verify all the technical aspects of the projects. In this
way, the company can guarantee the quality of the projects.
 A construction company requires insurance that can cover the workers and
the works that are carried out.
 In every construction company there is a functional organization chart.
Usually it is composed of interns, engineers, professional engineers and
the management area.
 It is essential that engineers are well informed about the responsibilities
and tasks they have within a company to avoid errors due to lack of
knowledge.
 As a forensic engineer, it is important to know the regulations of the state
very well. This knowledge is very important because the courts often
require forensic engineers to resolve disputes in trials.
 It is important to take care of the reputation of each engineer. The
presenter recommends complying with the regulations of each state. This
implies fulfilling the limitations and attributions of each engineer in the
documents he signs.
 An engineer can not change another engineer's proposal. It is essential
that any change in plans or documents during the execution of a project
be consulted and verified. For these changes can generate
incompatibilities and errors during construction.
 Being a professional engineer involves many studies and exams. This is
because of the responsibility that comes with it. In addition, this
responsibility must seek the welfare of society and the quality of the
projects.
 Although the presentation was very interesting, I suggest that the
presenter includes a PowerPoint presentation to have a better sequence
in the presentation.
Julio Saire
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CHAPTER VII: CONSTRUCTION AND FORENSIC

ENGINEERING

USF ID : U83049840
USF ID : U83049840
Julio Saire
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CHAPTER VII: CONSTRUCTION AND FORENSIC ENGINEERING.
Nick Bradford is the CEO of The Structures Group. He

holds a Bachelor and Master degree in Architectural
Engineering with concentration in Structures from the
Pennsylvania State University. He made a presentation about
Construction and Forensic Engineering as a part of the
graduate course Repair and Rehabilitation of Structures at USF
7.1 Forensic Engineering.
Forensic engineering plays an important role in society. This branch of

engineering has been growing in these years due to its role in the society. Many
times, we see collapsed buildings, poorly constructed bridges, or concrete
structures in poor condition; these are examples of the scope of forensic
engineering. Determine the causes of the failure, analyze the materials and
techniques used are the functions of forensic engineering. That is why forensic
engineering has taken relevance in society.
In the last years, the interest in this profession has increased in the United
States. As a result, insurance companies, government agencies have taken into
account the role of forensic engineering. For example, in urban areas there are
residential buildings that collapse, then forensic engineers acts by determining
the causes of the failure. It is then when the aforementioned institutions take a
role, in the case of the insurance company, the cost of the damages, and in the
case of the government, the effects, and how they can be solved.
The presenter established that

one of the first steps to determine the
cause of a structural problem in
buildings is the diagnosis of the
problem. During this process, all the
details of the event are analyzed and
taken into account. This allows having
FEMA Flood Map
a record of each post-event Bradford, N. (2018)
characteristic. The materials, the type of structure, location, documents, and the
plans are fundamental to know the reasons why a structure fails.
Julio Saire
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After completing the diagnosis of an event, the possible causes of the

failure can be established. This involves a detailed study of all the consequences.
To do this, the presenter added, that every construction company must have
insurance that can cover and guarantee the work it does.
Within the forensic engineering, there are a certain number of steps that
must be met in order to obtain the most optimal results:
1. Data collection ranging from desk studies (theoretical/predicted

performance of structures) to field investigations (actual
performance of failed structures)
2. Hypothesis generation techniques for technical and procedural
causes of failure
3. Hypothesis testing for engineering aspects of forensic cases
4. Reporting findings about the most likely causes and consequences
5. Improving engineering designs based on lessons learned from
forensic cases
Forensic Engineering: Learning from Failures

https://www.edx.org/course/forensic-engineering-learning-failures-delftx-tudf-fe01x
There are important bibliographical references detailed below.
Forensic Engineering Investigation Guidelines For Forensic Engineering

(Randan K. Noon) Practice (Kardon, Ph.D., S.E.)
More information
http://civil.columbia.edu/forensic-structural-engineering
Free Online Courses

https://www.edx.org/course/forensic-engineering-learning-
failures-delftx-tudf-fe01x
Insurance Company
https://business.libertymutualgroup.com/busine ss-
insurance/industries/construction-insurance-coverage
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7.2 Construction Engineering.
The Construction Engineering is a professional discipline that is

responsible for planning, design, construction, and management of infrastructure
such as buildings, roads and others. The construction companies are the ones
that are responsible for carrying out all the work of the projects. In that sense,
having well determined the tasks within a construction company is vital for its
development. The presenter established a model of company structure.
Additionally, I suggest models of successful companies in the United States.
CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
http://commonpence.co/construction-company-organization-chart/
In a construction, company is important that there is a professional

engineer that can guarantee the quality of the projects. As we can see in the
proposal of a construction company organization must take into account some
aspects such as engineering project, and quality. In this way, the construction
companies must have a staff of professional engineers who must review, order
and verify the quality of the projects. It is important that the professional engineers
be aligned with the regulations of each state and not be involved in irregularities
or errors in the projects.
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It is very usual in the area of construction, the occurrence of errors when

projects are presented to government authorities. In this sense, the presenter
suggests that the engineers check very well the documents they sign and stamp.
Likewise, documents such as plans, schedules, and others that are presented to
the authorities are proof of the responsibilities assumed by an engineer.
By signing the project documents as plans and schedules, a professional

engineer assumes all responsibility for the content of these. According to the
experience of the presenter, he suggests that professional engineers limit the
scope of their responsibility, clearly placing their functions and attributions in each
document they sign. The consequences of the interpretations can generate
judicial persecution and civil responsibilities. In this sense, the responsibility of
the professional engineers is very high but also, it guarantees the quality in the
projects.
ENGINEERING DIVISION IN A CONSTRUCTION COMPANY

https://www.cmu.edu/cee/projects/PMbook/02_Organizing_For_Project
_Management.html
More information
https://www.cmu.edu/cee/projects/PMbook/02_Organizing_F
or_Project_Management.html
Julio Saire
93
7.3 Reference
[1] Construction Management (2017),

http://commonpence.co/construction-company-organization-chart/,
Accessed March 2018.
[2] Forensic Engineering: Learning from Failures (2012). edX.
https://www.edx.org/course/forensic-engineering-learning-failures-
delftx-tudf-fe01x, Accessed March 2018.
[3] Guidelines for Forensic Engineering Practice (2017),
http://www.asce.org/templates/publications-book-detail.aspx?id=7049,
Accessed March 2018.
[4] Nick Bradford, (2018). Construction And Forensic Engineering
[PowerPoint presentation]. Retrieved from CANVAS.
[5] Organizing for Project Management (2015)
https://www.cmu.edu/cee/projects/PMbook/02_Organizing_For_Projec
t_Management.html, Accessed March 2018.
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Presenter: James J. Jacobsen
Title: District Seven Bridge Preservation Program and Specialized Concrete
Repairs.
What did you learn?
 A large part of the inventory of the FDOT bridges has been made in pre-
tensioned concrete, having approximately 4478 bridges. Likewise, district
seven has 579 bridges with good conditions and 24 in fair conditions.
 I learned how to make emergency repairs on bridges with pre-stressed
beams. First, analyze the origins of the faults. Second, Check the status
and plan the repair method. Third, perform the repair. Finally put to the
service in the shortest time.
 Florida is the second state with the smallest number of bridges in poor
conditions in the United States.
 De-icing salts are agents that generate premature deterioration of
concrete structures and promote corrosion. These effects are more
noticeable in states located in the north where they have ice seasons.
 I am surprised to see that some corrosion protection devices did not fulfill
their function. In addition, the corrosion process continues to affect the
reinforcing bars inside the jacket.
 It was interesting to see how bridge’s deck can be raised using hydraulic
jacks to make repairs on the concrete elements.
 I learned the procedure of performing repairs on bridge decks. These
repairs are responsible for removing the spalls on bridges and replacing
the affected areas in the shortest possible time
 The Sunshine Sky way bridge has its own committee of experts who take
care of the bridge and analyze the behavior of it.
 I learned how to perform repairs using CFRP on pre-stressed concrete
beams. These fibers were used to prevent shear cracks in concrete
beams.
 Rather than recommending something, I would like the presenter can
make a compendium with their professional experience, their images of
the projects it has undertaken. This would be a great contribution to civil
engineering.
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CHAPTER VIII: DISTRICT SEVEN BRIDGE PRESERVATION

PROGRAM AND SPECIALIZED CONCRETE
REPAIRS
STUDENT : JULIO JOHAN SAIRE YANEZ
USF ID : U83049840
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CHAPTER VIII: DISTRICT SEVEN BRIDGE PRESERVATION PROGRAM

AND SPECIALIZED CONCRETE REPAIRS.
James Jacobsen is the Office Manager of The District

Structures Maintenance Office of the Florida Department of
Transportation. He made a presentation about District Seven
Bridge Preservation Program and Specialized Concrete
Repairs as a part of the graduate course Repair and
Rehabilitation of Structures at USF
8.1 Bridge Preservation Program Overview
According to the District Structures Maintenance Office, the Florida

Department of Transportation has 720 bridges in its inventory. The average age
of the bridges is 35 years. What is more, the average of bridge replacements is
five bridges per year based on to the statistics of this office.
Number of Bridge constructed in year Lowest Bridge Rating Vs. Decade Built
Decade (Jacobsen J, 2018) (Jacobsen J, 2018)
The National Bridge Inventory Ratings categorizes bridges according to

their status. Likewise, bridges are rated based on the following scales; normal,
below average and critical. This scale of measurement also classified bridges
according to the structures they contain. For example, deck, superstructure,
substructure, channel and culvert.
On the other hand, as can be seen in the graph. There has been a great
explosion in the bridge’s construction in the eighties. Due to this, the structure
maintenance office will have an important role in the next decades because those
bridges will reach their design life. As time pass by, these bridges they will need
routine repairs or new bridges are going to be constructed.
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Until 2010, about 180 bridges in Florida have reached 50 years of design.
Likewise, in the next 20 years (2038), about 261 more bridges will reach 50 years
of design. This will imply a great challenge for the structure maintenance office.
National Bridge Inventory Rating Number of Bridges reached design

(Jacobsen J, 2018) service life by Decade. (Jacobsen J, 2018)
Finally, the national bridge inventory was able to categorize the state of
bridges in Florida. The results were that two bridges are in poor conditions and
another 40 bridges in fair conditions. This record places Florida as the second
state with the least deficiency in bridge structures. Around 96 percent of the
bridge inventory is in satisfactory conditions. Furthermore, the future of bridge
structures in Florida will be quite challenging and will require new tools to deal
with that challenge.
Bridge superstructure Type Overall Structural Condition of FDOT

(Jacobsen J, 2018) Maintained Bridges (Jacobsen J, 2018)
In 2017, the state of Florida was declared as the state with the least
deficiencies in its bridge structures. This is mainly due to the fact that Florida does
not use de-icing salts due to the warm climate. Second, Florida uses high
performance concrete structures in its structures. Finally, Florida has a proactive
maintenance and inspection program.
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8.1.1 Bridge Inspection Types
The inspection in bridges is fundamental to maintain in good shape these

structures. In fact, there are some ways to accomplish this task and they vary
according to the condition of the bridge.
ROUTINE INSPECTION
a) Routine inspections on bridges are very
common; they take place each 2 years.
b) It is important for verifying the structure
of the bridge above water and
underwater.
(Jacobsen J, 2018)
FRACTURE CRITICAL
INSPECTION a) The type of critical fractures is very
common in bridges. In fact, the repair
office should take care of these bridges
by restoring them.
b) Could be originated by ship collision or
several corrosion damage.
(Jacobsen J, 2018)
INTERIM OR EMERGENCY
INSPECTION a) Interim or emergency inspections should
be carried out on bridge structures to
prevent the spread of cracks.
b) This inspection takes place in beam
girder, decks or piles.
(Jacobsen J, 2018)
MECHANICAL OR
ELECTRICAL FOR MOVABLE a) It is important that the mechanical and
BRIDGE INSPECTION
electrical installations be verified in the
mobile components of bridges.
b) It is common that electrical facilities has
been damaged over the time in bridges
because the effect of environmental
(Jacobsen J, 2018)
agents.
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8.1.2 Bridge Preservation Program.
(Jacobsen J, 2018)
Bridge
preservation
Program
Inspection Major Repairs Bride Repair

Report Requires Needs Contract
Prioritized and
Routine Design planned for Pay Item
Maintenance Engineering five years quantity based
Periodic or Construction
Major Repair Inspection Lump Sum
Desing Build
Contract
8.2 Case Study I: NB I-75 Over SR50. Emergency Bridge Repair
The case study presented below describes a repair method to rehabilitate

a pre-stressed beam impacted by an oversize truck in the Route NB I-75. On the
one hand, eight pre-stressed beams have been damaged and their strands has
been broken because the impact. As can be seen in the picture, the strands were
spliced and they needed to be re-spliced in order to recover their serviceability.
Eight Pre-stressed Beams Impacted Exposed Strands(Jacobsen J, 2018)

(Jacobsen J, 2018)
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The District Structures Maintenance Office made an analysis about this case
study and determined the use of Grabb-It Cable Splice to restore the beam and
put in service. The first step was splice the strands until they reach the enough
tension to carry the design load. Once this step has been completed, the
remaining strands should be clean in order to cast concrete in place again.
Grabb-It Cable Splice (Jacobsen J, 2018) Re-splicing Cable (Jacobsen J, 2018)
The whole repair procedure should be performed using proper techniques

established by the District Structures Maintenance Office. That is why scissor lift
access has been provided and just one lane of traffic was restored.
Scissor Lift Access (Jacobsen J, 2018) One Lane of Traffic Restored

