Nanoarchitecture and Sustainability

University of Alexandria
Faculty of Engineering
Department of Architecture
NanoArchitecture and Sustainability
A THESIS
Presented to the Department of Architecture

Faculty of Engineering, University of Alexandria
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Degree
Of
Master of Science
In
Architecture
By
Architect
Faten Fares Fouad
Jun 2012
NanoArchitecture and Sustainability
Presented by
Faten Fares Fouad
For The Degree of
Master of Science
In
Architecture
Examiners' Committee: Approved
Prof. Dr. Mohamed Abdelall Ibrahim

(Professor of architecture, department of architecture, Faculty ________________
Of Engineering, University of Alexandria)
Prof. Dr. Mohamed Assem Hanafi

Of Engineering, University of Alexandria)
Prof. Dr. Sahar Mahmoud Zaki Elarnaouty

Of Fine Arts, University of Alexandria)
Prof. Dr. Heba Wael Laheta

(Vice Dean of Graduate Studies and Research, Faculty of ________________
Engineering, University of Alexandria)
Advisors’ Committee: Approved
Prof. Dr. Mohamed Abdelall Ibrahim

(Professor of architecture, department of architecture, Faculty
Of Engineering, University of Alexandria) -------------------------
Dr. Zeyad Tarek El Sayad

(Lecturer of architecture, department of architecture, Faculty
Of Engineering, University of Alexandria) -------------------------
Acknowledgment
Acknowledgment
Completion of a Master's degree involves contributions from individuals who deserve

recognition. A special word of thanks is due to Professor Dr. Mohamed Abdelall Ibrahim
department of architecture, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alexandria, for guiding
me in this undertaking. As well as his willingness to work long hours toward the
completion of my degree.
I would also like to thank my family for their understanding, patience and love specially
my Mom , my Husband and my cute children.
Faten fares
III
This is for the memory of my father.
IV
Table of Contents
Examiners' Committee....................................................................................................... I
Advisors' Committee.......................................................................................................... II
Acknowledgement.............................................................................................................. III
Table of Contents............................................................................................................... V
List of Figures..................................................................................................................... VIII
List of Abbreviations.......................................................................................................... XII
Abstract............................................................................................................................... XIV
Research Structure............................................................................................................. XV
Introduction........................................................................................................................ XVI
Research Objectives........................................................................................................... XVI
Part One – Sustainability

1.1. Introduction............................................................................................................ 01
1.2. Sustainability......................................................................................................... 01
1.2.1. Definition of Sustainability......................................................................... 01
1.2.2. Definition of Sustainability science............................................................ 02
1.2.3. History of sustainability.............................................................................. 02
1.2.4. Sustainability Measurement........................................................................ 04
1.2.5. Sustainability principles.............................................................................. 05
1.2.6. Sustainability dimensions........................................................................ 06
1.2.6.A. Environmental dimension.......................................................... 06
1.2.6.A.i. Environmental management................................. 06
1.2.6.A.ii. Management of human Consumption.................. 07
1.2.6.A.iii. Issues of Environment......................................... 07
1.2.6.A.iv. Climate change.................................................... 07
1.2.6.A.iiv. Buildings contribute to climate change................ 09
1.2.6.B. Economic dimension................................................................. 11
1.2.6.B.i. Financial crisis..................................................... 11
1.2.6.B.ii. A building sector in crisis.................................... 11
1.2.6.B. iii. Energy crisis (Building sector)............................ 12
1.2.6.C. Social dimension........................................................................ 13
1.2.6.C.i. Society in the 21st Century.................................. 13
1.2.6.C.ii. Social sustainability in architecture...................... 13
1.3. Sustainable architecture........................................................................................ 14
1.3.1. Definition of Sustainable Architecture........................................................ 14
1.3.2. Sustainable building materials................................................................. 14
1.3.1.A. Recycled Materials....................................................................... 15
1.3.1.B. Lower Volatile Organic Compounds........................................... 15
1.3.3. Sustainable Design...................................................................................... 15
1.3.2.A. Principles for Sustainable Design................................................. 15
1.3.2.B. Sustainable buildings..................................................................... 16
1.3.2.B.i. London’s Gherkin Tower.................................... 17
1.3.4. Sustainable city development...................................................................... 18
1.4. Green Architecture................................................................................................ 19
1.4.1. Green design elements............................................................................... 19
1.4.1.A. Bahrain world trade center (BWTC)........................................... 20
1.4.1.B. Masdar Headquarters.................................................................. 21
1.4.2. Green Architecture Performance measurement........................................... 23
1.4.2.A. LEED.......................................................................................... 23
1.4.2.B. BREEAM................................................................................... 25
1.4.2.C. International comparison of rating tools...................................... 27
1.3.3.D. California Academy of Science................................................... 29
1.4.3. Ecological Architecture.............................................................................. 32
1.4.3.A. la Tour Vivante skyscraper......................................................... 33
V
Table of Contents
1.4.4. Biological Architecture............................................................................... 35

1.4.4.A. Tree of life skyscraper................................................................. 35
1.4.5. Smart Architecture....................................................................................... 37
1.4.5.A. Zero Net energy (Dynamic tower).............................................. 40
1.5. The Future role of sustainability to solve environmental problems................ 42
1.6. Conclusion............................................................................................................. 44
Part Two – NanoArchitecture (NA)

2.1. Introduction........................................................................................................... 46
2.2. Nanotechnology Overview.................................................................................... 47
2.2.1. Nano............................................................................................................ 47
2.2.2. Nanoscience................................................................................................ 47
2.2.3. What is nanotechnology?............................................................................ 48
2.3. Nanotechnology Applications IN......................................................................... 49
2.3.1. IN Environment......................................................................................... 49
2.3.1.A. To reduce greenhouse gases........................................................ 49
2.3.1.B. To environmental issues............................................................... 51
2.3.2. IN Energy................................................................................................... 51
2.3.2.A. Nanomaterials and energy............................................................ 51
2.3.2.B. Energy production....................................................................... 52
2.3.3. IN Economy................................................................................................ 52
2.3.3.A. Combines ecology and economy................................................. 53
2.3.4. IN Security and safety............................................................................... 53
2.4. NanoMaterials....................................................................................................... 54
2.4.1. NanoMaterials............................................................................................. 54
2.4.2. Classification of nanomaterials................................................................... 54
2.4.3. Approaches to making nanomaterials........................................................ 55
2.4.3.A. The top down approach............................................................... 55
2.4.3.B. The bottom-up approach.............................................................. 55
2.5. NanoArchitecture................................................................................................... 56
2.5.1. NanoArchitecture......................................................................................... 56
2.5.2. NanoMaterials in Architecture.................................................................... 56
2.5.2.A. Insulation................................................................................... 58
2.5.2.A.i. Nanogel Aerogel.................................................. 58
2.5.2.A.ii. Nanogel and daylighting...................................... 59
2.5.2.A.iii. Yale University Sculpture Building..................... 60
2.5.2.A.iv. Thin-film insulation............................................. 61
2.5.2.B. Coatings..................................................................................... 62
2.5.2.B.i. Types of nanoparticle coatings............................ 63
2.5.2.C. Lighting....................................................................................... 65
2.5.2.C.i. Light-emitting diodes (LEDs)............................ 65
2.5.2.C.ii. Light Tree........................................................... 66
2.5.2.C.iii. Lighthouse Tower............................................... 67
2.5.2.C.iv. Organic Light-emitting diodes (OLEDs)………..68
2.5.2.C.iiv. Quantum dot LEDs (experimental)..................... 69
2.5.2.D. Soler energy................................................................................ 69
2.5.2.D.i. The Nanosolar Utility Panel................................. 70
2.5.2.D.ii. Case study............................................................ 70
2.5.2.E. Energy storage........................................................................... 71
2.5.2.E.i. Utopia one Tower................................................ 72
2.5.2.F. Air purification.......................................................................... 73
2.5.2.F.i. Indoor air quality.................................................. 73
2.5.2.F.ii. Outdoor air quality............................................... 74
VI
Table of Contents
2.5.2.G. Water purification..................................................................... 75

2.5.2.H. Structural materials.................................................................. 75
2.5.2.H.i. Concrete............................................................... 76
2.5.2.H.ii. Steel..................................................................... 77
2.5.2.H.iii. Wood................................................................... 77
2.5.2.H.iv. New structural materials...................................... 79
2.5.2.I. Non-structural materials........................................................... 80
2.5.2.I.i. Glass................................................................... 80
2.5.2.I.ii. Drywall................................................................ 82
2.6. The Future of Architecture with Nanotechnology............................................. 82
2.6.1. Nanotechnology effect................................................................................. 83
2.6.2. Forces accelerating Nanotech adoption...................................................... 83
2.6.3. Forces with potential to slow adoption........................................................ 84
2.6.4. Future trends and needs............................................................................... 84
2.6.4.A. Life cycle considerations............................................................. 84
2.6.4.B. Regulation................................................................................... 84
2.7. Conclusion.............................................................................................................. 85
AP
Part Three – NanoArchitecture and Sustainability (SNA)
3.1. Introduction............................................................................................................. 87
3.2. Green Nanotechnology (GNT).............................................................................. 87
3.2.1. Definition of green Nanotechnology........................................................... 87
3.2.2. Goals of green Nanotechnology................................................................. 88
3.2. Green NanoArchitecture (GNA)........................................................................... 88
3.4. Sustainable NanoArchitecture (SNA).................................................................. 89
3.4.1. Sustainability and NanoArchitecture...................................................... 89
3.4.1.A. Adaptability to existing buildings................................................ 90
3.4.1.B. Reduced processing energy......................................................... 90
3.4.1.C. Nanosensors and smart environments........................................ 90
3.4.1.D. Space-scraper (Innovative photovoltaic elevators)...................... 92
3.4.2. Biological NanoArchitecture.................................................................... 96
3.4.2.A. Nano Vent-Skin Tower................................................................. 96
3.4.2.B. Indigo Bio-Purification Tower...................................................... 99
3.4.3. Smart NanoArchitecture......................................................................... 103
3.4.3.A. Buildings exist in harmony with nature....................................... 103
3.4.3.B. Proposal (John M Johansen FAIA)............................................ 103
3.4.3.C. Community Center 2200............................................................. 103
3.5.3.D. Designing Cities of the Future..................................................... 105
3.4.4. Ecological NanoArchitecture................................................................... 106
3.4.4.A. Off the Grid. Sustainable Habitat 2020....................................... 106
3.5. Conclusions........................................................................................................... 111
Overall Conclusions and Recommendations.................................................................. 112

References.......................................................................................................................... 113
‫ملخص الرسالة باللغة العربية‬......................................................................................................... 116
VII
List of Figures
List of Figures
(Fig. 1.1) A representation of sustainability. 01

(Fig. 1.2) Sustainability science. 02
(Fig. 1.3) Hans Carl von first one talk about sustainability. 02
(Fig. 1.4) Published in 1962, Silent Spring was one of the books 03
(Fig. 1.5) Brundtland presented report about sustainable development 03
(Fig. 1.6) Hi-Tec renewable energy. A solar concentrator 2005. 03
(Fig. 1.7) Metrics – used by the UK Government. 04
(Fig. 1.8) Definitions of sustainability often refer to the "three pillars". 06
(Fig. 1.9) Mean surface temperature change (2000 to 2009) relative to (1951 to 1980). 07
(Fig. 1.10) Climate changes reflect variations within the earth’s atmosphere. 08
(Fig. 1.11) Greenhouses. 08
(Fig. 1.12) The Greenhouse effect. Courtesy of U N Environmental Program/GRID. 09
(Fig. 1.13) Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions 2000. 09
(Fig. 1.14) CO2 emissions by sector 10
(Fig. 1.15) Electricity consumption by sector 10
(Fig. 1.16) CO2 emissions from electricity production 10
(Fig. 1.17) CO2 emissions by sector (historic- projected) 10
(Fig. 1.18) Economies by region 2008. 11
(Fig. 1.19) Home prices, population, building costs, and bond yields. 11
(Fig. 1.20) Building sector economic inputs by industry type. 12
(Fig. 1.21) Energy consumption by sector. 12
(Fig. 1.22) Energy consumption by sector (historic-projected) 12
(Fig. 1.23) Architecture to increase social sustainability. 13
(Fig. 1.24) Social sustainability in architecture. 13
(Fig. 1.25) K2 sustainable apartments in Windsor, Victoria, Australia by Yuncken 14
(Fig. 1.26) Recycling items for building. 15
(Fig. 1.27) Genzyme Center. sustainable design "fully integrated into architecture. 16
(Fig. 1.28) Sustainable building phases 16
(Fig. 1.29) 30 St Mary Axe London’s Gherkin Tower. 17
(Fig. 1.30) Green wall and exterior surface at London’s Gherkin Tower. 17
(Fig. 1.31) Sustainable city development 18
(Fig. 1.32) The shape of the two towers is essential in developing the wind turbines 20
(Fig. 1.33) The three turbines at (BWTC). 20
(Fig. 1.34) Turbine images at Bahrain World Trade Center (BWTC). 21
(Fig. 1.35) LED lighting at Masdar Headquarters 21
(Fig. 1.36) Natural daylight at Masdar Headquarters 22
(Fig. 1.37) Sun the source of energy at Masdar Headquarters 22
(Fig. 1.38) Building energy efficient 22
(Fig. 1.39) Masdar Headquarters 22
(Fig. 1.40) Rating categories for LEED 23
(Fig. 1.41) Distribution of points of LEED for different categories 25
(Fig. 1.42) LEED 40-49 points Silver: 50-59 points Gold: 60-79 points Platinum: 80+ 25
(Fig. 1.43) The BREEAM rating benchmarks 26
(Fig. 1.44) BREEAM Environmental section weightings 27
ix
List of Figures
(Fig. 1.45) Main Rating Tools 28

(Fig. 1.46) Comparison of BREEAM, LEED and Green Star 28
(Fig. 1.47) California Academy of Science. 29
(Fig. 1.48) Green Roof and solar panels at Academy of Science 29
(Fig. 1.49) A modern green roof employs native plants and extensive daylight 29
(Fig. 1.50) Natural lighting at Academy of Science. 30
(Fig. 1.51) The skylights automatically open at Academy of Science. 30
(Fig. 1.52) The steep slopes of the green roof at Academy of Science 30
(Fig. 1.53) Interior hall at Academy of Science. 30
(Fig. 1.54) IEA task13 low energy buildings (1989-1993) Buildings and Climate 32
Change, Status, Challenges and Opportunities, 2007.
(Fig. 1.55) Aerial view prospective urban development. 33
(Fig. 1.56) La tour vivante (Art of Building High ). 33
(Fig. 1.57) Interior library at La tour vivante. 33
(Fig. 1.58) Hydroponic agricultural production purifies air at La tour vivante. 34
(Fig. 1.59) Two large Windmills at La tour vivante. 34
(Fig. 1.60) Photovoltaic panels at La tour vivante. 34
(Fig. 1.61) Tree of Life Skyscraper. 36
(Fig. 1.62) The geothermal electric power station the water purification station. 36
(Fig. 1.63) The outer greenhouses (fruits). 36
(Fig. 1.64) The central nucleus. 37
(Fig. 1.65) The carrying structure (the stem). 37
(Fig. 1.66) Smart Building 37
(Fig. 1.67) Integrating building systems 38
(Fig. 1.68) Connecting to Smart Grids 39
(Fig. 1.69) New facilitate between green and smart building 40
(Fig. 1.70) Dynamic Tower 41
(Fig. 1.71) Turbines on each floor and solar cells 41
(Fig. 1.72) Fast construction 41
(Fig. 1.73) 2030 Using no fossil fuel GHG –emitting energy 43
(Fig. 1.74) Meeting the Challenge 43
(Fig. 2.1) The effect of nanotechnology at energy 2014. 46

(Fig. 2.2) Sequence of images showing the various levels of scale of Nano. 47
(Fig. 2.3) Range of 1 to 100 nanometers. 47
(Fig. 2.4) Silver and Gold particles have different colors depending on size and shape. 47
(Fig. 2.5) Nanotechnology influences all materials classes and technology fields. 48
(Fig. 2.6) Plans for the future of our built environment. 48
(Fig. 2.7) The impact of nanomaterials in industry and society. 49
(Fig. 2.8) Summary of environmentally beneficial nanotechnologies 49
(Fig. 2.9) Nanogel material 52
(Fig. 2.10) Hybrid electric vehicle 52
(Fig. 2.11) SolarThinfilm 52