(Jacobsen J, 2018)
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Once the damaged areas have been cleaned, it was time to start with the
casting procedure. This included the element forming and the concrete casting.
During the casting, the bottom beam flange was casted with very rapid setting
concrete material. This type of concrete has some relevant features for example;
it requires a small size of aggregates. Second, it can reach a compressive
strength of 2000 psi in 2 hours. Third, the workability of this concrete is 15
minutes.
Forming for Beam Restoration Restoring Bottom Beam Flange with Very
(Jacobsen J, 2018) Rapid Setting Concrete Material
(Jacobsen J, 2018)
Additionally, some cracks were noticeable along the beams. Those cracks
have been repaired using Epoxy. This procedure avoids the chloride penetrations
but also the carbonation of the concrete. Finally, the presenter explained about
the repair decision. He mentioned that this structure was not a brand new
structure. That is why the best option was repairing instead of replacing it.
Epoxy injected Cracks (Jacobsen J, 2018) Final shape of repair (Jacobsen J, 2018)
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8.3 Study Case II: Corrosion Repair of Cortez Bridge
Another important corrosion repair example was the Cortez Bridge. The
restoration of this bridge was performed in 2014. This bridge was constructed in
1956 with a service life of 50 years. This bridge is iconic because was one of the
first bridges in Florida with pre-stressed concrete. The beams are a combination
of pre-stressed and posttensioned. This structure has been affected as a
consequence of the environment. This one is extremely aggressive, the presence
of salt by water (salt water splashing), air, and vehicle tracking.
The condition of the Cortez Bridge in 2013 was very critical. Nor only the
superstructure, the deck, concrete beams had lot of deficiencies but also the span
steel, and the beam bearing was corroded producing displacement of the bridge
deck. What it is more, the substructure had another issues such as a bridge pilling
deterioration and the seawall deficiencies.
Cortez Bridge (Jacobsen J, 2018) Beam Corrosion Damaged

(Jacobsen J, 2018)
It was fundamental the literature review about the structure. As can be

seen in the plan, the beam is a combination between pre-stressed and
posttensioned strands. However, once the structure was exposed, the beam had
pencil bars, which were very brittle. As a result, the repair process should
consequently be perform with extremely care.
Beam Cross Section (Jacobsen J, 2018) Exposed Beam Post Tensioning
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Another damaged area in the Cortez Bridge was the Beam Bearings. As
can be seen in the picture, the chloride ion attack and the splashing zone were
the main reason why bearing were corroded. This critical condition in the beam
bearing produced a rust on their whole body; moreover, it creates an uneven ride
on bridge and stress to adjacent beams.
Condition of the Beam Bearing. (Jacobsen Road Elevation Difference

J, 2018) (Jacobsen J, 2018)
8.2.1 Repair Strategies:
Based on the previous assessments, the District Structures Maintenance

Office determined the scope of the rehabilitation. First, extend bridge life ten more
years until a long-term solution is determined. Second, produce the minimal
impact to traffic. Third, use cathodic protection. Finally, the major work involved;
movable span, concrete beam repair, bearing replacement, bridge deck repair,
and bridge piling protection.
Demolition of existing Non-CP Pile Continued Corrosion inside Non CP

Jackets. (Jacobsen J, 2018) Jacked (Jacobsen J, 2018)
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8.3.2 Cathodic Protection
The previous Non - CP Jacket used in the piles were in vain. The steel
corrosion took place and increase the damaged in the steel over the time. In fact,
the section reduction was very notorious because many strands were broken
once the jackets were retired. It was completely needed a temporary crutch bent
for stability under the deck. As can be seen in the picture, the cross section of the
pile was diminished to reach a critical section.
Corroded rebar into the jacket(Jacobsen J, Temporary crutch bent for stability.
2018) (Jacobsen J, 2018)
The system used for the piles restoration was the typical CP Structural Pile
Jacket. This system included steel rebar and anodes to avoid the corrosion
process. Indeed, a structural jacket includes a Fiberglass jacket, rebar, and a
grout who allows the flux of chloride ions throughout itself.
Typical CP Structural Pile Jacket Repair of Pre-stressed Beam

(Jacobsen J, 2018) (Jacobsen J, 2018)
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8.3.3 Concrete Beam Repair
Another big problem into the repair process of the Cortez Bridge was the
pre-stressed and post tensioned beams. The procedure involved removing the
damaged area and replacing with new concrete.
Repair of beams PT (Jacobsen J, 2018) Exposed PT bar (Jacobsen J, 2018)

8.3.4 Bearing Replacement
To repair the Bearing plates was completely needed raising the bridge.
This procedure was required due to the advance corrosion conditions in the
bearing plates. Consequently, a series of hydraulic jacks were required to raise
the bridge in order to replace the bearing plates.
Beam Supports(Jacobsen J, 2018) Measuring template for new anchor

bolts. (Jacobsen J, 2018)
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8.3.5 Bridge Deck Repair
As well as the sub-structure, the super structure was in a critical condition.

The serviceability and the limit states had been reached a critical condition and
the surface denoted spalls. Therefore, the department of the structural
rehabilitation stablished a procedure to remove and repair the spalls in the shorter
time (from 9 pm to 6 am).
Deck Surface Deterioration Temporary patches failed

The established procedure implied removing the damaged area following

right angles; clean the reinforcement bars and after all replacing with new grout.
Concrete Spall Repair Detail Rapid Deck Repair

A Rapid setting concrete was used (3000 psi in 3 hours).
Operator cleaning bars (Jacobsen J, 2018) Final Shape (Jacobsen J, 2018)
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8.4 Study Case III: Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP)

Application on the Sunshine Skyway Bridge
The Sunshine Skyway Bridge is one of the most important bridges into the
Florida DOT inventory. By its importance, the sunshine skyway bridge requires a
special attention by this office. What is more, this structure has a special
committee to make assessments about their structural behavior, and current
condition.
This committee realized that some AASHTO girders have been developing
shear cracks. Even though this type of cracks does not represent a structur al
critical condition, the chloride ion penetration could end up in corrosion.
Sunshine Sky Way(Jacobsen J, 2018) Typical Cracks And Monitor

Gauge(Jacobsen J, 2018)
The strategy to repair the AASHTO girders was using Carbon fiber
Reinforced Polymer. As can be seen in the illustrations, the repair strategy
involved the application of epoxy and carbon fiber. This procedure had been
performed in both faces of the beam to prevent the propagations of the cracks.
CFRP APPLICATION DETAIL(Jacobsen J, CFRP ANCHOR FAN DETAIL (Jacobsen J,

2018) 2018)
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As a first step, the operators delimited the damaged area and applied the
epoxy on the beam. It was required the use of bolts to guarantee the adhesion of
the carbon fiber into the beam.
Surface Primer Application Epoxy Application with Roller

The carbon fiber should be placed after the epoxy has been applied. This
procedure requires avoiding air bubbles to enhance the adhesion of CFRP to the
beam.
Top CFRP Anchor Installation Pulling through CFRP Anchor

Once the CFRP is applied, it is important protect it using coating for UV protection.
Carbon Fiber Mesh Installed Top Coating for UV protection

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8.5 Tips for a Successful Bridge Preservation Program
(Jacobsen J, 2018)
Construct bridges
with dense, un- Implement a
cracked concrete “Preventive”
focused inspection
with proper
reinforcement and maintenance
cover. program.
Form a bridge
specific
“Preservation
Focus on long
Committee” to term Corrosion
have a vision for Prevention
the long term
health of signature
bridges
8.6 Reference
[1] James Jacobsen, (2018). Bridge Preservation Program and Specialized

Concrete Repairs [PowerPoint presentation]. Retrieved from CANVAS.
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Presenter: Diep Tu
Title: Troubleshooting Flatwork Finishing.
What did you learn?
 I understood that the manufacturing process of concrete has many factors
and these must be carefully taken into account. Those are the following
water content in relation to cement in the mix, type, and finesses of
cement, accelerating and retarding admixture, and the use of chemical and
mineral admixtures.
 There are some control tests that must be applied to the concrete in its
plastic state: sampling, slump, air, unit weight, and yield.
 The preparation of the land before placing the concrete is very important
because it guarantees that its good behavior. Additionally, the subgrade
must meet certain characteristics such as: uniform, compatible, adequate
drainage, low compressibility, acceptable moisture content
 The contraction of concrete is one of the main concerns when it comes to
preserving the concrete. The shrinkage depends principally on the water
cement ratio, the cement type, the cement fineness and the rock to sand
ratio.
 The presenter explained how to avoid the presence of cracks in the
concrete using contraction joints. He used perpendicular marks in the
concrete so that it does not affect the performance of the element.
 The presenter explained the worst cases that can occur when mistakes
are made using construction joints. He explained the importance of the
continuity of the joints, to avoid the propagation of the cracks in the
concrete elements.
 I found during the presentation techniques to avoid fractures in the
concrete. For example, when we have to perform Saw-Cuts it is important
to take care that the corners are not broken, for this we must use dividing
elements that help during the cut.
 I think the presenter did a great job, but I suggest that the presentation be
reason to make some scientific article based on real experiences.
 I suggest that the slides include guides to maintain the content sequence
and thus improve the attention of the audience.
Reviewer Name Julio Johan Saire Yanez Date 03/22/ 2018
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CHAPTER IV: TROUBLESHOOTING FLATWORK FINISHING

USF ID : U83049840
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CHAPTER IV: TROUBLESHOOTING FLATWORK FINISHING.
Diep Tu is the Executive Director at Florida

Pre-stressed Concrete Association. He made a
presentation about Troubleshooting Flatwork Finishing as a
part of the graduate course Repair and Rehabilitation of
Structures at USF.
9.1 Introduction
The quality concrete is a process, not a product. This process involves a

number of components since suppliers until contractors. The suppliers are in
charge of providing the materials, the mixing, the design, and the concrete
transporting to the jobsite. Likewise, contractors have an important role within the
concrete production process. These are responsible for Subgrade preparation,
forming, placing, finishing, jointing, and curing. Each of these processes is
indispensable to guarantee the quality of the concrete.
Ensuring Quality Concrete Slump

(commandalkon.com, 2018) (http://advancetesting.ca, 2018)
9.2 Safety in the Jobsite
The safety during the preparation of the concrete is very important

because it can prevent accidents at work.
Cement is a highly abrasive and alkaline
product. This means that it can irritate the
skin and affect the respiratory system. In this
way, the use of protective elements such as
gloves and boots are necessary to avoid any
Safety in Jobsite
risk during the preparation of the concrete.
(www.mysafetysign.com, 2018)
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9.3 Concrete
The main physical characteristic of concrete is the compressive strength;

this is achieved at 28 days. Likewise, the concrete according to its weight can be
divided into three types, lightweight, normal weight and heavy weight. What's
more, there is high strength concrete that can support compressive strength in
the range of 9 ksi to 12 ksi.
The preparation of the concrete depends on many factors to be successful.

Temperature and humidity is one of them. When the humidity is low and the
temperature is high, the concrete can present plastic shrinkage cracks. This
affects the behavior of the concrete and can reduce its physical properties.
Another important factor that affects concrete is the water content in relation to
cement content in the mix. The more water is used; the concrete becomes weaker
and easier to contract. The volume of water that enters the mixture usually
evaporates or filters. Therefore, if large amounts of water are considered, the
volume that is left to occupy will probably cause contractions in the concrete. The
main property of concrete is the compressive strength. This property is directly
related to several factors such as proper hydration of cement, aggregates,
admixtures, water content, and the proper finishing.
9.3.1 Concrete control test
Concrete can be evaluated during the placement, hardening and post-

hardening processes. The main tests applied during the plastic stage of the
concrete are sampling, slump, air, unit weight, yield. Likewise, concrete once
hardened can be analyzed by applying the tests as compressive strength, flexural
and shrinkage. Finally, when the concrete reached the final strength, hardened
air and cores tests can be applied.
Slump in Concrete Air Content Making Cylinders

(Tu D, 2018) (ASTM C231) (Tu D, 2018) (ASTM C39) (Tu D, 2018)
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9.3.2 Preparation Subgrade before Placing Concrete
The preparation of the Subgrade is fundamental for the placement of the

concrete because it will serve as a foundation. During the preparation of the
subgrade should look for uniformity of soil, moisture, and density. This process
requires studies to achieve an adequate balance between them. It is very usual
that the floors are not prepared to serve as a foundation of structures. It is for
them that these soils can be stabilized using sand, gravel and other materials to
find the balance. The subgrade should guarantee a positive slope to facilitate
drainage.
Soil stabilization Soil stabilization

(industrialresourcescouncil.org, 2018) (http://midwestconstruct.com, 2018)
Among the main characteristics of the fill materials are the uniformity of
the soil type, the low compactability, drainage, and the acceptable moisture
content. On the other hand, the materials that make up the subgrade can be
inorganic, cohesive, little cohesive and flowable fill. As an example, organic
materials and plastic floors are poor materials for the subgrade conformation. For
this reason, it is important to correctly analyze the properties of the soils to ensure
the conformation of the subgrade.
Soil Compaction Organic Matters

(http://www.soils4teachers.org,2018) (environmentalleader.com, 2018)
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During the conformation of the Subgrade there are some points that must
be taken into account. First, organic matter is a type of soil that is not good as a
foundation because of its high plasticity. Therefore this type of soil must be
removed. Second, pasture soils must also be removed because they suffer
swelling when they supply water and can generate faults in concrete slabs. Third,
the accumulations of water inside the subgrade can generate an unstable
platform for the concrete slabs, and this can trigger a failure in the concrete slab.
Fourth, during the conformation of the Subgrade it is very usual for grade stakes
to be forgotten in the subgrade. The grade stakes can generate leaks in the
concrete slab, these leaks can generate cracks in the concrete slabs and damage
the structure.
Grade Stakes Grade Stakes Missed in slab

(http://www.journalgazette.net,2018) (Tu D, 2018)
Other important factors that influence in the conformation of the subgrade

are the machinery for the compaction, the compaction near pipes, and the
flowable fills as an alternative.
Sprinkler is providing moisture to the soil Subgrade compacted (Tu D, 2018)

(Tu D, 2018)
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As the subgrade is compacted, workers are required to give the final finish
for two main reasons. The first is to improve the quality of the foundation, second
for a better placement of the concrete. For example, in the images below a worker
is observed improving the surface of the foundation.
Re working the subgrade (Tu D, 2018) Moody Subgrade (Tu D, 2018)
Additionally, contractors must anticipate the transit of concrete machines.