(Fig. 2.12) The control room of the new Baytubes production facility 53
(Fig. 2.13) Classification of nanomaterials according to dimensions 54
x
List of Figures
(Fig. 2.14) Computer simulation of single-wall carbon nanotube with a diameter 1.4 nm 55
(Fig. 2.15) Computer simulation of nanogears made of carbon nanotubes with teeth 55
(Fig. 2.16) Nanofibers from cotton waste 57
(Fig. 2.17) Nanogel aerogel is a lightweight. 58
(Fig. 2.18) Nanogel aerogel system. 58
(Fig. 2.19) Nanogel Aerogel for Natural Light Applications. 58
(Fig. 2.20) Daylighting systems. 59
(Fig. 2.21) Yale University Sculpture. 60
(Fig. 2.22) Section diagram, Yale University Sculpture Building. 60
(Fig. 2.23) The exterior building. 60
(Fig. 2.24) Thin film sheets. 61
(Fig. 2.25) Masa Shade Curtains reduce room temperatures and air conditioning. 61
(Fig. 2.26) Nanofilm control of heat and energy 61
(Fig. 2.27) Typical nanocoating forms. 62
(Fig. 2.28a) Photocatalysis can aid in self-cleaning and antibacterial activity 62
(Fig. 2.28b) Thin titanium dioxide coatings exhibit photocatalytic and hydrophilic action. 62
(Fig. 2.29a) The Lotus plant with its natural self-cleaning 63
(Fig. 2.29b) principle of the Lotus-Effect works 63
(Fig. 2.30) Types of nanoparticle coatings and properties. 64
(Fig. 2.31) Residential energy consumption 65
(Fig. 2.32) Parts of an LED. 65
(Fig. 2.33) Nanowires of indium phosphide. 65
(Fig. 2.34) Light Tree. 66
(Fig. 2.35) Dimensions Light tree. 66
(Fig. 2.36) Solar panel is located at the base of Tree. 66
(Fig. 2.37) Lighthouse Tower. 67
(Fig. 2.38) NanoLED Light at night. 67
(Fig. 2.39) Multi-usage space in tower. 67
(Fig. 2.40) (OLEDs) are highly efficient. 68
(Fig. 2.41) Demonstration of a flexible OLED device and color. 68
(Fig. 2.42) Basic geometric shapes. 68
(Fig. 2.43) Office room model for aesthetical perception case study. 68
(Fig. 2.44) Nanocrystal-based multicolor light -emitting diode 69
(Fig. 2.45) Thin-film solar" sheet. 69
(Fig. 2.46) Organic Thin-film solar" sheet 69
(Fig. 2.47) Making solar smaller and stronger. 70
(Fig. 2.48) The Nanosolar Utility Panel stretches performance. 70
(Fig. 2.49) Wide-span mounting drives BoS cost savings on mounting materials 70
(Fig. 2.50) Two example 2.66MW systems 71
(Fig. 2.51) Small yet powerful batteries. The Smart Nanobattery. 71
(Fig. 2.52) The thin solar cell in the Utopia One tower 72
(Fig. 2.53) Interior view in the Utopia One tower 72
(Fig. 2.54) Site plan in the Utopia One tower 72
(Fig. 2.55) The Utopia One tower 72
(Fig. 2.56) Solar cell used in the base in the Utopia One tower 72
(Fig. 2.57) The nanofilter array. 73
(Fig. 2.58) NCCO Air Sterilizing and Deodorizing System. 73
(Fig. 2.59) Air quality improvement project in Odor Reduction at the KT Station Public Toilets 73
(Fig. 2.60) NCCO Air Sterilizing and Deodorizing System is composed by 5 components 74
(Fig. 2.61) Photocatalytic pavement surfacing 74
xi
List of Figures
(Fig. 2.62) Air-purifying paving tiles. 74

(Fig. 2.63) Global water supply. 75
(Fig. 2.64) System. Technology use titanium nanoparticles to create water purification 75
(Fig. 2.65) A greener Cement for Concrete. 76
(Fig. 2.66) Self-healing concrete. 76
(Fig. 2.67) Jubilee Church, Richard 77
(Fig. 2.68) Steel can carry bending stresses involving tension and compressive stresses 77
(Fig. 2.69) NanoBois nature, hydrophobic wood treatment 78
(Fig. 2.70) Vertically slatted larch wood 78
(Fig. 2.71) Carbon nanotube sheets. 79
(Fig. 2.72) New structural possibilities with carbon nanotubes. 79
(Fig. 2.73) Graphene Outper-forms Nanotube. 79
(Fig. 2.74) New Carbon Nanotube Wind Turbine Blade 80
(Fig. 2.75) From transparent to tinted with the flip of a switch. 81
(Fig. 2.76) All flats have large expanses of south-facing glazing 81
(Fig. 2.77) Interior view at "Sur Falveng" housing for elderly people 81
(Fig. 2.78) Micrograph of nano-gypsum. 82
(Fig. 2.79) Buildings figure prominently in world energy consumption, carbon emissions 83
(Fig. 2.80) Ranking of environm-entally friendly nanotechnologies. 83
(Fig. 3.1) Ecology and economics will become inseparably connected 88

(Fig. 3.2) Smart environments integrate nanosensors. 90
(Fig. 3.3) self-sensing concrete structures 91
(Fig. 3.4) Spacescraper extend from several locations along the equator to high winds. 92
(Fig. 3.5) Spacescraper Cable extends from our planet's surface into space to (GEO). 92
(Fig. 3.6) A center of mass at (GEO), 35, 786 km–high above the Earth’s surface. 93
(Fig. 3.7) Vertical Mass Transportation, carbon-fiber structural skins 94
(Fig. 3.8) Initial Unit Derivations 94
(Fig. 3.9) Carbon Nanotube Material 94
(Fig. 3.10) The floor plan diagrams 95
(Fig. 3.11) (VMT) fulfills the greater needs for mass commuters 95
(Fig. 3.12) VMT (vertical mass transit). 95
(Fig. 3.13) Nano Vent-Skin (NVS). 96
(Fig. 3.14) NVS. Nano scale. 96
(Fig. 3.15) NVS Structure panel 96
(Fig. 3.16) (NVS) View from the interior 96
(Fig. 3.17) Detail side view. 97
(Fig. 3.18) NVS Structure panel. 97
(Fig. 3.19) Nano-structure components. 97
(Fig. 3.20) Zoom in showing the scale of nano engineered structures. 97
(Fig. 3.21) Nano Vent-Skin wind contact. 98
(Fig. 3.22) NVS interacting with Sunlight, Wind and CO2 98
(Fig. 3.23) Ultra violet light at night of Indigo tower. 99
(Fig. 3.24) The skin design of Indigo tower. 99
(Fig. 3.25) The tower is split into three bars of Indigo tower. 100
(Fig. 3.26) Analysis of wind and light with skin. 100
(Fig. 3.27) Wind speed study of Indigo tower 101
(Fig. 3.28) Purification Tower. 101
xii
List of Figures
(Fig. 3.29) A series of chemical reactions TiO2 with sunlight or ultraviolet (UV) light. 101
(Fig. 3.30) Exist in symbiotic harmony with the natural environment 103
(Fig. 3.31) Artificial DNA double helix 103
(Fig. 3.32) Assemblers replicate mechanically, by building others 104
(Fig. 3.33) Growth out of vat 104
(Fig. 3.34) Growth pattern: root, stem, rib, lattice or branches, nourished 104
(Fig. 3.35) Seed contains instructions allowing building to respond to its immediate
105
surroundings
(Fig. 3.36) Off the Grid: Sustainable Habitat 2020 106
(Fig. 3.37) The skin interaction strategy 106
(Fig. 3.38) The active skin of the building reacts to the rain 107
(Fig. 3.39) Collects and channels rainwater into the habitat 107
(Fig. 3.40) Collects water even in dry periods 107
(Fig. 3.41) Water will be used in a closed loop 107
(Fig. 3.42) The active skin of the building reacts to the wind 108
(Fig. 3.43) Channeling air and wind through the skin 108
(Fig. 3.44) Generating the energy and filtering the air 108
(Fig. 3.45) Air will also be cooled for natural air-conditioning 108
(Fig. 3.46) The active skin of a building 109
(Fig. 3.47) The active skin moves to channel light and generate energy 109
(Fig. 3.48) Collecting the natural light for lighting with no electricity 109
(Fig. 3.49) Bringing natural light inside 109
(Fig. 3.50) The biogas used for heating and cooking 110
(Fig. 3.51) The biogas providing hot water for washing 110
xiii
List of Abbreviations
GW Global warming.
CO2 Carbon dioxide
ICSU International Council for Science
UK United Kingdom
WBCSD World Business Council for Sustainable Development
GHG Greenhouse Gases
SA Sustainable Architecture
H2O Water Vapor
CH4 Methane
O3 Ozone
Mt Million tonnes
N2O Nitrous dioxide
EIA Energy Information Administration
Ppm part per million
EEB Energy Efficiency in Buildings
ICTs Information and Communication Technologies
VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds
GA Green Architecture
BWTC Bahrain World Trade Center
KW Kilo Watt
UAE United Arab Emirates
LEED Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
LEDs Light-emitting diodes
HQ Headquarters
Sqm Square meters
MDG Millennium Development Goal
USGBC® U.S. Green Building Council
U.S. United States
Ft Feet
SS Sustainable Site development
WE Water Efficiency
EA Energy and Atmosphere
MR Materials and Resources
EQ Indoor Environmental Quality
LT Location and Transportation
ID Innovation in Design
AE Awareness & Education
BREEAM Building Research Establishment’s Environmental Assessment Method
NOx Oxides of Nitrogen
HVAC Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning
BAS Building Automation System
ZNE Zero Net Energy
ZCA Zero Carbon Architecture
EU European Union
IT Information technologies
QBtu Quadrillion Btu
NS NanoScince
NM Nanometer (nm).
xiv
NT Nanotechnology
NA Nanoarchitecture
HEV Hybrid electric vehicle
0-D Zero-dimensional
3- D Three-dimensional
CNT carbon nanotubes
C carbon
UV Ultraviolet
CVD Chemical Vapor Deposition
TiO2 Titanium dioxide molecule
ETC Easy to Clean
AR anti-reflective
NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration
OLEDs Organic Light-emitting diodes
QLEDs Quantum dot LEDs
PV Photovoltaic Cells
INP Indium phosphide
e-HEPA electric High Efficiency Particulate Arrest
NCCO Nano-Confined Catalytic Oxidation
RPI Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
SiO2 Silicondioxide.
ICBM Innovative Construction and Building Materials
ICT Information and communication technology
GNT Green nanotechnology
GNA Green NanoArchitecture
SNA Sustainable NanoArchitecture
NMI NanoManufacturing Institute
GEO Geostationary orbit
VMT Vertical mass transit
NVS Nano Vent-Skin
VIP Vacuum Insulation Panels
Kms Kilometers
PNCs Polymer nanocomposites
M Meter
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
MNT Molecular Nanotechnology
xv
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The research highlights an extraordinary amount of interest in nanotechnologies and

nanomaterials, terms now familiar not only to scientists, engineers, architects, and product
designers but also to the general public. Nanomaterials and nanotechnologies have been
developed as a consequence of truly significant recent advances in the material science
community. Their use, in turn, is expected to have enormous consequences on the design
and engineering of everything. Hopes exist for being able to make things smaller, lighter,
or work better than is possible with conventional materials. Serious problems facing
society might also be positively addressed via the use of nanomaterials and
nanotechnologies. In the sustainability and energy generation domain, for example,
nano-based fuel cells or photovoltaics can potentially offer greater efficiencies than are
possible with conventional materials.
The research is divided into three parts which review this issue as follows:
1- Sustainability: The first chapter discusses Sustainability science with an overview of

the Sustainable building which involves considering the entire life-cycle of buildings,
taking dimensions of Sustainable Environmental Architecture (Environmental- Economic-
Social dimensions) into account. To add to that, there are performance criteria which
measure sustainable architecture like (LEED- BREEAM … ) , and the next sections show
the way Nanotechnology achieves this certification and how it is reflected in the high-
performance advanced green buildings in the 21st century.
2- Nanotechnology and Architecture (NanoArchitecture): Architecture and building

technology on the basis of nanobuilding structure and nanomaterials are going through
some significant changes and developments. Nanotechnology is one of the most important
key technologies of the twenty-first century while its economic impact is another subject to
be recognized. New materials are being discovered and developed everyday as a result of
investigating ways to achieve molecular and atomic precision in engineering of materials.
These new materials present new opportunities to solve problems like heat absorbing
windows, energy coatings etc
3- NanoArchitecture and Sustainability (Sustainable NanoArchitecture - SNA):

Nanotechnology is an enabling technology that opens new possibilities in construction
sustainability. On one hand, it could lead to a better use of natural resources, obtaining a
specific characteristic or property with minor material use. It can (also) help to solve some
problems related to energy in building (consumption and generation), or water treatment
and air Purification….. As a result, NanoArchitecture has the ability to meet accepted
environmental performance criteria like LEED (Leadership in Energy and
Environmental Design) which offers a definable measure of sustainability and effects of
global climate change.
xvi
Research Structure Chart
Nanoarchitecture and Sustainability Research Structure Chart
Sustainability
Environmental
Fundamental Knowledge
Research Structure Chart . Sustainability Principles

Approach Economic
PART ONE
. Sustainability Dimensions Social

Sustainability
. Sustainable buildings Materials.
Conclusion
. Principles of Sustainable Building
Sustainable Architecture
.Green Architecture performance measurement.
Green Architecture
.Ecological Arch .Biological Arch .Smart Arch
The Future role of sustainability to solve some problems (GW).
Insulation
Nanoarchitecture
Coatings
NanoTechnology and Architecture
. Nano . Nanosince
Lighting
Approach
. Nanotechnology
PART TWO
Solar energy
Nanotechnology . In Environment &(GW) Energy storage
Conclusion
. In Energy . In Economy Air Purificat
Nanotechnology Applications . In safe and security Water Purify
. NanoMaterials Structural mat.
NanoArchitecture
.Applications of NM. In Arch Non structural
The Future of Architecture with Nanotechnology.
Nanoarchitecture and Sustainability

NEW Technologies for Sustainability
. (G N+NA) Green NanoArchitecture

Approach
PART THREE
. Reduced processing energy

Green Nanotechnology . Adaptability to existing Buildings
Conclusion
Green NanoArchitecture . Eco-NanoArchitecture
. Bio-NanoArchitecture
Sustainable NanoArchitecture (SNA) . Smart NanoArchitecture
The Future of Zero Carbon NanoArchitecture (ZCNA) and Sustainability
General Conclusion and Recommendations
xvii
Introduction
INTRODUCTION
Sustainability is a pattern of resource use that aims to meet human needs while
preserving the environment so that these needs can be met not only in the present, but
also for future generations. The field of sustainable development can be conceptually
divided into three constituents: - Environmental, Economic and Social Sustainability. First,
the Environmental dimension deals with important issues as Climate change, Energy,
Depletion of Natural Resources, Scarcity of resources, Environmental degradation,
Pollution. Second, the Economic dimension which deals with issues like reduced energy,
raw material input. Third, the Social dimension which involves health and safety, Over-
[5]
population, and Human relationship to nature
But now, the 21st century Nanotechnology has the potential to make a huge impact on
sustainability; but to achieve this potential, Nanotechnology is all about getting more
function on less space. Efficiency and getting more with less is essential for
sustainability. Nanotechnology can contribute to make energy conversion and energy
storage more efficient or improve product durability. nanoparticles as fuel additive can
reduce waste gas emission, nanostructured materials can be used for direct energy
conversion or to improve photovoltaic cells, electrodes and membranes for fuel cells or
improve lighting. Carbon nanotubes provide atomically smooth channels with
unprecedented properties for water purification. These are all potential contributions of
nanotechnology to sustainability. A lot of it is not yet real but there is a significant
[5]
potential.
Nanotechnology, the manipulation of matter at the molecular scale, is opening new
possibilities in Sustainable building through products like solar energy collecting paints,
nanogel high-insulating translucent panels, and heat-absorbing windows. Even more
dramatic breakthroughs are now in development such as paint-on lasers that can one day
allow materials to send information to each other, windows that shift from transparent to
opaque with the flip of a switch, and environmentally friendly biocides for preserving
wood. These breakthrough materials are opening new frontiers in green building,
offering unprecedented performance in energy efficiency, durability, economy and
sustainability. This presentation provides an overview of nanotechnology applications for
green building, with an emphasis on the energy conservation capabilities of architectural
nanomaterials and the role of nanosensors in green building. Ubiquitous sensing is likely to
bring a host of benefits including customized temperature settings in buildings, light-
[4]
sensitive photochromic windows, and user-aware appliances.
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
1. Highlight the sustainability, especially in the architectural and environmental issues
plus, Green buildings and measure its performance.
2. Clarification of the importance of nanotechnology and its applications in architecture,
environment, and energy produced and smart materials.
3. Access to the result that the use of nanotechnology in architecture achieves the
principles, dimensions and performance of sustainability
xvi
Sustainability
PART ONE
. Sustainability
. Sustainable architecture
. Green Architecture (GA)

. GA performance measurement
. EcoArchitecture
. BioArchitecture
. Smart Architecture
. The Future role of sustainability to solve

environmental problems
S U S T A I N A B I L I T Y
PART ONE Sustainability
1.1. Introduction
A design approach focused on resource efficiency and minimum environmental
impact is not incompatible with visual delight. Sustainable architecture can "lift the spirit"
as well as help save the planet.
So, what do we mean by "sustainability" in the context of architecture? In its

broadest sense, a sustainable design should address the "triple bottom line" of social,
economic and environmental issues: social in the sense of community engagement and
inclusiveness; economic in the sense of long-term growth and prosperity; environmental in
the sense of local and global impact. In addition, the sustainability agenda affecting the
built environment in general, embraces the following key topics: energy and carbon
dioxide emissions, water conservation, waste recycling, materials sourcing, associated
transport and biodiversity. Energy efficiency and the need to reduce emissions of
greenhouse gases (principally carbon dioxide – CO2) is the area in which architects and
other design professionals can exert most influence to help combat global warming
(GW)10.
The sustainable building refers to the quality and characteristics of the actual structure
created using the principles and methodologies of sustainable construction. It can be
defined as "healthy facilities designed and built in resource efficient manner. Using
ecologically based principles." similarly. Ecological design.3
Ecologically sustainable design and the green design are terms that describe the
application of sustainability 8
1.2. Sustainability
1.2.1. Definition of Sustainability:
Used more in the sense of human sustainability

on planet Earth and this has resulted in the most
widely quoted definition of sustainability and
sustainable development, that of the Brundtland
Commission of the United Nations: “sustainable
development is development that meets the needs
of the present without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their own needs.” It is
usually noted that this requires the reconciliation of (Fig.1.1) A representation of
environmental, social and economic demands - the sustainability showing how both
"three pillars" of sustainability. This view has been economy and society are constrained by
environmental limits (2003) [14]
expressed as an illustration using three overlapping
ellipses indicating that the three pillars of
sustainability are not mutually exclusive and can be mutually reinforcing [14]. [Fig 1.1]
Sustainability, Sustainable buildings, Green Architecture -1-