This can damage the behavior of the floors and over time generate cracks in the
concrete slabs. The preconstruction meeting can prevent all this type of errors
during construction. There, the contractors and with the designers on the location
of the machinery, the method of application of the concrete, the emergency exits,
the required material. Likewise, other steps that would improve the development
of the work.
Preconstruction meeting (Tu. D, 2018) Preconstruction meeting (Tu. D, 2018)
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9.3.3 Shrinkage
One of the most frequent questions during concrete placement is whether

it will contract. In effect, concrete depends on many factors that can affect its
behavior during the hardening process. On the one hand, the cement paste tends
to contract by the action of chemical reactions during the hardening of the
concrete. Water is released during this process and fractures can occur in the
concrete walls. On the other hand, external agents such as temperatures heights,
low humidity, and strong winds can increase the potential for shrinkage in
concrete.
However, the main factors that control the contraction of concrete are the
water-to-cement ratio, cement type, cement fineness and the rock-to-sand ratios.
Water-cement ratio Cement type

(http://engineeringlectures.com,2018) (https://www.homedepot.com,2018)
Cement finesses Rock –to-sand ratios

(https://www.sciencedirect.com,2018) (https://www.fixmyroof.co.uk,2018)
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9.3.4 Curling
The concrete slabs curl due to the variation of humidity throughout the
thickness of the slab. Likewise, there is a different response to the contraction of
concrete with reference to the thickness of the slab. Moreover, Curling describes
the distortion of a concrete slab when the edges of the slab curl up or down due
to temperature or moisture differentials at the top and bottom surfaces. As the
slab begins to harden, if the top or bottom surface changes size relative to the
other the slab will curl toward the contracted, shortened, or shrunken side.
Indeed, all three terms describe the same condition. One side, often the top
surface, will lose moisture more quickly, so a common scenario is for the edges
of the slab to curl up slightly.
Curling slab Curling slab

(Tu D, 2018) (http://imiweb.org,2018)
9.4 Joints in Concrete
Joints in concrete are a very effective way to control cracks in concrete.

The joints allow the free movement of the slab due to settlement, contractions,
and changes in the temperatures or loads experienced by the element. The
concrete shrinkage is typically 1/8 in. per 20 feet. In that sense, you should take
care of the concrete curing because that is where it increases its resistance but
it is also there where it is more susceptible to cracking. The joints in the concrete
are beneficial because they help the concrete to have a behavior that prevents
cracks. There are three types of joints: contraction, isolation, and construction.
Contraction joints Isolation join Construction Join

(http://www.cement.org, (carrollsbuildingmaterials.com, (www.everything-about-
2018) 2018) concrete.com,2018)
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9.4.1 Contraction Joint
Contraction Joints are placed in concrete slabs to control random cracking.

Additionally, contraction joints are narrow slots that are pressed into the concrete
either while it is still plastic or cut into the concrete using a saw after it has
hardened.
The purpose of control joints is to help control the location of shrinkage

cracks. Control joints weaken concrete by making it thinner. Since concrete will
crack where restresses are highest and the concrete is weakest, control joints
should be installed at high-stress areas. Whether or not the joints are placed
correctly depends on how well the person placing them understands where
stresses are likely to develop.
Workman doing control joints Joint Guidelines

(https://www.nachi.org,2018) (Tu D,2018)
For example, in the cases below, the slabs limit the contraction of the slab.
However, the concrete is prone to shrinkage. Then, crack in the entrance corners
occur. This situation could be prevented using diagonal stirrup into the concrete
slab.
Joint Termination Re-entrant corners

(Tu, D,2018) (Tu, D,2018)
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Saw cuts are a way to provide joints in concrete. Concrete saw cuts should
be made with a predetermined spacing to control cracking due to shrinkage. It is
really important to cut concrete once you have obtained sufficient strength to
prevent it from fracturing, but before the cracks can be initiated internally. The
time of the saw cuts is essential to avoid cracks in the concrete before cutting.
The determination of when to cut concrete depends on the type of additives, the
temperature, the design of the mixture and the type of aggregate.
Re-entrant Corners Saw-Cut Joints

(Tu. D, 2018) (Tu. D, 2018)
According to the presentation, the wet-saw-cut must be carried out

between the first four hours until 12 hours after the finalization of the concrete
placement. The Soft-cut saw must be done within the first and fourth hours after
the concrete placement process has finished.
Saw cut in slabs Saw cut in slabs

(www.SpeerConcreteDesign.com,2018) (www.LaserCut.com,2018)
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9.4.2 Isolation joints (expansion join)
Isolations joins are used to separate concrete elements and guarantee

their independent behavior. Usually the isolations joints are applied in the
columns of the first levels to guarantee their behavior independent of the
surrounding soil. The isolations joins allow the horizontal and vertical
displacement in the elements they isolate. E.g. columns,
Isolation Joints(Tu. D, 2018) Isolated Columns(Tu. D, 2018)

9.4.3 Construction Joints
Construction joints are created when work is finished for the day. This type
of juts must at least be located at 5 feet from another parallel board. The
construction joints can use materials such as wood, metal and other materials
that can allow work to continue later.
Metal forms(Tu. D, 2018) Formed keyway (Tu. D, 2018)
Metal Construction Joints (Tu. D, 2018) Metal Construction Joints(Tu. D, 2018)
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9.5 Bad Join Practices
As seen in the examples below, the joints in the concrete slabs are very
important because they can trigger serious structural problems.
Discontinuity Joints (Tu. D, 2018) Cracks in the slab (Tu. D, 2018)
The incoming corners in the pavements generate fissures due to the loads
induced to the structures and by the vulnerable geometric arrangement of the
concrete slab.
Re-entrant Corners (Tu. D, 2018) Re-entrant Corners (Tu. D, 2018)
it has been possible to visualize cracks in the concrete sidewalks of the

University of south Florida, near the Corrosion laboratory
Slab Cracking (Saire, J. 2018) Slab Cracking ANL (Saire, J. 2018)
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9.6 Concrete Cracks
Concrete is a quasi-brittle material with a low capacity for deformation

under tensile stress. Mechanical loading, deleterious reactions, and environment
loading can result in the development of tensile stresses in concrete. These
tensile stresses result in cracking that can adversely affect the performance of
concrete. However, the potential for cracking can be minimized by appropriate
precautions in design, materials and proportions, and construction practices.
These precautions will ensure that concrete can be used satisfactorily for an
extended period without any significant loss of aesthetics, service life, safety, and
serviceability.
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9.6.1 Plastic Shrinkage Cracking
Plastic shrinkage cracks appear in the surface of fresh concrete soon after
it is placed and while it is still plastic. These cracks appear mostly on horizontal
surfaces. They are usually parallel to each other on the order of 1 to 3 feet apart,
relatively shallow, and generally do not intersect the perimeter of the slab. Plastic
shrinkage cracking is highly likely to occur when high evaporation rates cause the
concrete surface to dry out before it has set.
Plastic shrinkage cracking mainly occurs in horizontal concrete elements

with large surface to volume ratio (e.g. slabs, pavements, industrial floors).
Because of water evaporation, hydraulic pressure (capillary pressure) builds-up
in the pore system, which in turn causes the concrete to shrink.
Plastic shrinkage cracks are unsightly but rarely impair the strength or
durability of concrete floors and pavements. The development of these cracks
can be minimized if appropriate measures are taken prior to and during placing
and finishing concrete.
Plastic shrinkage cracks are caused by a rapid loss of water from the
surface of concrete before it has set. The critical condition exists when the rate
of evaporation of surface moisture exceeds the rate at which rising bleed water
can replace it. Water receding below the concrete surface forms menisci between
the fine particles of cement and aggregate causing a tensile force to develop in
the surface layers. If the concrete surface has started to set and has developed
sufficient tensile strength to resist the tensile forces, cracks do not form. If the
surface dries very rapidly, the concrete may still be plastic, and cracks do not
develop at that time; but plastic cracks will surely form as soon as the concrete
stiffens a little more.
Plastic Shrinkage Plastic Shrinkage

(Tu. D, 2018) (www.theconstructor.org,2018)
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9.6.2 Drying shrinkage cracking
This kind of cracking is due to build up of tensile stresses, leading to cracks

or member failure due to tension. The loss of moisture from the cement paste can
lead to volumetric changes in the order of up to 1 %. Use of well-graded
aggregates can decrease this about 0.06% (thereby giving way better control
over this phenomenon). In addition, concrete can expand when wetted. These
moisture-induced volume changes are typically restrained, leading to crack
development.
Drying shrinkage Drying shrinkage

(Tu. D, 2018) (https://inspectapedia.com)
Drying shrinkage can lead to surface crazing (map type / pattern cracking)
on walls and slabs. A series of shallow, closely spaced, fine cracks are usually
visible. These cracks are typically 1/8 of an inch deep and are rarely any bigger
than that size. These cracks also form enclosed irregular hexagonal shapes,
which are typically no more than 1 ½ inches across in length. In addition, they
may be as small as ½ or 3/8 of an inch across in length.
These cracks can be formed due to many reasons. For instance, the most
common case is inadequate curing of the concrete. This is caused when
environmental conditions such as, low humidity, extremes in ambient
temperature, direct sunlight, and high evaporations are applied to the surface of
the concrete during the hydration period. The next issue is when the concrete mix
is too wet. This will cause an excessive amount of floating water on the concrete
surface to depress the fine and coarse aggregate in the mix. Finishing operations
can also be a problem when the surface of the concrete is bleeding and water
remains on the exterior. For example, when using a steel trowel to smooth the
surface of the concrete this can bring up excessive amounts of water and cement
fines. Thus, the excessive amounts of water and cement fines brought up to the
surface will combine with the water that is currently bleeding. As a result, this will
produce a high water to cement ratio at the surface, thus creating a weak layer.
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9.6.3 Thermal Cracking
Thermal cracking occurs due to excessive temperature differences within

a concrete structure or its surroundings. The temperature difference causes the
cooler portion to contract more than the warmer portion, which restrains the
contraction. Thermal cracks appear when the restraint results in tensile stresses
that exceed the in-place concrete tensile strength. Cracking due to temperature
can occur in concrete members that are not considered mass concrete.
Slab Crack (Tu. D,2018) Slab Crack (SlideShare.com,2018 )
Thermal cracks caused by excessive temperature differentials in mass

concrete appear as random pattern cracking on the surface of the member.
Checkerboard or patchwork cracking due to thermal effects will usually appear
within a few days after stripping the formwork. Temperature-related cracks in
pavements and slabs look very similar to drying shrinkage cracks. They usually
occur perpendicular to the longest axis of the concrete. They may become
apparent any time after the concrete is placed, but usually occur within the first
year or summer-winter cycle.
Hydration of cementitious materials generates heat for several days after

placement in all concrete members. This heat dissipates quickly in thin sections
and causes no problems. In thicker sections, the internal temperature rises and
drops slowly, while the surface cools rapidly to ambient temperature. Surface
contraction due to cooling is restrained by the hotter interior concrete that doesn’t
contract as rapidly as the surface. This restraint creates tensile stresses that can
crack the surface concrete because of this uncontrolled temperature difference
across the cross section. In most cases thermal cracking occurs at early ages. In
rarer instances thermal cracking can occur when concrete surfaces are exposed
to extreme temperature rapidly. Concrete members will expand and contract
when exposed to hot and cold ambient temperatures, respectively. Cracking will
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occur if this bulk volume change resulting from temperature variations is

restrained. This is sometimes called temperature cracking and is a later age and
longer-term issue.
9.6.4 Crazing
Pattern cracking, also called map cracking and craze cracking, appears as
a network of random cracking on the concrete’s surface. The cracking is usually
shallow (less than 1/8-inch deep) and not a structural issue. It’s seldom a
durability problem but more of a cosmetic one.
The following can cause pattern cracking:
 Poor curing practices. Environmental conditions such as low humidity,

high outside temperatures, direct sunlight, and wind can create high
rates of evaporation from the surface layer of concrete. Resistance to
shrinkage from the underlying concrete causes stress that is relieved
by craze cracking;
 Excessive water in the mix;
 Over-vibration of the concrete, causing coarse aggregate to settle and
cement paste to concentrate at the surface;
 Over-working the surface with a steel trowel during finishing;
 Performing finishing operations while bleed water is still on the surface;
and
 Sprinkling cement dust on the surface to soak up bleed water
CRAZING (Tu. D,2018) CRAZING (Tu. D,2018)
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9.6.5 Dusting
When you run your finger over a concrete surface and it collects a coating
of concrete dust, you have picked up loose powder that has formed as the surface
has disintegrated. It is called dusting or chalking. The surface will be soft and
easily scratched. Dusting is most noticeable with floors because they experience
traffic and wear.
DUSTING (Tu. D,2018) DUSTING

(https://gbflooringgroup.com,2018)
Dusting can be caused by two main reasons, First, performing finishing

operations while bleed water is still on the surface. This can happen when
bull floating is delayed, or if finish troweling starts too soon. Working bleed water
back into the top 1/4-inch of slab surface leaves this layer with a higher water-to-
cement ratio than is proper and lowers its strength. Second, finishing operations
performed in cold weather. These operations can work condensation into the slab
surface. Concrete sets slowly in cold weather, especially at basement floors. In
areas with high humidity, such as the Pacific Northwest, condensation that forms
on cool, newly poured concrete will cause dusting if it’s troweled into the surface;
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9.6.6 Spalling
Spalling could take place because a number of reasons, which will be

described below. The first is because of the extra loads in the concrete elements.
This can generate the separation of the fragments of the structure. Second, the
repetitive loads concentrated on the control joints can generate the fracture of the
structure; this must be anticipated because it can damage the performance of the
structure. Third, the structures that contain corrosion in their reinforcement make
the spalls appear faster. Corrosion causes the reinforcement to increase its
volume by generating tensile forces in the concrete. These forces are greater
than the strain stress of the concrete and fail. Finally, spalls can occur as a result
of the fire and weather attack on concrete structures.
SPALLING Due to Loads Spalling due to Corrosion

(Tu. D,2018) (civildigital.com,2018)
9.6.7 Pop Outs
The pop outs cracking occurs principally as a result of the use of poor
quality aggregates. It is important that the aggregates have the characteristics of
design and above all that they comply with the specifications. Additionally, prior
to making the concrete mixes and placing the concrete, it is required that the
deleterious materials be removed. This is necessary to predict this type of cracks
in the concrete. Likewise, to prevent the pop outs cracking it is necessary that the
concrete be cured. The guidelines established by the ACI must be followed to
avoid fractures and loss of strength.
Pop Out (Tu. D,2018) Pop Out (Tu. D,2018)
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9.6.7 Blistering
Blistering are empty spaces that exist on the surface of the concrete.
Typically, the blistering process takes place in hard troweled surface. There are
two theories that explain blistering. The first says that Entrapped air voids rise in
sticky concretes and are trapped under a dense troweled surface. The second,
Bleed water gets trap and form voids. To prevent this abnormality in the concrete,
it is required that the concrete mixes do not be over sanded mixes. Second, avoid
the delay finishing operations until bleed water has dissipated. Third, avoid
blessing slab with water. Finally, reduce air content to suit application.
Blistering (Tu. D,2018) Blistering (summitcoatings.com.au,2018)
9.6.8 Discoloration
The discoloration occurs due to the Excessive bleeding produces a lighter

surface. Likewise, there are other reasons that can change the color of concrete.
Second, the Low water-cement ratios darken the surface. Third, the Calcium
chloride, if not completely in solution, can leave dark spots. Fourth, the curing of
the concrete can change the color, making it clearer. Fifth, the concrete brand
change can also intervene to change the color of the same.
DISCOLORATION DISCOLORATION
(Tu. D,2018) (http://www.nevadareadymix.com,2018)
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9.6.9 Cold Joints
Cold joints are created when concrete is poured against concrete that has already
hardened to some degree. This condition results in a weakened bond between
the existing and the newly poured concrete.
Beam Cold Joint Foundation Cold Joint

(Tu. D,2018) (https://theconstructor.org,2018)
9.6.10 Bleeding
Bleeding in fresh concrete refers to the process in which the free water in
the mixture is pushed up to the surface due to the sedimentation of heavier solid
particles such as cement and water. Some bleeding is normal, but excessive
bleeding can be problematic. The way you work that bleeds water can affect the
durability of your products.
BLEEDING BLEEDING
(https://www.youtube.com,2018) (https://precast.org,2018)
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9.6.11 Scaling
Scaling is the shedding of flakes of hardened concrete at the surface. It

can be caused by a number of conditions. First, exposure to freezing and thawing
can cause scaling, which can be made worse by the application of de-icing salts.
Second, Concrete that has been improperly cured or that has inadequate air
entrainment will be less resistant to scaling caused by freezing. Third, Finishing
operations started while bleed water is still on the surface can weaken the surface
layer and cause dusting or scaling. When concrete is placed during hot and dry
conditions, the bleed water may appear to be gone, but the surface may still be
actively bleeding. The bleed water may be evaporating as it reaches the surface.
During such conditions, finishing operations may be started under the mistaken
impression that the surface is done bleeding.
Scaling (https://www.nachi.org ,2018) Scaling (Tu. D,2018)
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9.7 Reference
[1] Bleeding (https://precast.org,2018) Accessed March 2018

[2] Bleeding (https://www.youtube.com,2018) Accessed March 2018
[3] Blistering (summitcoatings.com.au,2018) Accessed March 2018
[4] Cement finesses(https://www.sciencedirect.com,2018)Accessed March 2018
[5] Cement type (https://www.homedepot.com,2018) Accessed March 2018
[6] Construction Join (www.everything-about-concrete.com)Accessed 2018
[7] Contraction joints (http://www.cement.org, 2018) Accessed March 2018
[8] Curling slab (http://imiweb.org,2018) Accessed March 2018
[9] Diep Tu, (2018). Troubleshooting Flatwork Finishing [PowerPoint presentation].
Retrieved from CANVAS.
[10]Discoloration (http://www.nevadareadymix.com,) Accessed March 2018
[11]Drying shrinkage (https://inspectapedia.com) Accessed March 2018
[12]Dusting (https://gbflooringgroup.com,2018) Accessed March 2018
[13]Foundation Cold Joint(https://theconstructor.org,2018) Accessed March 2018
[14]Grade Stakes (http://www.journalgazette.net,2018) Accessed March 2018
[15]Isolation join (carrollsbuildingmaterials.com, 2018) Accessed March 2018.
[16]Organic Matters (environmentalleader.com, 2018) Accessed March 2018
[17]Plastic Shrinkage (www.theconstructor.org,2018) Accessed March 2018
[18]Rock–to-sand ratios (https://www.fixmyroof.co.uk)Accessed March 2018
[19]Saw cut in slabs (www.LaserCut.com,2018) Accessed March 2018
[20]Saw cut in slabs (www.SpeerConcreteDesign.com) Accessed March 2018
[21]Scaling (https://www.nachi.org ,2018) Accessed March 2018
[22]Slab Crack (SlideShare.com,2018 ) Accessed March 2018
[23]Soil Compaction (http://www.soils4teachers.org,2018) Accessed March 2018
[24]Soil stabilization (http://midwestconstruct.com, 2018) Accessed March 2018
[25]Soil stabilization (industrialresourcescouncil.org, 2018) Accessed March 2018
[26]Water-cement ratio (http://engineeringlectures.com) Accessed March 2018
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Presenter: Carter Karins
Title: Some interesting concrete restoration projects in conventionally reinforced
structures
What did you learn?
 It is important that prior to the restoration of structures, Condition surveys and
diagnostic tests are carried out. These evaluations involve diagnostic tests and
procedures that can be destructive or non-destructive.
 Once the evaluations are made, the structures are required to be repaired.
Usually the concrete structures require restorations or in the worst case
scenario, a reconstruction.
 Based on the structure assessment, the shoring of structures must be
necessary. The shoring guarantees that the structures are properly supported
during the performance of repairs. The shoring could be vertical or inclined.
That will depend on the type of structure that must be supported.
 There are repairs of concrete structures that require the complete demolition
of the structure. This type of repairs must have an appropriate shoring to
guarantee a safe work. There are usually structures that should not be
demolished during a repair job. Therefore, a selective demolition is required.
 Carbon fiber is widely used for the reinforcement of concrete elements. This is
due to the little weight that it has and that it reaches high strengths. It is very
important to learn the design of this material in order to implement in the repair
or rehabilitation of concrete structures.
 I was impressed by the innovative way of Karins Engineering Group, Inc used
to solve corrosion problems in concrete structures. Especially, how they
replaced the concrete slab of the hotel located on the Atlantic Ocean in
Southeast Florida.
 The shoring of the concrete slab showed me an effective and safe way to
change a concrete slab affected by the chloride ions.
 Although the presentation was very clear and didactic I suggest the presenter
compile his professional experiences as part of support material for civil
engineering. This type of work will improve the perspective of future
professionals.
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CHAPTER X: SOME INTERESTING CONCRETE RESTORATION

PROJECTS IN CONVENTIONALLY REINFORCED STRUCTURES
USF ID : U83049840
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CHAPTER X: CONCRETE RESTORATION PROJECTS.
F. Carter Karins is the CEO of Karins Engineering group.

He has mechanical engineering experience with practice
specialization in design and engineering of hydraulically operated
cranes, systems and fluid dynamics. He made a presentation
about some interesting Concrete Restoration Projects in
Conventionally Reinforced Structures as part of the graduate course Repair and
10.1 Large Scale Plaza Restoration
The project includes a large single story 60 space garage with a 16-story
apartment tower in the center. This project is located in Boca Raton, near to the
Atlantic Ocean in Southeast Florida. The structure was made of reinforced
concrete and is approximately 50 years old. The beauty of this project is the
number of different types of repairs required to put the building in service again.
10.1.1 Condition surveys and diagnostic tests.
The first step to put the structure back into service is to carry out a series
of diagnostic evaluations in order to know the current state of the structure. It is
essential to start the evaluations taking note of the current issues. In this project,
water leaks from the garden of the first floor to the garage were causing the
intrusion of chloride ions into the concrete slab. It should be mentioned that during
the last 50 years, the waterproof system of the concrete slab had not been
renewed. This type of information was essential to determine the origin of the
structural issues in the slab.
Panels and Gutters (Karin,C 2018) Gutter at movement joint (Karin,C 2018)
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As a consequence of the first observations on the concrete slab, shoring

of the slab was necessary. This is because the structure did not have the same
design specifications than before. The support beams suffered a reduction of the
section and this did not allow them to have the initial behavior.
Spalled joist bottom (Karin,C 2018) Damaged joist and slab (Karin,C 2018)
Additionally, it was necessary to know the amount of chloride ion

contamination into the concrete elements. To perform this procedure, chloride
content tests were performed in different locations of the concrete slab. As you
can see in the drawing, there are many concrete areas that had values of chloride
ions that had corroded the reinforcing bars in the concrete elements. This
contamination by chloride ions had weakened the concrete sections and
promoted the corrosion of the steel.
The chloride ions content tests were between 2.3 and 2.5 pounds of
chloride ions per cubic yard of concrete. This meant that there was a corrosion
effect on the concrete elements. This can be verified by looking at the current
condition of the concrete beams. Leaks, cracks and corrosion indicated the
excessive presence of chloride ions. As a result, the total deck replacement was
recommended.
Chloride Sample Locations (Karin,C 2018) Chloride Ions Curve (Troconis, 2002)
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10.1.2 P-T Slab Design.
To replace the concrete slab, a post-tensioned slab of 11 inches was used.

This concrete slab would be made in sections so that it could be easier to build
and control the quality. The design live load was 100 pounds per square foot.
What is more, during the structure design appeared a new problem called
punching shear. This was because the support columns were slender to support
the new load of the replaced slab.
Post-Tensioned Slab (Karin,C 2018) Typical Reinforcing Steel (Karin,C 2018)
The design by shear punching was necessary to prevent slab failures

when in service. As can be seen in the plan details of the floor plans of the images
below, it was necessary to include concrete elements with greater area in the
areas of contact between the columns and the concrete slab. These rectangular
concrete elements increased the contact area between the columns and the slab,
increasing resistance to shear punching.
New PT Beam At Porte Cochere Drop Capital At Existing Column

(Karin,C 2018) (Karin,C 2018)
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10.1.3 Shoring Design.
In order to start the restoration work, it was necessary to prop up the old
slab to demolish it progressively. The first thing that was determined was the
vertical shoring design. The images show a symmetrical arrangement of the
circular tubes. This allows a symmetrical distribution of the loads of the ground.
As the demolition of the slab must be done by sections, this bracing design is the
most adequate
Demolition shoring design (Karin,C Field and wall shoring (Karin,C 2018)
2018)
As can be verified in the lateral shoring design, the first proposal was to
implement wooden boards with two steel nails that could be able to withstand
lateral loads. Faced with this design dilemma, the designers asked another
opinion to another shoring contractor. In this case, this company suggested to
install steel tubes to resist lateral loads. This design was more reliable during the
construction that is why it was implemented on site to continue the scheduled
work.
Design Shoring (Karin,C 2018) Wood Shoring (Karin,C 2018)
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Steel diagonal tubes limited the effects of lateral loads. As can be seen in
the images, the configuration of the diagonal shoring allowed the demolition
activities of the concrete slab. Likewise, this arrangement of the shoring allowed
carrying out the work safely. It was observed that the metal tubes were added to
the side of the first design of wood shoring. The presenter stated that it is
important to carry out all repairs with safety, taking care of the workers' lives.
Diagonal Shoring (Karin,C 2018) Revised shoring design (Karin,C 2018)
10.1.4 Large Scale Selective Demolition.
Once the structure was shored with the metal tubes, demolition can be
carried out with heavy machinery. As the images show, the demolition must be
progressive and part-by-part. This is important because the replacement of the
concrete slabs will be progressive as well. The shoring provided initially played a
very important role as it allowed progressive demolition to and safely.
Initial test spot (Karin,C 2018) Accumulation a garage level

(Karin,C 2018)
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When the demolition of the concrete slab was completed, the construction
area had to be cleaned to proceed with the post-tension works of concrete slabs.
The images show the demolition process of the concrete slab affected by chloride
ions. Likewise, the process of cleaning the land after the demolition is shown. The
preacher established that the work area must be free of debris to proceed with
the construction of the next slab.
Removal by pay loader (Karin,C 2018) Clean - up (Karin,C 2018)
In certain areas of the project, some old structures had to remain standing
because of their functionality and architecture. However, in order to carry out the
restoring of the concrete elements, it was necessary to chip it out carefully. For
example, in the figures steel number five is shown resting on a concrete column
of the first level. Finally, the most complicated structure for its repair was the
cochere, which had to be supported on hydraulic jacks to be able to repair it.
Chipping out concrete slab in Cochere Port Cochere (Karin,C 2018)

(Karin,C 2018)
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10.1.5 Mechanical Splicing for Rebar.
During the demolition of the Port Cochere it was found that the
reinforcement used was of 11 inches diameter. This type of steel is very difficult
to work with. The main reason is that it cannot bend easily. In that sense, it had
to devise metal joints that allow the transmission of stress loads in the reinforcing
steel bars. As seen in the images you can see the steel junction of the Port
Cochere beams with new steels for the construction of the new concrete slab.
Beam Reinforcement (Karin,C 2018) Mechanical splicing (Karin,C 2018)
10.1.6 Concrete Placing
The placement of concrete has been important during the construction of

the slab. The concrete has been placed with concrete pump and after the
hardening of the concrete, the posttension forces were applied. However, the
following day of the application of posttension charges appeared cracks. These
cracks had to be a verifier by chipping the concrete to find the origin of the crack.
In light of the evidence of the cracks, it was determined that it was a crack by
contraction of the concrete. Finally, this procedure was successful.
Concrete placing in Slab (Karin,C 2018) Curing compound after Concrete Placing
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10.1.7 Carbon Fiber Strengthening.
According to ICRI, the surfaces of the concrete structures that are going
to be reinforced with carbon fiber must be completely repaired. That is why the
beams of the port Cochere had to be carefully repaired, removing imperfections
from the surface and leaving it free of debris.
Cleaning the concrete surface Cleaning concrete Surface.