1.2.2. Sustainability science:

Sustainability science has emerged in the 21st century as a new academic
discipline. This new field of science was officially introduced with a "Birth Statement" at
the World Congress "Challenges of a Changing Earth 2001" in Amsterdam organized by
the International Council for Science (ICSU) [12]
The concept of Sustainability is the key to any discussion of science, technology,

and economics in the 21st century (the Century of the Environment). Sustainability science
is a new, transdisciplinary discipline destined to play a fundamental role in addressing
critical global issues and developing visions that can lead to a sustainable global
society [13].
Definition of Sustainability science:
The novelty of Sustainability science lies

in its academic approach; must therefore
establish a transdisciplinary academic framework
that brings together the natural sciences, social
sciences, and humanities, and define and
structure problems and academic inquiries so
as to identify indicators and criteria for the
sustainable restoration of global, social and
human systems and their interactions.
Sustainability science must also reach out to
society at large. Only by disseminating the
results of research to society and the individuals
that compose it, we can achieve a sustainable (Fig.1.2) Sustainability science [13]
society [13]. [Fig 1.2]
1.2.3. History of sustainability:

Technological advances over several millennia gave humans increasing control
over the environment. But it was the Western industrial revolution of the 17th to the
19th centuries that tapped into the vast growth potential of energy in fossil fuels to
power sophisticated machinery technology. These conditions led to a human population
explosion and unprecedented industrial, technological and scientific
growth that has continued to this day.
A Three-Hundred-Year-Old Idea: The concept is around three

hundred years old and originated with Hans Carl von Carlowitz, an
inspector of mines in Saxony at the time of Augustus the Strong. His
book, "Sylvicultura Oeconomica” ("Silviculture and Economics")
of 1713 – which is considered to be the first work on forest
management – takes up the idea of the term "sustainability"[15].
(Fig.1.3) Hans Carl
[Fig 1.3] [15]
von Carlowiz

Von Carlowitz developed a concept intended to ensure a lasting supply of wood

for the mining industry. In his book, he suggested many measures that are still key
elements of sustainable management today, such as improving the insulation of houses,
using energy-saving smelting furnaces or continuously replanting cleared forest areas.
Only as much wood should be logged as could grow back in the same time.
Mid 20th century after the deprivations of the

Great Depression and World War II, the developed
world entered a post-1950s period which included
"great acceleration” of growth and population (the
"Golden age of capitalism") while a gathering
environmental movement pointed out that there were
environmental costs associated with the many
material benefits that were being enjoyed at that
time. Technological innovations included plastics,
synthetic chemicals and nuclear energy as fossil
(Fig.1.4) Published in 1962, Silent Spring
fuels also continued to transform society. The
was one of the books that gave momentum
negative influences of the new technology were to the environmental movement [14]
documented by American marine biologist and
naturalist Rachel Carson in her influential book
Silent Spring in 1962. [Fig 1.4]
By the late twentieth century, environmental

problems were becoming global in scale. And the
1973 and 1979 energy crises demonstrated the
extent to which the global community had become
dependent on a nonrenewable resource.
In 1987, the United Nation's World

Commission on Environment and Development (the (Fig 1.5) Brundtland addressing the
[14]
Brundtland Commission), in its report "Our Congress of the Labour Party 2007
Common Future" suggested that sustainable
development was needed to meet human needs while not increasing environmental
problems. [Fig 1.5]
But by 2005, the situation had changed and

many countries were able to meet their needs only
by importing resources from other nations. Move
towards more sustainable living emerged, based
on increasing public awareness and adoption of
recycling, and renewable energies. Primarily in
wind turbines and photovoltaic's and increased (Fig 1.6) Hi-tec renewable energy a solar
[14]
use of hydroelectricity, presented some of the concentrator, North America
first sustainable alternatives to fossil fuel and
nuclear energy generation. [Fig 1.6]
In the 21st century, there is heightened awareness of the threat posed by the human
induced greenhouse effect. Ecological economics now seeks to bridge the gap between
ecology and traditional neoclassical economics: and proposes an inclusive and ethical
economic model for society. Many new techniques have arisen to help measure and
implement sustainability, including Life Cycle Assessment, Cradle to Cradle, Ecological
Footprint Analysis, and green building [14].
1.2.4. Sustainability Measurement:
Sustainability measurement is a term that denotes the measurements used as the

quantitative basis for the informed management of sustainability. The metrics used for the
measurement of sustainability (involving the sustainability of environmental, social and
economic domains, both individually and in various combinations) are still evolving: they
include indicators, benchmarks, audits, indexes and accounting, as well as assessment,
appraisal and other reporting systems. They are applied over a wide range of spatial and
temporal scales [14].
The need to have quantitative measurements of sustainability is crucial, since they

focus attention on the precise issues. In particular, we really need to be aware of how
sustainability is changing at all levels, local, national and global, and measurement is
essential in order to chart these changes. If we can measure it, we can take planned and
coherent action to change it in a desired direction. The measures of sustainability that
provide this guidance are called “metrics” or “indicators”.
Example of Indicators: The challenge is to monitor and report the performance of the
UK government’s policy to promote Sustainable Development. For some time the
government has used a set of 68 indicators for this purpose. The UK Government is
committed to reducing CO2 emissions to 40% of 1990 levels by 2050 [14]. [Fig 1.7]
Metrics – used by the UK Government

:
(Fig 1.7) The twenty “framework "indicators used by the UK government are more closely aligned to a social
agenda than the previous fifteen “headline "indicators This is a subset of the UK government’s 68 indicators [14]

1.2.5. Sustainability principles and concepts:

Scale
Sustainability is studied and managed over many scales (levels or frames of
reference) of time and space and in many contexts of environmental, social and economic
organizations. The focus ranges from the total carrying capacity (sustainability) of planet
Earth to the sustainability of economic sectors, ecosystems, countries, municipalities,
neighborhoods, home gardens, individual lives, individual goods and services,
occupations, lifestyles, behavior patterns and so on [16].
Principles of Sustainability and Some Options for Applying Them [16].

1. Maintain and enhance quality of life Options:
 Make housing available/affordable/better

 Provide education opportunities
 Ensure mobility
 Provide health and other services
 Provide employment opportunities
 Provide far recreation
 Maintain safe/healthy environments
 Have opportunities for civic engagement
 Meet human needs fairly & efficiently
2. Enhance Economic vitality Options:
 Support area redevelopment and revitalization

 Attract/retain businesses
 Attract/retain work force
 Rebuild for economic functionality
 Develop/redevelop recreational, historic, tourist attractions
3. Ensure social and intergenerational equity Options:
 Preserve/conserve natural, cultures, historical resources

 Adopt a longer-term focus for all planning
 Avoid/remedy disproportionate impacts on groups
 Consider future generations’ quality of life
 Value diversity
 Preserve social connections in and among groups
4. Enhance environmental quality Options:
 Preserve/conserve/restore natural resources

 Protect open space
 Manage storm water
 Prevent/remediate pollution
 Reduce encroachment upon nature

 Reduce dependence upon fossil fuels, underground metals, and minerals
5. Incorporate disaster resilience/mitigation Options:
 Make buildings and infrastructure damage-resistant

 Avoid development in hazardous areas
 Manage storm water
 Protect natural areas
 Promote and obtain hazard and other insurances
6. Use a participatory process Options:
 Incorporate all of the other principles
1.2.6. Sustainability dimensions:
Sustainability often refers to the

"three pillars" of Social, Environmental
and Economic Sustainability. [Fig 1.8]
Sustainable building involves

considering the entire life-cycle of
buildings, taking environmental quality,
functional compatibility and future values
into account. It is worth mentioning that (Fig.1.8) Definitions of sustainability often
refer to the "three pillars" of social,
sustainability cannot be seen in isolation, as environmental and economic sustainability
it has very meaningful linkages with (2006) [14]
economic as well as social parameters,
without which it will not be accepted by the society at large [14].
1.2.6. A. Environmental dimension:
Healthy ecosystems provide vital goods and services to humans and other
organisms. There are two major ways of reducing negative human impact and enhancing
ecosystem services.
1.2.6. A. i. Environmental management:
This direct approach is based largely on information gained from earth science,
environmental science and conservation biology. Environmental management involves the
oceans, freshwater systems, land and atmosphere, but following the sustainability
principle of scale, it can be equally applied to any ecosystem from a tropical rainforest to a
home garden. [14]