Once the surface of the beam is completely clean, the carbon fiber must
be saturated with epoxy to improve the adhesion to the concrete elements.
Likewise, the concrete element must be saturated prior to the placement of the
carbon fiber. This procedure must be done with rollers to improve the distribution
of the epoxy over the entire surface of the element.
Saturating Cloth (Karin,C 2018) Saturate Concrete Substrate

(Karin,C 2018)
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When the concrete elements have been properly saturated, the first layer
of carbon fiber can be placed. During the entire procedure, the formation of air
balloons between the concrete element and the carbon fiber should be avoided.
This can avoid rolling out bubbles.
Placing Cloth (Karin,C 2018) Installing First Layer (Karin,C 2018)
The placement of carbon fibers must be carried out in accordance with

the construction documents such as plans and construction standards. That is
why, as the elements are reinforced with carbon fibers, tests and samples that
demonstrate the resistance of the correct application of carbon fiber are required.
In this particular case, the resistance of the carbon fiber application was about
419 psi, which demonstrates a resistance superior to almost twice what is
required by the building codes.
Hydraulic Test Apparatus (Karin,C 2018) Adhesion Test (Karin,C 2018)
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10.2 Who Was Arrhenius?
The case study in continuation is a project carried out in Saint Petersburg

that included the placement of carbon fibers for the structural reinforcement of
soffit beams and keystone joists, a hybrid of prestressed components and cast-
in place components. However, some effects on the reaction speed of the epoxy,
the application temperature made the complete execution of the project more
complicated. The details will be described below.
In addition to the problematic of this case study, it was that the structural
system consisted of soffit beams and keystone joists, a hybrid of prestressed
components and cast-in place components. This type of system was very popular
in the 70's but with the passage of time began to have structural problems. That
is how they began to detach concrete pieces from the bottom of the beams. This
increased the risk of the building and had to perform actions that improve this
situation.
Damaged soffit beam. (Karin,C 2018) Chunk of concrete from soffit beam.
(Karin,C 2018)
Svante Arrhenius was a scientist who developed a relationship between

speed and temperature in chemical reactions. He was a noble prize in chemistry
in 1903. This research is the theoretical foundation when it comes to chemical
reactions. When structural reinforcements are made with carbon fiber, the use of
epoxy should be included. Epoxy and carbon fiber require a special temperature
to improve the adhesion to the elements that will be reinforced.
Julio Saire
146
Carbon Fiber Shear Strengthening Installation of testing arbor

As can be seen in the images, the placement of carbon fibers was not very
difficult. However, after the placement of the carbon fiber, the pull-out test had to
be carried out. The results obtained were disappointing. During the carbon fiber
placement, the theory of the chemical reactions described by Svante Arrhenius
had not been taken into account. This implied, take corrective measures such as
the removal of all the material applied to the concrete elements.
Pull-off test site (Karin,C 2018) Failure Pull Off Test (Karin,C 2018)
Julio Saire
147
10.3 Cooling Towers
This project took place on Fisher Island in Miami. This project included two
towers for the ventilation of the building. The system used for ventilation is the
water source heat pump. One of the towers is responsible for heating the water
and introducing it to the building. The other tower cools the water and releases
the heat to the atmosphere.
Cooling Towers (Karin,C 2018) Scaffolding (Karin,C 2018)
The first step to verify the repair of the towers was to analyze the current
conditions of the structure. The most striking during this process was to see that
there are decorative columns with the presence of chloride contamination. This
had triggered fissure and spall in the concrete. The images show how the cracks
were expanding along the columns.
Corrosion Cracks in columns Chipping out concrete columns

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By verifying the internal condition of the steel reinforcement, it was shown

that corrosion had affected most of the concrete elements. In this way, the
support columns had to be replaced but without affecting the structures above.
Therefore, the above structures had to be propped up using steel supports while
the columns affected by the chloride attack were replaced.
Column steel corrosion (Karin,C 2018) Columns restorations (Karin,C 2018)
In order to replace the columns affected by the chloride ions, it was

necessary to prop up the upper structure. Likewise, it was necessary to chop the
lower beam to change the reinforcing bars of the columns. Likewise, a slab was
added at the top of the tower with the objective of placing an antenna.
Corroded Beam (Karin,C 2018) Steel Reinforcement (Karin,C 2018)
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Finally, it was necessary to give a decoration to the works with the

predominant style of the construction; it was a Spanish type style. For them the
facade was covered with elements that simulated blocks of the Spanish type. As
well as a roof decoration like Spanish tiles.
Placing concrete. (Karin,C 2018) Spanish roof placement (Karin,C 2018)
10.4 Restoration of RC SLAB
This project is located in the Fort Lauderdale in Florida. The construction

system of this 10-story building included lightened concrete slabs. However, that
was not the main problem, it was verified that there were spalls in the concrete
slabs. Which should be analyzed and repaired.
Hotel Facade. (Karin,C 2018) Lightweight slab. (Karin,C 2018)
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Initially it was verified that there was damage to the beams. However,
inspections were made on the concrete in the nearby area and an attack of
chloride ions was found on the concrete slab. To proceed with the restoration, the
entire concrete slab and the steel that had been attacked by the chloride ions had
to be replaced.
Chipping out slab (Karin,C 2018) Chipping out contaminated concrete

(Karin,C 2018)
Then, the entire concrete slab was removed with a 15-pound hydraulic
hammer. The corroded steel was also replaced with new steel to improve the
performance of the concrete slab.
New steel reinforced in the slab Placing concrete in the new slab
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10.5 Chloride in Pools
This case study was developed in South Beach in Miami. The problem
focused on the penetration of chlorine ions into the reinforcing bars in the pool of
a luxurious residence. The structure was made with post tension bars and its age
was 15 years.
Chloride attack in the pools Shotcrete in the pool walls

During the first inspections on the walls of the pool, a chloride ion
contamination was found in the first 2 inches of concrete. This had affected the
rebar and had promoted corrosion. Chloride ions came from the chlorine that was
poured into the pool. Likewise, the structure of the pool did not have a waterproof
system.
Finishing of Concrete pool Walls Applying a new layer of concrete

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Then, the coating of the walls of the pool was removed and a waterproof
system applied. When the whole set was ready, concrete was applied under
pressure. This procedure should be carried out with great care and under the
supervision of an engineer. This procedure must be supervised to avoid the
formation of air bubbles that can weaken the walls of the pool and thus promote
the entry of the chloride ions to the reinforcing bars.
Finally the floor was removed to place a new layer of concrete on it. This
to avoid the penetration of chloride ions to the lower levels. This entire concrete
placement process had to be done very carefully using curing compounds to
improve the curing of the concrete.
Concrete during casting (Karin,C 2018) New deck of the pool (Karin,C 2018)
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10.6 Replacements of Balconies
This case study is located in Fort Lauderdale Beach and involved the
restoration of a balcony in a two-story condominium. These types of structures
usually have several owners, which generates discomfort when you want to
reconstruct any part of the building. During the initial observations, it could be
seen that the conditions of the reinforcement beams were destroyed due to the
passing of the years and the loss of concrete cover.
Prior to the Repair Conditions Debris on the slab (Karin,C 2018)

(Karin,C 2018)
As a first step, it was to remove the old concrete structure. The

reinforcement steels had to be replaced and more reinforcing steels were inserted
in the main beam. This procedure included making holes in the main beam and
inserting new steel rods into the top of the beam. Epoxy was used to adhere the
steel to the beams.
Demolished balcony slab Slab without rebar (Karin,C 2018)

(Karin,C 2018)
Julio Saire
154
As can be seen in the images, the number of negative steel bars on the
top of the slab was increased. That allowed resisting greater loads since this
concrete slab was a cantilever. Finally, the concrete slab was covered with paint
that returned the harmony with the whole condominium.
Slab reinforcement. (Karin,C 2018) Finished slab. (Karin,C 2018)
10.7 Failure of Transfer Slab
The Dolphin Tower is located in Sarasota, Florida. It is a 35-year-old

building. The problem of this building was that it had great cracks due to the effect
of shear punching on the slab-column joints. It was necessary to make the first
observations to determine the origin of the cracks in the slab. As can be seen in
the crack survey, there are cracks in the columns-slab joints. According to the
building codes, the shear forces applied by the columns on the concrete slabs
cause this type of failure
Aerial view (Karin,C 2018) Crack Survey (Karin,C 2018)
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The presence of cracks in the slab was very worrying for the inhabitants
of the residence. Then the origin of the cracks had to be verified by making a
general survey of the condition of the slab. The images show the cracks due to
the punching shear effect. These cracks were spread in the structure and should
be solved quickly.
Cracks in the floor. (Karin,C 2018) Punching Shear Column-Shear.

(Karin,C 2018)
As the preliminary tests of the slab-column, joints were carried out. It was
verified that there were concrete spaces that could not be filled. This was because
the 11-inch bars did not allow the penetration of the concrete mixture. This
generated empty space that triggered cracks and failures by punching shear.
Bar reinforcement Ø 11’’ (Karin,C 2018) Bearing Capacity (Karin,C 2018)
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The effect of the punching shear indicates that the dimensions of a column
are small that generate the penetration of the columns in the concrete slab.
Because of the effect of punching shear, helical piles had to be added to improve
the strength of the new concrete elements that were added. The columns would
increase the size of your section to be able to resist many more loads and to
avoid the punching shear effect.
Helicoidally Piles. (Karin,C 2018) Rehabilitations of Columns (Karin,C 2018)
In addition, the concrete slab had to be reinforced and shear walls placed
next level down. To be able to do this, metallic elements had to be placed to help
the transmission of cutting forces between the earthenware and the new
structure. On the other hand, shear walls of RC and PT were placed to increase
shear strength.
Shear Connection Stud (Karin,C 2018) RC - PT beam (Karin,C 2018)
Julio Saire
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The images show the type of metal reinforcement of the structures. The
roof beams are reinforced with simple steel and post tensioned cables. This
allowed improving the resistance of the slab. Moreover, this rebar disposition
avoided the propagation of cracks due to the punching shear effect.
Bottom Slab reinforcement (Karin,C 2018) Steel Reinforcement beam (Karin,C 2018)
Based on the design proposed by Karin’s Engineering Group, the cutting

walls would fulfill the function of improving the holding of the upper slab and
absorb the shear stress of the structure. The images show the final finish of the
cutting walls as well as the upper slab that serves as a support for the structure.
This solution gave security and comfort to the inhabitants of the residence.
Shear Walls (Karin,C 2018) Finishing Shear Walls (Karin,C 2018)
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Despite the control measures taken by the contractor, some cracks took
place in the connections of the column. However, they were quickly solved by
applying epoxy in the cracks. Finally, the upper slab was ready for the placement
of the new concrete slab. The images show the disposition of the reinforcing
steels.
Shrinkage Cracks (Karin,C 2018) Steel Reinforced Slab (Karin,C 2018)
10.8 Reference
[1] Carten Karins, (2018). Restoration Projects By Karins Engineering Group,

Inc. [PowerPoint presentation]. Retrieved from CANVAS
[2] American Concrete Institute – Committee 440 (2017). Guide for the Design
and Construction of Externally Bonded FRP Systems for Strengthening
Concrete Structures, ACI 440.2R-17, ACI, Farmington Hills, MI, USA.
[3] ACI 318, Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete
(ACI 318-17) and Commentary (ACI 318R-14), ACI Committee 318,
American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2005
Julio Saire
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Presenter: Greg Illig.
Title: Concrete repair, strengthening, and protection.
What did you learn?
 The corrosion is a process that takes place in the concrete reinforcement.
This process should be controlled instead to perform earlier restorations.
As a result, If a restoration takes place, it is important the use admixtures
in order to mitigate the active corrosion.
 One of the main factors for the corrosion process is the environment. As
an example, the marine environment is the one that promotes corrosion in
concrete structures. The presenter developed some repair projects near
to the ocean. These concrete structures were affected by the intrusion
chloride ions.
 The corrosion process in the concrete requires an anode and a cathode.
However, the water and the oxygen complement the electrochemical
reaction.
 Another way to prevent the chloride penetration is making the concrete
less porous. There are some admixtures, which enhance this property in
the concrete.
 The sacrificial anode is a widespread method to mitigate the active
corrosion and protect against future deterioration.
 I found interesting the fact that repair projects prioritize the aesthetic of
the structure and the functionality. This is an important feature when a
project is taking place.
 The products used for FRP rehabilitation such as the epoxy and the
carbon fiber have a certain reaction rate. This feature is important during
the application of this type of rehabilitation. The changes in temperature
affect the chemical and mechanical properties of the components.
 The presence of crack in the structures facilitates entry of the chloride
ions to the reinforcing bars. This promotes corrosion in the steel. That is
why, it is highly recommended the using of admixtures to fill the empty
spaces in the cracks and avoid corrosion.
 I suggest implementing breaks during the presentation. This measure

could improve the public attention.
 I suggest including some references about developed projects in different
types of climates such as cold and dry.
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PROTECTION.
USF ID : U83049840
Julio Saire
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PROTECTION.
Greg Illig is the Caribbean District Manager of Sika

Corporation. He is a Master of Science in Management in the
New Jersey Institute of Technology. He made a presentation
about Concrete Repair, Strengthening, and Protection as part of
the graduate course Repair and Rehabilitation of Structures at
USF.
11.1 Introduction
Sika USA is a leading supplier of specialty chemical products and

industrial materials serving construction and industrial markets. Sika was founded
in 1910 by Kaspar Winkler and established in 1937 in New Jersey. Nowadays
Sika has over 17000 employees and 120 plants worldwide. Sika product and
technologies involved concrete admixtures, sealants, epoxy adhesive, etc.
One of the main projects performed by Sika is the reinforcement of

concrete elements with carbon fiber. One of the works done with carbon fibers is
the reinforcement of reinforced concrete columns at the Ohio State University
Stadium. The concrete columns were wrapped with carbon fiber to increase the
load capacity of the columns.
Likewise, another important project in which sika was part was part of the
last decade, was the Hoover Dam Bypass segmental bridge. Sika was very
involved in the admixtures of the concrete and the epoxies. As a segmental
bridge, this structure required to seal the joints between the concrete segments.
Hoover Sam Bypass Bridge (Illig G,2018) Carbon fiber strengthening (Illig G,2018)
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What is more, Sika also participated in the project called Segmental Artery
Bridge in Boston. Epoxy was also used to join the concrete segments of the
bridge. Lastly, Sika also has products that seal joints and cracks. These products
were used in the Empire state building to solve a roof leaking problem.
Central Artery Segmental Bridge (Illig,2018) Empire state Building (Illig,2018)