1.2.6. A. ii. Management of human consumption of resources:
In an indirect approach based largely on information gained from economics,

consumption of goods and services can be analyzed and managed at all scales through the
chain of consumption, as food, energy, materials and water. [14]
1.2.6. A. iii. Issues of Environmental Sustainability Global: [17].
Climate change, Energy, Depletion of Natural Resources,

Threatened species, Threatened habitats,
Scarcity of resources, Environmental degradation,
Pollution, Recycled Materials,
Waste management, Water management
Climate change as important

1.2.6. A. iv
Issue of Environmental:
Climate change refers to variation

in global or regional climates over time. It
describes variability in the average state
of the atmosphere over time periods
ranging from decades to millions of
years. These changes can be caused by
internal processes in the earth or by
( Fig.1.9 ) Mean surface temperature change for
external forces such as variations in
the period 2000 to 2009 relative to the average
sunlight intensity and more recently, [18]
temperatures from 1951 to 1980.
human activity.
The term "Climate Change" often refers to changes in modern climate that are
likely caused in part by human, or anthropogenic, action. Climate change is frequently
referred to as global warming (GW). In some cases, this term is used with a presumption
of human causation for variations that are in actuality not anthropogenic.
Climate model projections summarized in the latest IPCC report indicate that the
global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 1.1 to 6.4 °C (2.0 to 11.5 °F)
during the 21st century [18]. [Fig 1.9]
Natural Factors Driving Climate Change:
Greenhouse Gases (GHG), Glaciations, Ocean Variability, Volcanism, Orbital

variation patterns of the earth’s movement around the sun result in solar energy, Solar
Variation [2]. [Fig 1.10]

(Fig.1.10) Climate changes reflect variations within the earth’s atmosphere, processes in parts of the earth
such as the oceans, and the effects of human activity. Other external factors that affect climate are referred to
as climate forcing factors, which include variations in the earth’s orbit and greenhouse gas concentrations [2].
Greenhouse Gases (GHG):
Greenhouse gases are gases found in an

atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiation within
the thermal infrared range Earth's surface would be on
[2]
average about 33 °C (59 °F) colder than at present .
Earth's most abundant greenhouse gases are: [Fig 1.11]
Gas Formula Contribution

(%)
Water Vapor H2O 36 – 72 %
Carbon Dioxide CO2 9 – 26 %
Methane CH4 4–9%
Ozone O3 3–7% (Fig 1. 11) greenhouse gases [2]
The Greenhouse effect:
Recently, scientific studies conducted that both natural and anthropogenic factors
are the primary cause of global warming. Greenhouse gases are also important in
understanding earth’s climatic history. According to these studies, the greenhouse effect,
which is the warming of the climate as a result of heat trapped by atmospheric gases,
[2]
plays a significant role in regulating earth’s temperature . [Fig 1.12]
First, sunlight shines onto the Earth's surface, where it is absorbed and then
[20]
radiates back into the atmosphere as heat .

In the atmosphere, “greenhouse” gases trap some of this heat, and the rest escapes
into space. The more greenhouse gases are in the atmosphere, the more heat gets trapped
(Fig.1. 12)
Greenhouse
effect courtesy
of UN
Environmental
Program/GRI
[2]
D- Arendal
The main sources of greenhouse

gases due to human activity are:
 Burning of fossil fuels and

deforestation leading to higher
carbon dioxide concentrations
(CO2).
 Land use change (methane)
 Many of the newer style fully
vented septic systems-
Agricultural activities (N2O)
 Use of chlorofluoro-carbons
(CFCs) in refrigeration systems,
and use of CFCs and halons in
fire Suppression systems and
manufacturing processes. [21]
[Fig 1.13] (Fig 1.13) Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions
[21]
broken down into 8 different sectors for the year 2000
1.2.6. A. iiv. Buildings are the Largest Contributor to Climate Change: [41]
The Building Sector consumes more energy than any other sector. Most of this
energy is produced from burning fossil fuels, making this sector the largest emitter of
greenhouse gases on the planet – and the single leading contributor to anthropogenic
(human forcing) climate change. According to the U.S. Energy Information
Administration (EIA), nearly half (46.7%) of all CO2 emissions in 2009 came from the
Building Sector. [Fig 1.14] By

comparison, transportation accounted for
33.4% of CO2 emissions and industry, just
19.9%.
 80% of U.S. Electricity CO2 Emissions

Come From Coal. 76% of This
Electricity is consumed by the Building
[41]
Sector. [Fig 1.16] (Fig 1.14) CO2 emissions by sector
 CO2 emissions from the Building Sector
are projected to increase between 2010
and 2030, remaining the largest source
of U.S. CO2 emissions. [Fig 1.17]
Coal (and unconventional fossil fuels

- oil shale, tar sands, methane hydrates, etc.)
is the only fossil fuel that is plentiful enough (Fig 1.15) Electricity consumption by sector
[41]
to contribute the amount of CO2 necessary

to trigger irreversible climate change. We
are currently at 392 ppm, and are increasing
atmospheric concentrations of CO2 at Coal
approximately 2 ppm annually. Scientists
88%
warn that irreversible climate change will
occur if 450 ppm (or any level much above
350 ppm) is sustained for very long and that
the “safe” long-term level of atmospheric
greenhouse gases (GHGs) is 350 ppm. [41] (Fig 1.16) CO2 emissions from electricity
[41]
production
Climate Protection Policies That Could

Enhance Human Health
Policies and measures that enforce

the reduction of emissions of greenhouse
gases are the only viable solutions to
ameliorate human health problems.
Measures that can improve air quality
significantly include the extensive use of
green energy and enhanced energy- (Fig 1.17) CO2 emissions by sector (historic-
[41]
projected)
efficiency movements that promote the use
of non-carbon fuels. It is estimated that an international adoption of increased carbon
emission control policies worldwide would reduce deaths from air pollution by about 8
million between 2000 and 2020. [19]
Sustainability, Sustainable buildings, Green Architecture - 10 -

1.1.6. B. Economic dimension:
Sustainability interfaces with economics through the social and ecological

consequences of economic activity. Sustainability economics represent: "... a broad
interpretation of ecological economics where environmental and ecological variables and
issues are basic but part of a multidimensional perspective. Social, cultural, health-
related and monetary/financial aspects have to be integrated into the analysis." [14]
1.2.6. B. i. Financial crisis: [Fig 1.18]
The term financial crisis is

applied broadly to a variety of
situations in which some financial
institutions or assets suddenly lose a
large part of their value. In the 19th
and early 20th centuries, many
financial crises were associated with (Fig.1.18) Economies by region 2008 [22]
banking panics, and many recessions
coincided with these panics. Other situations that are often called financial crises include
stock market crashes and the bursting of other financial bubbles, currency crises, and
sovereign defaults. Financial crises directly result in a loss of paper wealth; they do not
directly result in changes in the real economy unless a recession or depression follows [22].
Causes of the financial crisis of 2007–2011
The financial crisis of 2007 to the

present is a crisis triggered by a liquidity
shortfall in the United States banking
system. It has resulted in the collapse of
large financial institutions, while
significant risks remain for the world
economy over the 2010–2011 periods
The collapse of the housing

bubble, which peaked in the U.S. in 2006,
caused the values of securities tied to real (Fig 1.19) home prices,[23]population, building
costs, and bond yields
estate pricing to plummet thereafter,
damaging financial institutions globally. And also the 2000s energy crisis as well as the
Automotive industry crisis of 2008–2010 [23] [Fig 1.19]
1.2.6. B. ii. A Building Sector in Crisis:
The rippling effects of sagging U.S. building construction go far beyond rising
foreclosures and stagnant housing starts. When the Building Sector contracts every other

U.S. sectors and industry suffers.

Virtually every U.S. industry –
from steel, concrete, insulation,
caulking, mechanical and
electrical equipment, solar
systems, glass, wood, metals, tile,
fabrics, and paint to architecture,
planning, design, engineering,
banking, development, real
estate, manufacturing,
construction, wholesale, retail
(Fig 1.20) Building sector economic inputs by industry type [41]
and distribution – depends on the
demand for products and services generated by the
construction industry. However, this industry is
mired in the worst downward economic spiral since
the Great Depression. [41] [Fig 1.20, 21]
The Building Sector touches many other

industries and sectors, ultimately affecting our
entire economy. When the Building Sector fails the
rest of the economy is adversely affected. [41] (Fig 1.21) Energy consumption - sector [41]
1.2.6. B.iii. Energy crisis (Building Sector Energy Consumption):
An energy crisis is the

bottleneck (or price rise) in the
supply of energy resources to an
economy. Buildings are responsible
for half of all energy consumed in
the United States. [24] [Fig 1.21]
Building Operations alone account
for 43.1% of U.S. energy consumed
today while construction and
building materials account for an
(Fig 1.22) Energy consumption by sector (historic-projected) [41]
additional 5.6%. In coming years, [19] [19]
the Building Sector's energy consumption will grow faster than that of industry and
transportation, a staggering 5.85 Quadrillion Btu between 2010 and 2030. [41] [Fig 1.22]
Green Commerce (Eco commerce): Eco commerce is a business, investment, and

technology-development model that employs market-based solutions to balance the
world’s energy needs and environmental integrity. Through the use of green trading and
green finance, eco-commerce allows for the further development of clean technologies
such as wind power, solar power, biomass, and hydropower [25]

1.1.6. C. Social dimension:
Sustainability issues are generally expressed in scientific and environmental terms,

but implementing change is a social challenge In terms of Peace, security, social justice,
Human relationship to nature and Transition. [14]
1.1.6. C.i. Society in the 21st Century
Information Technology will greatly influence the quality of life in the 21st
century. The challenge is to use the technology to help overcome numerous global,
regional, and local problems that threaten the quality of life. These problems include
global overpopulation, intense and
potentially socioeconomically destructive
global economic competitions, continued
pressures on the global environment,
increasing levels of regionalized armed
conflicts, regional water shortages and
other regional environmental problems,
and local transportation congestion,
poverty, crime, and drug abuse. Social
scientists must become aggressively
involved and accept leadership roles in the
conceptualization, development, and
implementation of computer-based (Fig 1.23) Architecture to increase social sustainability
and reverse the current trend for working, playing and
systems that have broad social impact [29]. shopping in isolation
[30]
1.1.6.C.ii. Social sustainability in

architecture:
Architectural design can play a

large part in influencing the ways that
social groups interact. Communist
Russia's Constructivist Social condensers
are a good example of this; they built
buildings which were designed with the
[30]
specific intention of controlling or (Fig 1.24) Social sustainability in architecture
directing the flow of everyday life to "create socially equitable spaces". [Fig 1.23]
An honest, pure form of architecture with residents and the community at its heart
and external spaces as important as the buildings [30]” [Fig 1.24]

1.3. Sustainable architecture
1.3.1. Sustainable Architecture:
Sustainable architecture is a
general term that describes
environmentally-conscious design
techniques in the field of architecture.
Sustainable architecture is framed by the
larger discussion of sustainability and the
pressing economic and political issues of
our world. In the broad context,
(Fig.1.25) K2 sustainable apartments in
sustainable architecture seeks to Windsor, Victoria, Australia by Hansen
minimize the negative environmental Yuncken (2006) features passive solar design,
impact of buildings by enhancing recycled and sustainable materials, photovoltaic
efficiency and moderation in the use of cells, wastewater treatment, rainwater collection
materials, energy, and development and solar hot water [32].
space. Most simply, the idea of
sustainability, or ecological design, is to ensure that our actions and decisions today do not
inhibit the opportunities of future generations. This term can be used to describe an energy
and ecologically conscious approach to the design of the built environment [32].
Passive solar building design allows buildings to harness the energy of the sun
without the use of any active solar mechanisms such as photovoltaic cells or solar hot
water panels. [Fig 1.25]
1.3.2. Sustainable building materials:
Some examples of sustainable building materials include recycled denim or blown-

in fiber glass insulation, sustainably harvested wood, Tress, Linoleum, sheep wool,
concrete (high and ultra high performance, roman self-healing concrete), panels made from
paper flakes, baked earth, rammed earth, clay, vermiculite, flax linen, sisal, sea grass, cork,
expanded clay grains, coconut, wood fiber plates, calcium sand stone, locally-obtained
stone and rock, and bamboo, which is one of the strongest and fastest growing woody
plants, and non-toxic low-VOC glues and paints [32].
1.3.2. A. Recycled Materials:
Some sustainable architecture incorporates the use of recycled or second hand

materials, such as reclaimed lumber. The reduction in the use of new materials creates a
corresponding reduction in embodied energy (energy used in the production of materials).
Often sustainable architects attempt to retro-fit old structures to serve new needs in order to
avoid unnecessary development. Architectural salvage and reclaimed materials are used
when appropriate. When older buildings are demolished, frequently any good wood is
reclaimed, renewed, and sold as flooring. Any good dimension stone is similarly
reclaimed. Many other parts are reused as well, such as doors, windows, mantels, and
hardware, thus reducing the consumption
of new goods [32]. [Fig 1.26]
Lower
1.3.1.B. Volatile Organic
Compounds:
Green products are usually

considered to contain fewer VOCs and
be better for human and
environmental health. A case study
conducted by the Department of Civil,
Architectural, and Environmental
Engineering at the University of Miami
that compared three green products and
their non-green counterparts found that
even though both the green products and
the non-green counterparts both emitted
levels of VOCs, the amount and intensity
of the VOCs emitted from the green
products were much safer and
comfortable for human exposure [32].
1.3.3. Sustainable Design:
It is the philosophy of designing

physical objects, the built environment
and services to comply with the
principles of economic, social, and
ecological sustainability. (Fig.1.26) Recycling items for building [32].
Sustainable design is mostly a general reaction to global environmental crises, the

rapid growth of economic activity and human population, depletion of natural resources,
[33]
damage to ecosystems and loss of biodiversity .
[33]
1.3.3. A. Principles for Sustainable Design:
1. Low-impact materials: choose non-toxic, sustainably-produced or recycled materials

which require little energy to process.
2. Energy efficiency: use manufacturing processes and produce products which require
less energy.

3. Quality and durability: longer-

lasting and better-functioning products
will have to be replaced less frequently,
reducing the impacts of producing
replacements.
4. Design for reuse and recycling:

Products, processes, and systems should
be designed for a commercial
performance.
5. Bio-mimicry: redesigning industrial

systems on biological lines ... enabling
the constant reuse of materials in
continuous closed cycles.
6. Service substitution: shifting the

mode of consumption from personal
ownership of products to provision of
services which provide similar functions,
e.g. from a private automobile to a car (Fig.1.27) Genzyme Center The sustainable design in
this building is fully integrated into architecture, space,
sharing service. Such a system promotes And light. Sustainability in this sense is not an extra you
minimal resource use per unit of could add or not. It is interwoven with the
[1]
consumption. Vital parts of architecture Photo by Anton Grassl.
7. Renewability: materials should come from nearby (local or bioregional), sustainably-

managed renewable sources that can be composted when their usefulness has been
exhausted.
8. Healthy Buildings: sustainable building design aims to create buildings that are not
harmful to their occupants nor to the larger environment. An important emphasis is on
indoor environmental quality, especially indoor air quality. [Fig 1.27]
[1]
1.3.3. B. Sustainable buildings:
Sustainable building is the

practice of creating structures and using
processes that are environmentally
responsible and resource-efficient
throughout a building's life-cycle: from
sitting to design, construction,
operation, maintenance, renovation,
and deconstruction. This practice
expands and complements the classical
building design concerns of economy,
utility, durability, and comfort. [Fig 1.28] (Fig.1.28) Sustainable building phases [16]

Sustainable technologies use less energy, fewer limited resources, do not deplete
natural resources, do not directly or indirectly pollute the environment, and can be reused
or recycled at the end of their useful life. There is a significant overlap with appropriate
technology, which emphasizes the suitability of technology to the context, in particular
considering the needs of people in developing countries. However, the most appropriate
technology may not be the most sustainable one; and a sustainable technology may have
high cost or maintenance requirements that make it unsuitable as an "appropriate
technology" [34]
EX1 London’s Gherkin Tower

Architect Foster and Partners
Location 30 St Mary Axe, City of London, United Kingdom
Date 2005
Style/ Type Green Building / Contemporary Architecture
Sustainable technology Day lighting, thermal insulation, reduced water consumption, energy
used generation
CO2 Emissions energy-saving methods which allow it to use 50% the power a similar
Design:
On the building top level (the 40th floor),

there is a bar for tenants and their guests featuring
a 360° view of London. A restaurant operates on
the 39th floor, and private dining rooms on the
38th. And the building is visible over long
distances.
The primary methods for controlling wind-

excited sways are to increase the stiffness, its fully
triangulated perimeter structure makes the [35]
(Fig.1.29) 30 St Mary Axe
building sufficiently stiff without any extra
reinforcements. Despite its overall curved
glass shape [35].
Light, Air, Energy
Architects limit double glazing in

residential houses to avoid the inefficient
convection of heat, but the tower exploits
this effect. The shafts pull warm air out of
the building during the summer and warm
the building in the winter using passive
solar heating. The shafts also allow
sunlight to pass through the building, (Fig.1.30 ) Green wall and exterior surface [35]
making the work environment more

pleasing, and keeping the lighting costs down [35]. [Fig 1.29, 30]

Gaps in each floor create six shafts that serve as a natural ventilation system for the entire
building even though required firebreaks on every sixth floor interrupt the "chimney." The
shafts create a giant double glazing effect; air is sandwiched between two layers of glazing
and insulates the office space inside. [35]
Sustainable Philosophy
The building uses energy-saving methods which allow it to use half the power a
similar tower would typically consume. Needless to say the benefits of the panels are
many: Shading, increased internal day lighting, thermal insulation, reduced water
consumption, energy generation for the entire building and reduction of toxicity in the
interior spaces [36]
1.3.4. Sustainable city development:
What makes up the sustainable city?
Environmental Care: with the right technologies, cities will become more
environmentally friendly.
Competitiveness: with the right technologies, cities will help their local authorities and
businesses to cut costs
Quality of Life: with the right technologies, cities will increase the quality of life for their
residents
1. Healthcare: energy optimization, building automation, and the use of energy-saving

equipment.
2. Energy: the energy generation in

highly efficient combined gas and steam
turbines, wind or solar power plants.
3. Building: With intelligent technology

buildings can save up to 60% of their
consumed energy.
4. Transport: Trains are particularly

environment- friendly and intelligent
traffic control systems contribute to
helping traffic flow, reduce fuel
consumption, air pollution and noise. (Fig.1.31) Sustainable city development [89]
5. Water: treating and reusing wastewater and purifying drinking water [89]. [Fig 1.31]

1.4. Green Architecture (GA)

Green architecture is a sustainable method of green building design (It is design and
construction with the environment in mind). Green architects generally work with the key
concepts of creating energy efficient and environmentally friendly buildings.
Green buildings are designed to reduce the overall impact of the built environment
on human health and the natural environment by:
 Efficiently using energy, water and other resources.