11.2 Deterioration of the concrete.
LOW COVER CONCRETE
The penetration time in the Concrete

cover of the chloride ions in a marine
environment is in proportion to a
quadratic function. This means that if
the cover is small, the penetration of
oxidizing agents to the concrete will be
Low concrete cover much faster.
(www.researchgate.com,2018)
SALT WATER: CEMENT RATIO
Usually when there are no sources of

clean water. The contractors are
forced to use seawater to make the
concrete mixes, this generates a
faster penetration of chloride ions into
the steel reinforcing.
Steel corrosion in concrete

(http://www.techdry.com.au,2018)
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BEACH SAND IN MIX
Sand is an indispensable material for

concrete mixtures. When this material
is scarce in some areas near the sea,
contractors usually use beach sand. In
general, this sand contains chloride
Beach sand in concrete mix ion. This generates a premature

(www.shutterstock.com,2018) corrosion of the structure.
MARINE ENVIRONMENT
Marine environments promote

corrosion due to the penetration of
chloride ions. This is due to water
cycles; large masses of water
evaporate to the atmosphere and then
Marine Enviroment
fall on urban areas.
(http://www.marasinews.com,2018)
FAST TRACK CONSTRUCTION
Rapid building construction usually

involves the use of additives that
change some properties of the original
materials. These changes usually
include the addition of elements that
cause damage to the concrete
Fast track Construction prematurely.
(http://www.colmoretang.com,2018)
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11.3 Conditions Surveys
A condition survey is a type of inspection. It is important because it helps

to determine the current condition of structures such as coliseums, hospitals, etc.
What is more, it determines if the building requires any restoration or
maintenance. Finally, when talking about concrete, we look for two important
indicators, spalls, and cracks.
11.3.1 Diagnose Concrete Defects: Spalls
The spalls may be due to multiple reasons; the main ones will be described
below.
FREEZE /THAW CYCLES
The main reason for this type of spalls

is the high content of water in the
concrete mix. This ends up in a
concrete mix with a high percentage of
porosity and with a high ratio of water-
cement ratio. Once the water freezes,
the water expands and the concrete
fails.
Damaged Concrete (Illig,2018)
REACTIVE AGGREGATE
Usually, some aggregates into the

concrete mix react with the some
chemical in the cement. This reaction
promotes pop outs in the concrete
surface. It is very common that this
type of spalls take place in the same
area because aggregates and cement
Reactive Aggregate (Illig,2018) are in the same area too.
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165
STEEL CORROSION
In reinforced concrete, reinforcing steel is embedded in a concrete mixture.

When the concrete is new, the concrete mix has a high pH, this is around 12.5.
This pH, causes the reinforcement steel to develop a layer called Passive film.
This layer protects the reinforcing steel against corrosion. However, when pH
levels drop in the concrete, this passive film tends to be destroyed. This situation
causes the reinforcing steel to corrode.
There are many causes for corrosion to take place. One of them is the
decrease of the pH in the Concrete. Likewise, the penetration of chloride ions in
the concrete generates that this passive film will also be destroyed. When the
reinforcing steel is oxidized, oxide is generated around it. This material produced
through an electrochemical reaction, generates a change in volume which ends
up generating spalls on the surface of the concrete,
CORROSION
 Volume Change.
 Spalls.
 Electrochemical Reactions.
Corrosion in steel (Illig,2018)
CHLORIDE INDUCED CORROSION
 Corrosion Signs.
 Corrosion products.
 Corrosion location.
Chloride induce corrosion (Illig G,2018)
SPALLING
 Delamination.
 Leakage in the joints.
 Chloride penetration.
 Losing in rebar section.
Spalling in Concrete (Illig G,2018)
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11.4 Concrete Repair, Strengthening And Protection

11.4.1 Remove Unsound Concrete
When it has been determined that a structure requires repair or

reinforcement it is essential to remove the concrete layers that have been
affected. The images show different types of structures that must be repaired.
For example on the left, a balcony has been affected by chloride-induced
corrosion. On the right, a hyperbolic cooling towers that requires a concrete
replacement. Finally, It is very usual to use a chipping hummer to remove the
affected concrete. Engineers should limit the area to avoid errors during the
rehabilitation of the structures.
Chipping concrete (Illig G,2018) Hyperbolic tower (Illig G,2018)

11.4.2 Expose and Clean Rebar
The next step after removing the unsound concrete is cleaning rust and
scale from rebar. This process is extremely important for two reasons. The first
is to prevent corrosion from continuing. Second, to improve the adhesion of
reinforcing steel to concrete. Needle guns and sand blasting are commonly used
for cleaning rebar.
Cleaning Rebar (Illig G,2018) San Blasting process (Illig G,2018)
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11.4.3 Prime Rebar and Substrate
After leaving the reinforcing steel clean, it is required to prime rebar and
substrate. This process prevents the propagation of corrosion and improves the
adhesion of reinforcing steel to concrete. It is important to apply at least two layers
of bonding agent in the steel during the rehabilitation of the structure to improve
its behavior. The concrete surface should be rough enough to increase the
bonding. The method of application will depend on the type of repair concrete
element. For example, slab elements (right figure) requires to scrub coat over the
reinforcement in order to increase the bonding. Finally, the concrete surface
should be adequate to apply this type of products. As a result, there are Concrete
surface profiles (CSP) that measure the concrete surface before placing the
concrete.
Prime Rebar (Illig G,2018) Scrub Coat (Illig G,2018)
11.4.4 Repair Spall
The repair process of spalls includes the selection of the materials that will
have to be used. However, there are different types of admixtures such as
Polymer, silica fume, corrosion inhibitor, expanding or carbon fibers. These
materials must be correctly selected depending on the characteristics of the
repair.
Each project includes specific characteristics that must be taken into

account. Projects with chloride induced corrosion may require sacrificial anodes
or cathodic protection. On the other hand, if what is required is to reinforce a
structure, carbon fibers can be used to increase the load capacity of the concrete
elements.
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168
CASE STUDIES: (Illig G,2018)
WALK WAY EDGE
1. Chloride induced corrosion.

2. Removing damaged concrete
3. Forming elements
4. Placing concrete
Walk way Edge (Illig G,2018)
WATER TREATMENT PLANT
1. Erosion in the cement paste.

2. Spray cements material.
3. Low-pressure spray.
Water Treatment Wall (Illig G,2018)
SEWER PUMP STATION
1. Corrosion in reinforcement.
2. Removing damaged concrete.
3. Forming elements.
4. Placing concrete.
Sewer pump station (Illig G,2018)
ISOLATED FORM AND POUR

REPAIR
1. Sounding the concrete.

2. Formwork.
3. Self-consolidating concrete.
Column Repair (Illig G,2018)
COLUMN ENCAPSULATION
1. Sounding the concrete.

2. Formwork.
3. Self-consolidating concrete.
Column encapsulation (Illig G,2018)
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11.4.5 Fill Seal Cracks and Joints
Concrete structures usually have shrinkage joins and construction joints.

These types of structures suffer changes in volume throughout their useful life.
These construction joints usually allow the passage of agents that promote
corrosion. That is why fill seal cracks and joints are required.
CASE STUDY: Parking Deck in Tampa.
JOINT SELLING
1. Flexible seal
2. Changing in Volume
3. Avoid water penetration
Joint sealing in parkings (Illig G,2018)
CASE STUDY: Water Plant in Tampa (GROUND INJECTION)
DRILLING HOLES FOR INJECTION

PORT
1. Drilling holes in the path of the

cracks
Drilling holes (Illig G,2018)
DRILLING IN 45 DEGREES
1. Allows the epoxy penetration.

2. Increase the epoxy penetration
45 degrees drilling hole (Illig G,2018)
SETTING INJECTION PORTS
1. Apply epoxy with low pressure
setting injection ports (Illig G,2018)
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CASE STUDY: Tampa Airport short term parking garage. (Illig G,2018)
Epoxy Broadcast overlay
1. Cracks in the concrete deck

2. Shrinkage cracks
3. Epoxy has to penetrate the
cracks
4. Epoxy is smooth as glass
5. Low viscosity epoxy
Epoxy application (Illig G,2018)
Broadcasting sand to provide non-

slip surface
1. Also called feeding the chicken.

2. Sand over the epoxy
3. Using especial boots during the
application.
4. Increase the bonding and avoid
the slippery surface.
Broadcasting Sand (Illig G,2018)
Fine Crack
1. 1 mil = 1/1000 in
2. The viscosity of the epoxy is
one mill and the crack in the
sample is almost 4 mils.
Crack in concrete (Illig G,2018)
Finishing
1. The sand is sacrificial during

this process.
2. The penetration of the epoxy is
what really matters.
Finishing Deck (Illig G,2018)
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CASE STUDY: Bridge deck in Puerto Rico
Surface preparation
1. The condition survey should be

performed to identify the
weaknesses in the deck.
2. The concrete surface should be
clean before the epoxy
Surface preparation (Illig G,2018) application.
Surface Restoration
1. The work force is focused in

restoration of spalls in the
concrete surface.
2. It is important to repair a major
problems in the deck before the
epoxy application.
Sruface Restoration (Illig G,2018)
Epoxy Broadcast overlay
1. The epoxy application in the

deck should be performed
covering the cracks in order to
avoid the water penetration.
Broadcasting overlay (Illig G,2018)
Crack Seal
1. The difference between the

crack-sealed surface and the
non-crack-sealed surface is
notorious.
2. This system will provide a
layer to avoid the water
Comparative Overlay system (Illig
G,2018) penetration into the deck.
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172
11.4.6 Mitigate Active Corrosion
The mitigation of corrosion is a process in which the advance of corrosion

to other nearby structures must be prevented. To perform this procedure,
sacrificial anodes are used. These instruments mitigate the advance of corrosion
by providing a zinc anode to the electrochemical reaction, which is consumed
over time, protecting the surrounding steel from corrosion.
This type of protection provides around 24 inches of coverage area. That

is why it should be very well distributed according to the need for anodic
protection. For example, if you have concrete elements that cost a lot to relocate
and you have corrosion in the area, you should provide more units of anodic
protection.
Anodic Protection (Illig G,2018) Anodic Protection (Illig G,2018)
Likewise, there are corrosion inhibitors that can be applied on large

surfaces and can contribute to mitigate the progress of corrosion in concrete
structures.
Migration corrosion inhibitor (Illig G,2018) Migration corrosion Inhibitor (Illig

G,2018)
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11.4.7 Strengthen Inadequate Structures
A structure must be reinforced when one or many of its mechanical

properties do not fulfill its purpose of service. Likewise, a concrete element can
be reinforced because insufficient reinforcement, corrosion damage, change in
use, structural damages and seismic upgrade.
Change in use (Illig G,2018) Seismic Upgrade (Illig G,2018)

A. FLEXURE STRENGTHENING
Deck reinforcement Flexure reinforcement

(compositesworld.com) (compositesworld.com)
B. SHEAR STRENGTHENING
Shear strengthening Shear strengthening

(compositesworld.com) (compositesworld.com)
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C. CONFINEMENT
Column strengthening (Illig G,2018) Column strengthening (Illig G,2018)
D. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SEE LANS CARBON FIBER

Steel and carbon fibers have different properties that can be used
according to the nature of the project. Steel is a material that has a low cost in
the international market. Despite its low purchase cost, the installation cost is high
and requires skilled labor. Being a metal material is highly corrosive. This causes
the structures to corrode quickly. What is more, this material is heavy and to
maintain it over time it requires procedures that end up being expensive.
On the other hand, carbon fiber is a material that also has very good
qualities. This material has a great initial cost, however it has a low installation
cost. This is beneficial during the construction, since the application of the carbon
fibers should only be done under easy conditions. This non-metallic element is
non-corrosive. This means that there is no volumetric change or damage due to
corrosion. What's more, the weight of carbon fiber is incredibly lighter than steel.
As a result, this material is also very beneficial when reinforcing a structure.
Steel in concrete (Buildipedia.com) Lightweight Carbon fiber (Illig G,2018)
Julio Saire
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E. CASE I: I-80 SALT LAKE CITY

This structure was reinforced WITH CARBON FIBERS to improve the
response to a seismic event. It was estimated that a seismic event could happen
during the 2000 Olympics. Then, a bad response from the structures could then
generate a catastrophe. That is why the authorities decided to reinforce this
structure.
Seismic upgrade Shear, flexural strengthening (Illig

(Illig G,2018) G,2018)
F. CASE II: SOUTH SHORE PLAZA MALL

This structural reinforcement project is located in Boston. This parking
garage is being reinforced with carbon fibers. When the concrete elements have
been properly saturated, the first layer of carbon fiber can be placed. During the
whole procedure, the formation of air balloons between the concrete element and
the carbon fiber should be avoided. This can be avoid rolling out bubbles.
Fiber carbon application (Illig G,2018) Carbon fiber placing (Illig G,2018)
Julio Saire
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G. CASE III: SUNSHINE SKYWAY BRIDGE

The Sunshine Skyway Bridge is one of the most important bridges into the
Florida DOT inventory. By its importance, the sunshine skyway bridge requires a
special attention by this office. What is more, this structure has a special
committee to make assessments about their structural behavior, and current
condition. This committee realized that some AASHTO girders have been
developing shear cracks. Even though this type of cracks does not represent a
structural critical condition, the chloride ion penetration could end up in corrosion.
The first step they made was to re-create prestressed concrete beams in
the FDOT laboratories. This allowed recreating the conditions in which the beams
were located on the bridge. Additionally, the beams were reinforced with carbon
fibers with a "U" shape. This arrangement of carbon fibers allowed a shear
strengthening.
Replicate Prestressed beam (Illig Carbon Fiber Application (Illig G,2018)

G,2018)
HIGH LIFT ON BARGE UNDER

BRIDGE
It is important that you have a base on

which you can work without risk of
overturning, that is why a platform is
required to carry out repairs on the
bridge.
High lift on barge under bridge

(Illig G,2018)
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Sand blasting girders
The surface must be prepared to

receive reinforcement with carbon
fibers. For better bonding,
sandblasting in girders was applied.
San Blasting (Illig G,2018)
Inspecting surface prep on girders
The inspectors must verify the surface

of the beam to guarantee the bonding.
This verification is crucial, because
the application of the reinforcement
only takes place one time.
Inspection surface (Illig G,2018)
Preparation of the epoxy
The chemical reaction of the epoxies

has a certain temperature for the use.
This should be controlled to facilitate
its application using ice during the
mixing of the chemicals.
Preparation of epoxy (Illig G,2018)
Preparation of the carbon fiber
Prior to the placement of the carbon

fiber on the concrete element, the
epoxy must be prepared on carbon
fiber.
Preparation of FRP (Illig G,2018)
Application of the FRP
Throughout the structural

reinforcement process, the
instructions of the plans and the
construction codes must be followed.
Final coating application against UV.
Beam before UV Coating (Illig G,2018)
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H. CASE IV: NASSAU BAHAMAS

This project requires the reinforcement of concrete beams with carbon
fiber because the initial design did not have enough reinforcing steel. This
reinforcement includes the application of carbon fiber strips on the underside of
concrete beams in Nassau, Bahamas.
Condition Survey
1. Inadequate steel
reinforcement.
2. Nassau, Bahamas
3. Carbon fiber strips,
Condition sruver (Illig G,2018)
Preparation of the carbon fiber
Prior to the placement of the

carbon fiber on the concrete
element, the epoxy must be
prepared on carbon fiber.
Carbon Fiber Preparation (Illig G,2018)
Inspecting surface prep on

girders
The inspectors must verify the

surface of the beam to guarantee
the bonding. This verification is
crucial, because the application of
the reinforcement only takes place
one time.
Concre surface prepration (Illig G,2018)
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11.4.8 Protect Against Future Deterioration

A. Traffic Systems
The presenter said that there are chemical products that can be used to
prevent the deterioration of concrete elements such as epoxies.
Traffic system with sika (Illig G,2018) Everlast® Epoxy flooring

B. Stadiums
The application of epoxies to protect concrete structures is becoming more
and more usual. Then the presenter promotes the use of these chemicals
because they improve the duration of the structures. E.g. Stadiums
Stair in Staidum with sika (Illig G,2018) Everlast® Epoxy flooring

C. Balconies
The use of epoxy in balconies is increasing because it increases the life of
a concrete structure.
Balconies with sika epoxy (Illig G,2018) Everlast® Epoxy flooring
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D. Case I: Tipping Water Treatment Facility
SLUDGE THICKENER TANK
1. Spalls
2. Concrete wall deterioration
3. Erosion
4. Lose of concrete cover
Sludge Thickener tank (Illig G,2018)
SURFACE PREPARATION
1. Exposed aggregate
2. Increase mechanical bonding.
3. Inspection during construction.
Surface preparation (Illig G,2018)
FIRST COAT EPOXY
1. Protection the concrete.

2. Sika Girder 62
3. Application inside the tank
First Coat Epoxy (Illig G,2018)
SECOND COAT OF EPOXY
1. Second coating application.

2. Protect the concrete surface
3. Increase the bonding between
layers.
4.
Second Coat of epoxy (Illig G,2018)
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E. Case II: Clearwater Marine Aquarium

The Clearwater aquarium looks
required not only an aesthetic
restoration but also a functional one.
This included having very smooth
aquarium walls to avoid animal
contamination.
Aquarium (Illig G,2018)

F. Case III: Acrylic Façade Coating
The problem of carbonation of
concrete is very frequent, this also
generates the corrosion of the steel
embedded in concrete and
consequently shortens the useful life
of a structure.
Acrylic façade coating (Illig G,2018)
G. Case VI: Main Sr. Parking Garage
The problem of carbonation of this
parking the concrete was critical, then
to prevent carbonation an acrylic
water proof / protective coating was
applied.
Carbonation parking garages (Illig G ,2018)

H. Case V: Sandpiper Condo
The problem of carbonation of the
concrete of this condo was critical, so
to prevent carbonation an acrylic
facade coating was applied.
Carbonation in Condos (Illig G,2018)
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I. Case VI: bay Shore Balustrade

As seen in the image, the steel
embedded in the concrete has
corroded and generated the
breakdown of the concrete. This had
to be repaired by placing new concrete
and anticipating corrosion in the
Concrete Deterioration (Illig G,2018) future.
The restoration activities must be

carried out with the security elements
as shown in the image. Likewise,
admixtures that foresee the corrosion
of concrete must be applied.
Concrete rehabilitation (Illig G,2018)
The final finishes may include a new

layer of agents that mitigate the
propagation of corrosion and above all
that protect concrete structures.
Inhibitor Coating (Illig G,2018)

J. Case VII : Tower
The tower located in Canada has a serious freeze thaw effect due to the
water penetration. This was restored using chemical agents that protect the
structurefrom this effect .
Freeze/thaw effect (Illig G,2018) Tower restored (Illig G,2018)
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11.5 Refurbishment of East Paradise Island Bridge
The East Paradise Island Bridge is located in Nassau, Bahamas. This

bridge is owned, operated and maintained by The Bridge Authority, as a toll
facility and provides one-way egress from Paradise Island to New Providence. It
was designed by Howard, Needles, Tammen, and Bergendorf in 1966 to support
H-15-44 live load. Construction was completed in 1967 and opened to traffic on
April 3, 1967. The bridge has an overall width of 36 feet and carries two lanes of
traffic, along with a sidewalk on each side of the carriageway. It is 1,560 feet in
overall length and consists of fifteen concrete approach spans and three high
elevation main channel spans. (Illig G, 2018)
Refurbishment Of East Paradise Island Bridge (Illig G,2018)
11.5.1 Condition of bridge before contract
The technical report made by the governmental institutions determined the

following: “Engineering Technical Services engaged by the Ministry of Works to
undertake Bridge Inspection, Load Evaluation, and Life Cycle Analysis. The
inspection found that the structure was in generally good condition. However,
several of the bridge components exhibit varying levels of deterioration whi ch
required some localized rehabilitation. This includes localized areas of concrete
deterioration mainly due to reinforcement corrosion. The “current” condition was
evaluated in 2015 before the finalization of the repair contract.” (Illig G, 2018)
Abutments (Illig G,2018) Abutments (Illig G,2018)
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184
Several of the bridge components exhibit varying levels of deterioration
Concrete deterioration in Marine

Environment.
1. Pile deterioration
2. Corrosion in the steel
reinforcing
3. Spalls
Corrosion damage (Illig G,2018)
Concrete delamination
1. Spalls
2. Steel corrosion
3. Delamination
4. Steel exposed
5. Chloride ions penetration
Spalling in deck (Illig G,2018)
Concrete delamination
1. Spalls
2. Steel corrosion
3. Delamination
4. Steel exposed
Pile damaged (Illig G,2018)

11.5.2 Load Assessment/Load Test on Bridge
Unable to undertake complete Load Evaluation due to the original

drawings not being available.For this reason, a detailed member by member
capacity check could not be fully completed.This means that areas of specific
concern, such as the dapped ends, could not be verified due to insufficient
information. While no signs of any distress have yet to have been reported it was
decided to undertake a load test on the structure. In 2014 a load test was
undertaken on the bridge to determine the capacity. The load test proved that
there was adequate capacity in the bridge for vehicles that use the bridge. (Illig
G, 2018)
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11.5.3 Life Cycle Study
In August 2014, a financial life-cycle study was then carried out to

determine the useful life of the bridge based on expected maintenance cost and
functionality. The report evaluated the following options: Do-nothing,
Replacement of the Bridge, Refurbishment with regular maintenance. The study
concluded that the best option was the 3rd and thus recommended that the bridge
undergo immediate repairs and subsequently be maintained regularly. The report
also recommends that the bridge be replaced no later than 2042, depending on
the traffic growth and bridge condition. (Illig G, 2018)
Competitive Tender
Following a prequalification process, four tenderers were invited to tender

for the project. Three contractors returning tender documents. Following a tender
evaluation exercise, it was recommended that the works be undertaken by Island
Site Development (ISD). The recommendation being based upon cost,
experience and financial capabilities. The contract was signed on the 25th
January 2016 The signed contract being approximately $4.9M. The contract
commenced on the 16th February 2016. The length of the contract is 42 weeks.
(Illig G, 2018).
CLIENT: The Bridge Authority
LEAD AGENCY: Ministry of Public Works
CONTRACTOR : Island Site Development (CEO: Naveen

Gupta)
LEAD DESIGN Engineering Technical Services (CEO:

CONSULTANTS : Lambert Knowles) Parsons (Senior
Principal: Sylvain Montminy)
Julio Saire
186
11.5.4 Contract Works
The construction works to be undertaken can be summarized as follows:
a. Repairs to concrete elements such as abutments, beams, piers,

columns and deck.
b. Repairs to bridge railings, lights, and signage.
c. Repairs and replacement of steel bearing plates and deck joints.
d. Underwater repairs to pile caps.
e. Repairs and/or replacement of portions of the timber fender
systems.
f. Repairs and/or replacement of drainage system.
g. Supply of maintenance platform
h. Application of protective coatings to concrete
11.5.5 Work Flow
THE PROBLEM
CONDITION SURVEY
1) Problem
2) Corrosion
3) Spalling
4) Delamination
5) Deterioration.
Conditions survey (Illig G,2018)
CONDITION SURVEY
1) Corrosion in columns
2) Delamination of concrete
cover
3) Rusting in steel
Damaged column (Illig G,2018)
Julio Saire
187
ACCESS
Floating work platform for column repairs Hydra Platform for beam repairs under
(Illig G,2018) deck (Illig G,2018)
SURFACE PREPARATION
Cleaning the rebar (Illig G,2018) Sand Blasting (Illig G,2018)

REBAR CORROSION PROTECTION
Rebar Corrosion Protection (Illig G,2018) Rebar Corrosion Protection (Illig G,2018)
Julio Saire
188
COLUMN REPAIR – ISOLATED FORM & POUR REPAIRS
Using self-consolidating concrete (SCC) Columns Forming

(Illig G,2018)
Column Repair – Column Encapsulation 6” of Self-Consolidating Concrete with

(Illig G,2018) integral corrosion inhibitor (Illig G,2018)
PROTECTION
Polymer-modified cementitious protective Polymer-modified cementitious

coating (Illig G,2018) protective coating (Illig G,2018)
Julio Saire
189
Pier Cap Repairs (Before) (Illig G,2018) Pier Cap Repairs (After) (Illig G,2018)
Abutment Repairs (Before) (Illig G,2018) Abutment Repairs (After) (Illig G,2018)
Pile Cap Repairs (Before) (Illig G,2018) Pile Cap Repairs (After) (Illig G,2018)
Pile Cap Repairs (Before) (Illig G,2018) Pile Cap Repairs (After) (Illig G,2018)
Julio Saire
190
11.6 Reference
[1] Greg Illig (2018). Concrete Repair, Strengthening, and Protection

[PowerPoint presentation]. Retrieved from CANVAS
[4] Mindess S A, Young F J and Darwin D (2003), Concrete, 2nd edn,
Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
[5] Yu C W and Bull J W (ed), (2006) Durability of Materials and Structures in
Building and Civil Engineering, Whittles Publishing, CRC Press, Taylor &
Francis Group, Boca Raton, FL.
Julio Saire
191

Presenter: Richard Harrison & Rob Race.
Title: Inspecting, Scoping, and Designing Public Sector Projects.
What did you learn?
 I learned that in order to carry out a successful project it is necessary to
establish relationships with the client. This step allows knowing the needs
of the client; from this way, it is possible to advise the clients about the
technical and economic aspects of the project.
 The proposal preparation is crucial because it has to include the needs of
the client. The communication in this stage of the project makes the
difference with the competitors.
 The scope of the work is undoubtedly the most important part of a project,
because this document explains with detail the objectives of the project
and each work or item that will be done.
 The project must have a quality control. This document guarantees that all
procedures are carried out under the appropriate standards.
 There must be a constant communication with the contractors and all the
agents involved in the project to deliver it on time and complying with the
requirements of the scope.
 When the project has been completed, you must have the necessary
documentation. That should include as-built plans and documents that
ensure that the entire scope has been complied with.
 I learned that the negotiation process is important because it is not only a
matter of lowering prices but also of offering quality work to the client.
Some strategies are to limit the works but without lowering the costs of
each item of the project. This strategy guarantees quality work without
lowering the profits of the company.
 I learned that to elaborate a project it can be delivered in phases. This
implies that the projects can be divided into several parts, and as each part
is ready, it could be submitted. This allows the project to be properly
carried out considering most of the details
 I suggest that the presenters make a text or a manual based on their
professional experience on the steps that must be taken to carry out
construction, repair, and other work in public or private institutions in
Florida.
Julio Saire
192
CHAPTER XII: INSPECTING, SCOPING, AND DESIGNING

PUBLIC SECTOR PROJECTS.
USF ID : U83049840
Julio Saire
193
CHAPTER XII: INSPECTING, SCOPING, AND DESIGNING PUBLIC SECTOR

PROJECTS.
Richard Harrison is the Vice President of Kisinger

Campo and Associates Corp and Rob Race is the Principal
Engineer in the Arcadis Company. Both Professional
Engineers are former students from the University of South
Florida. They made a presentation about Inspecting, Scoping,
and Designing Public Sector Projects as part of the graduate
course Repair and Rehabilitation of Structures at USF.
12.1 Example Project
The project that will take place should be described in detail. In this way,
the address and the the location should be provided clearly. The project
developed by the company is “Box Culvert replacement on CR 630- Pol County”
The developed project was in bad shape after several year without maintenance.
The concrete walls showed corrosion, and there was a detrimental issue in the
concrete. Therefore, the Polk County decided to carry out a project to replace it.
12.2 Client Relations
During the development of the project is important the relationship

development. This kind of communications allows the construction of a clear idea
about the requirement of the project. Indeed, the developer and the client could
debate about the content of the project and the goals that will be carry out. During
this process, economical and technical topics came out. As a result, this
enhances the project content and promotes the project understanding.
Client relation (Harrison R, 2018) Activities and checklist

(www.google.com, 2018)
Julio Saire
194
12.3 Request for Proposals (RFP)
The request of proposals are document, which contents each detail of the
project and are public documents published in the website of the counties. The
proposal has a certain amount of time for replying and the company that is
interested should be aware about this. What it is more, each company should be
prepared to fill out the requirements on time.
Another point in the request of the proposal is to get in the subcontractors

and all the services ready to take advantage over the competitors.
Request for proposal (Harrison R, 2018) Proposal (www.google.com, 2018)
A request for proposal (RFP) is a document that solicits

proposal, often made through a bidding process, by an agency
or company interested in procurement of a commodity, service,
or valuable asset, to potential suppliers to submit business
proposals. It is submitted early in the procurement cycle, at
either the preliminary study, or procurement stage.
(en.wikipedia.org, 2018)
Julio Saire
195
12.4 Proposal Preparation
Knowing your audience during the proposal preparation, it is important

because whet the client need should be in there. This process involves selling
benefits vs. selling features. This document should contemplate the advantages
of the proposal instead of the features of the company itself.
On the other hand, this document include the list of the subcontractors in
there. Naming contractors is totally needs because it shows to the client the
companies involved in the project. This serves as a guarantee of the type of the
works that should be developed. Finally, this part will required the constant
interaction between clients a the company.
In order to carry out a successful project it is necessary to establish

relationships with the client. This step allows knowing the needs of the client; from
this way, it is possible to advise the clients about the technical and economic
aspects of the project.
Proposal Preparation (Harrison R, 2018)
Julio Saire
196
12. 5 Scope of Work
The scope of the work is considered the main core of the project. This very
detail document includes each activity that should take place in the project. The
language used in this document should be limited to exact description of the
works. The use of expansive language could get to the company in trouble during
the execution of the project. In order to establish correctly the boundaries
conditions of the work, the content of the scope should be clear.
The scope clarification is strongly suggested during the assembling of the

scope of work. This step guarantee in detail the works and activities that should
take place. This includes meetings, field visits and issue definitions. It is well know
that most of the company’s staff is working in the headquarters, and they do not
spend to much time doing field visits. As a result, some projects could get in a
trouble because some facts where missed. These situations encourage the
engineers to do field visit to avoid mistakes during the formulation of the work’s
scope.
This document represents the cover letter of the proposal. AS A RESULT,

If the scope has been focused correctly, there is a great probability that the project
succeed.
Scope of Services (Harrison R, 2018) Documents (Harrison R, 2018)
Julio Saire
197
12.6 Cost Negotiation and Project Award
The cost negotiation it is a checkpoint once the company won the previous
contest. This step in the project cycle is important because the client and the
company stablish the number of task that should take place in the project. This
involves the number of meetings with the staff, the number of hours of each
activity and over all the changes in the previous scope. That is why the
importance of the cost negotiations during the scope definitions.
It is important to remember that the clients always are correct. In fact, when
the project will start there are activities that the client has their own way to carry.
Usually, these activities involve unpredicted costs. In this way, it is completely
need the definition of these activities in order to avoid error and less profits for
the company. The document before the beginning of the work is the called notice
to proceed. This document must be in place to carry out the contract and the
works.
The negotiation process is important because it is not only a matter of

lowering prices but also of offering quality work to the client. Some strategies are
to limit the works but without lowering the costs of each item of the project. This
strategy guarantees quality work without lowering the profits of the company.
Estimate of Work Effort and Cost – Prime consultant (Harrison R, 2018)
Julio Saire
198
12.7 Project Delivery
The client expects the work done in a certain amount of time. These
requirements should meet with the company who will work for it. In order to
accomplish the requirements it is important to develop a plan submittal and a
design schedule. Doing these documents, the company and the client will be
notified about the timeframes and the percentage of advance of the project.
Quality Assurance (Harrison R, 2018) Fundamental QC (Harrison R, 2018)
12.8 Design
The design of the project it is process that carry out different phases.
These phases take time to complete. Therefore, these periods will take place
according to the timeframes stablished before.
Design Schedule (Harrison R, 2018)
Julio Saire
199
It is very common that projects follow the 30-60-90 percent of advance in

the plans. This numbers are commonly used for many company to submit the
report of the project. Once these phases are completed, the final project it is
summited with the bid set and the specification package.
Percent of Advance Percent of Percent of Advance Percent of Advance

30 % (Google, 2018) Advance 60 % 90 % (Google, 2018) 100 % (Google,
(Google, 2018) 2018)
12.9 Construction
During the construction of the project, the company should provide advices
about the timeframes and the advances in the project; this process allows
carrying out correctly each part of the project. During this step, the contractor and
the client could ask about clarifications and inquiries about the development of
the project.
Construction plans for Box Culvert Replacement (Harrison R, 2018)
Julio Saire
200
It is also important the pre-construction meeting. This meeting stablished

the missed details in the plans and it is again a checkpoint to carry out correctly
the project. Once the plans are finished and all of the details have been taken
into account all of the plans should be sealed and submitted because these
constitutes a contract and a legal document for both the company and the client.
12.10 Closeout
Once the works have been carried out and each part of the project has
been executed. The client could ask to the company for the services in order to
close out the project.
In this part of the project cycle, the company should compare the works
done and the works stablished in the plans. As each project is not perfect at all,
some activities, takes place because the company or the client need over the
construction. These activities should be stablished in the document called close
out, punch list and As-built drawing. This is important to take into account each
detail and in order to quantify and know where the money and the time where
invested.
Sign and deal (Harrison R, 2018) Signing and Sealing

http://epg.modot.org (Harrison R, 2018)
Julio Saire
201
12.11 Reference
[3] Mindess S A, Young F J and Darwin D (2003), Concrete, 2nd edn,
Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
[4] Rob Race (2018). Inspecting, Scoping, and Designing Public Sector
Projects. [PowerPoint presentation]. Retrieved from CANVAS.
[5] Richard Harrison (2018). Inspecting, Scoping, and Designing Public
Sector Projects. [PowerPoint presentation]. Retrieved from CANVAS.
[6] Wikipedia (2018). Request for proposal. Retrieved from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Request_for_proposal.
[7] Yu C W and Bull J W (ed), (2006) Durability of Materials and Structures in
Building and Civil Engineering, Whittles Publishing, CRC Press, Taylor &
Francis Group, Boca Raton, FL.
Julio Saire
202
CHAPTER XIII: HIGH LIGHTS – REPAIR AND

REHABILITATION OF STRUCTURES.
USF ID : U83049840
Julio Saire
203
CHAPTER XIII: HIGHLIGHTS REPAIR AND REHABILITATION OF

STRUCTURES.
Julio Saire is pursuing a master's degree in Civil

engineering with a concentration in Structures in the
University of South Florida, United States. He made an
appreciation of the highlights about the presentations
concerning Repair, Strengthening, and Protection in Concrete
structures given as part of the graduate course Repair and
The variety of presenters in the course of Repair and Rehabilitation of

Structures has been enriched my background as a civil engineer. I learned how
to performed repairs and rehabilitation of structures affected by corrosion-
induced damage, How to handle codes and manuals, and how to reinforce
damaged concrete structures. In fact, each presenter left learned lessons from
their experiences and I would like to describe some of those, which I considered
the most challenging and other highlights for my professional training.
Based on the Chris ball’s presentation, I learned the process of

rehabilitation of structures. This process is compatible with other presenters’
repair and rehabilitation process. The first step is to analyze the cause and the
effect of the defects or the damage in the structure. For example, Leakage,
settlement, spalls or disintegration. The second steep in the workflow is to
differentiate within an aesthetic or functional origin of the damage. This step is
important, because the designer should analyze if the damage could carry
important consequences in the structure. Third, if the structure has been consider
an object of study, a condition survey should be performed. During this
procedure, the structure conditions should be evaluated, quantified, and
documented. This information is crucial for the repair Analysis that is the next
step.
Once the Condition survey demonstrated the magnitude of the damage,

the engineering and the owner criteria take place. The engineering criteria should
deal with the structural requirements and the feasibility of a repair performing.
This is the breakpoint during the rehabilitation of structures because this point
determines the method, material, and technique required for the restoration.
Julio Saire
204
On the other hand, the Carter Karin’s presentation was completely fruitful
for my background. The method, material, and techniques developed in the
project called: “Large Scale Plaza deck restoration” near to the Atlantic Ocean
left several learned lessons and tremendous experience rehabilitating concrete
structures. The project developed items such as Concrete removal, shoring of
slabs, and performing chloride-ion penetration profiles. Furthermore, this project
has similarities with the conditions in my hometown; the urban planning and the
disposition of houses presents boundary conditions to perform abrupt changes in
the structures. Moreover, my hometown has an archeological importance in
South America; which is a limitation for restorations. However, Carter Karins’
presentation, developed incredible methods to deal with this type of limitations.
That is why; I considered this presentation very successful and fruitful for me.
Thirdly, the James Jacobsen’s presentation developed the way of

repairing a pre-stressed beam in Intersection Bridge and explained which
measures an engineer should take during this emergency. He explained the case
study when a car crash hits a pre cast beam in a bridge. This type of situation is
common where I come from. Oversized trucks usually impact beams in
intersection bridges. This situation carry vehicular traffic and could produce the
sudden collapse of the bridge. As a result, he explained the method to proceed
in this type of situation. First, The beam should be verify in order to quantify the
damage and make a condition survey. Second, the engineering restoration
should take place. This step implies re-splicing pre-stressed cables, cleaning the
affected area and forming the beam. The concrete placing should be take care
about the size of the coarse aggregate and the size of the strands spliced. What
it is more, the traffic control should be consider in this type of restoration. A normal
traffic in intersections is crucial in cities. As a result, the restoration should be
done quickly and effectively. That is why, this presentations was very fruitful and
considered as a highlight for me.
The presentation of Greg Illig had an important case of study called

Refurbishment of East Paradise Island Bridge. This case of study has similarities
with the current situation the structures in the west coast of Peru. Nowadays,
those structures have several induced-corrosion damage because the marine
environment. Indeed, the developed techniques and the materials used by Greg
Illig are completely applicable for the current structures conditions in Peru. What
Julio Saire
205
is more, the materials used are available in South America. I am convinced that
this branch of engineering will be a market with high probabilities of success in
the South American countries and I will be able to take advantage of these
opportunities.
Physical Map of South America

http://www.maps-world.net
Julio Saire
206
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Julio J. Saire Yanez
Julio is pursuing a master's degree in Civil engineering with
a concentration in Structures in the university of South
Florida Florida, United States.
Julio has a background in steel and concrete building design.
He had designed reinforced concrete facilities for the
Peruvian Government for one year. He started as Chief
Executive Officer for his own engineering firm in Peru. In
2017, the Peruvian Government awarded him with a
Peruvian President Scholarship. Julio was a President of the
Civil engineering Student Council in 2013.
Julio Saire
207
MACHUPICCHU
Cusco, Peru.
Stone Masonry Structures after
500 years.
Julio Saire

Repair and Rehabilitation of Concrete ST

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REPAIR AND

REPAIR AND REHABILITATION OF

To my family, my home country, who make my life glow.

engineering experiences to the classroom. He invited authorities in the

construction, management, and engineering to provide their expert knowledge

about different topics in the repair and rehab field.

structures. Furthermore, this book presents study cases of rehabilitation of

as Pre-stressing, Post-tensioning, Cast-in-place, Pre-cast.

Julio Johan Saire Yanez

4.6 Case Study 03: Junction Chamber..................................................... 60

9.7 Reference .............................................................................................133

CES 6841 REPAIR & REHABILITATION SPRING 2018

 I liked how the presenter made an analysis of sinkhole conditions in (CPT)

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH FLORIDA

CHAPTER I: INVESTIGATION AND REPAIR OF DAMAGED

STUDENT: JULIO JOHAN SAIRE YANEZ

USF ID: U83049840

CHAPTER I: INVESTIGATION AND REPAIR OF DAMAGED/SETTLED

The presenter started this section by

Another current cause of settlement is the improper foundations design

What is more, trees within the influence

Organic matter produces settlements. The presenter demonstrated that

The most important cause of

experience, the State of Florida has a large presence of sinkholes. Sinkholes

The presenter showed a hydrogeological section. He states that the

As an example of sinkholes, the

The presenter explained the process of sinkhole formations. He developed

One of the most common and

In summary, the presenter named several reasons of what is not a

1.4 Common Subsurface Investigation Methods

According to the presenter, there are

Another inspection method is called

The presenter analyzed a sample of SPT boring. He explained the

The Mini cone penetrometer is

1.5 Forms of Subsurface Remediation

As a part of the remediation, the presenter developed engineering

First, compaction grouting is a technique commonly used to sinkhole

Third, Piles are another important (Jory,2018)

method used to repair settlement damage.

Finally, chemical grunting is a mix of chemical grout, which improves the

 I find interesting how the presenter made an analysis of sinkhole

[1] Brian W. Jory. (2018). Investigation and repair of damaged/settled

CES 6841 REPAIR & REHABILITATION SPRING 2018

 I appreciated the video during the presentation, it demonstrated the

Reviewer Name: Julio Johan Saire Yanez Date 01/25/2018

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH FLORIDA

CHAPTER II: REPAIR OF MASONRY PROBLEMS

STUDENT: JULIO JOHAN SAIRE YANEZ

USF ID: U83049840

CHAPTER II: REPAIR OF MASONRY PROBLEMS

Don Beers, P.E. is the staff engineer for the masonry

2.1 Masonry Cracking

According to the presenter, there are two types of cracking, minor

Moisture loss and Curing Effects or movements-structure

Stucco Shrinkage Cracking Stucco Shrinkage crack in Wall

2.1.2 Repair of minor shrinkage cracking

The presenter proposed a method to repair minor shrinkage cracks and it

1) Make a hole Ø (1/8

2.1.3 Structural cracking

Based on the presenter experience, structural cracking occurs because

Masonry Structural Cracking Masonry Structural Cracking

2.1.4 Major crack Repair

The presenter explained a method to repair structural cracks. He