 Protecting occupant health and improving employee productivity.
 Reducing waste, pollution and environmental degradation.
The goal of green building and sustainable architecture is to use resources more
efficiently and reduce a building's negative impact on the environment. Zero energy
buildings achieve one key green-building goal. [90].
1.4.1. Green design elements:
1. Design Efficiency: This is the concept stage of sustainable building and has the largest
impact on cost and performance. It aims to minimize the environmental impact associated
with all life-cycle stages of the building process.
2. Energy Efficiency: Examples of ways to reduce energy use include insulating walls,
ceilings, and floors, and building high efficient windows. The layout of a building, such
as window placement, can be strategizing so that natural light pours through for additional
warmth. Similarly, shading the roof with trees offers an eco-friendly alternative to air
conditioning.
3. Water Efficiency: To reduce water consumption and protect water quality, facilities
should aim to increase their use of water which has been collected, used, purified and
reused. They should also make it a goal to reduce waste water by using products such as
ultra-low flush toilets and low-flow shower heads.
4. Materials Efficiency: To minimize environmental impact, facilities should use materials

that have been recycled and can generate a surplus of energy. Good example here would be
solar power panels. Not only do they offer lighting but they are also a valuable energy
source. Low-power LED lighting technology reduce energy consumption and energy bills,
so everyone wins!
5. Indoor Air Quality: Reduce volatile organic compounds and provide adequate
ventilation by choosing construction materials and interior finish products with low-zero
emissions. This will vastly improve a building's indoor air quality [91].

6. Waste Reduction: It is possible to reuse resources. What may be "waste" to us might

have another benefit to something else, like grey water that can be changed into fertilizer.
Grey water is wastewater from sources such as dishwashers and washing machines which
can be easily reused for purposes such as flushing toilets or power-washing decks [91].
EX2 Bahrain World Trade Center (BWTC)

Architect The multi-national architectural firm Atkins group
Location Manama, Bahrain
Date 2008
Style/ Type Modern- Green Building / Commercial building
Sustainable
technology used
3 Wind turbines - Renewable energy
CO2 Emissions 1300 megawatt hr / year - deliver 11-15% of the energy needs
Design and energy:
The towers stand 240 m (787 ft) tall and

are comprised of 50 floors each. The complex
contains office space located atop a three-storey
shopping center with boutique stores, fine
restaurants, a food court, a hotel, and a parking
garage. The two towers are linked via three sky
bridges, each holds a 225KW wind turbine,
totaling to 675kW of wind power production.
Each of these turbines measure 29 m (95

ft) in diameter, and is aligned north, which is the
direction from which air from the Persian Gulf
blows in. The sail-shaped buildings on either side
are designed to funnel wind through the gap to
provide accelerated wind passing through the
turbines. This was confirmed by wind tunnel
(Fig.1.32) The shape of the two towers is
tests, which showed that the buildings create an essential in developing the wind stream for the
[37]
S-shaped flow, ensuring that any wind coming turbines
within a 45° angle to either side of the
central axis will create a wind stream
that remains perpendicular to the
turbines. This significantly increases
their potential to generate electricity. [37]
The wind turbines are

expected to provide 11% to 15% of
the towers' total power consumption,
or approximately 1.1 to 1.3 GWh a
[37]
year. This is equivalent to providing the (Fig.1.33) The three turbines

lighting for about 300 homes

annually. The three turbines were
turned on for the first time on the 8th
of April, 2008. They are expected to
operate 50% of the time on an
average day [37]. . [Fig 1.30, 32, 34]
Sustainable philosophy
The Bahrain World Trade
Center is the world’s first building to
integrate large-scale wind turbines; (Fig.1.34) Turbine images [37]
and together with numerous energy
reducing and recovery systems. This development shows an unequivocal commitment to
raising global awareness for sustainable design.
The BWTC encapsulates the essence of a sustainable philosophy engaging all of

the social, economic and environmental impacts of the project as well as making
significant strides in environmentally balanced architecture [39].
EX3 Masdar Headquarters

Architect Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill
Location Masdar City, U.A.E
Date 2011
Style/ Type Green Building / Contemporary Architecture
Green Certification achieve a Gold LEED rating
Sustainable technology
used
Modern wind towers - Renewable energy
CO2 Emissions Strategy is to reach zero emission.
Design
The building takes its cue from the
centuries of indigenous architecture,
marrying historically successful building
strategies for the climate with the latest
technology and innovative building systems,
including some especially developed
systems for the Masdar Headquarters [42].
Light and Material

The center will also include other (Fig.1.35) LED lighting [42]
energy saving features such as LED lighting
in the exhibition halls and a special wireless convention management system. [Fig 1.35]
The cones maximize natural daylight throughout the building; the operable
windows on the cones allow occupants the option of naturally ventilating interior spaces.
Structurally, cones support the building’s roof and allow for the creation of a shaded

ground plane on the top of the building.

Spatially, they create garden courtyards
at the public realm which have pools of
light and water. [Fig 1.36]
Air:
The sun will be the source of
energy for Masdar HQ. Its rays will be
harnessed through the world’s largest
[42]
solar canopy, which will provide shade (Fig.1.36) Natural daylight
to the building below and keep it cool in
the hot desert climate. The power of the
sun is also used to cool the building,
replacing ozone-depleting air
conditioning units. [Fig 1.37]
Modern wind towers are the
basis for a number of features in the
complex design. They act as wind
towers, exhausting warm air and
[42]
naturally ventilating the building, as (Fig.1.37) Sun the source of energy
well as bringing cool air up through the
subterranean levels of the city below. [42]
Energy:
The center will have an area of 177,000 sq
meters and will have a specially designed roof
containing 3,600 sqm of solar panels which will
supply about 12.5% of the project total energy needs.
Projects consume about 37% less energy than
conventional buildings, and efficiently use energy,
water, and other natural resources, protect occupant
health, improve employee productivity, and reduce
pollution. [Fig 1.38]
Sustainable Philosophy:
The structure will include numerous systems
that generate energy, eliminate carbon emissions and (Fig.1.38) Building energy efficient
reduce liquid and solid waste. The complex will

utilize sustainable materials and feature outdoor air
quality monitors and use one of the world’s largest
building-integrated solar energy systems [42]. [Fig
1.39]
(Fig.1.39) Masdar Headquarters

[42]
building

1.4.2. Green Architecture Performance Measurement:
Many of these tools measure sustainability of the built environment. These tools
have been developed to determine if any capacity exists for further development, or
whether a development is sustainable, or whether progress is being made towards
sustainable development. ‘Indicators’ are also an important part of the range of the tools
available and relate mainly to parameters that can be measured to show trends or sudden
changes in a particular condition. It is important to distinguish between those tools used for
measurement (identifying variables measuring sustainable development and collecting
relevant data), and those used for assessment (evaluating performance against criteria), as
well as those tools that can be used to effect a move towards sustainable development by
changing practice and procedures. In general, the tools are attempting to: achieve
continuous improvement to optimize building performance and minimize environmental
impact; provide a measure of a building’s effect on the environment; and set credible
standards by which buildings can be judged objectively [92].
1.4.2. A. What is LEED?
LEED, or Leadership in Energy and

Environmental Design, is redefining the way
we think about the places where we live, work
and learn. As an internationally recognize mark
of excellence.
LEED certification provides

independent, third-party verification that a
building, home or community was designed
and built using strategies aimed at achieving
[38]
high performance in key areas of human and (Fig.1.40) Rating categories
environmental health: sustainable site
development, water savings, energy efficiency, materials selection and indoor
environmental quality [92].
LEED® Building Rating: [38]
This program is the verification arm of the U.S. Green Building

Council (USGBC®), a nonprofit organization that certifies sustainable
businesses, homes and communities. LEED promotes a whole-building
approach to sustainability by recognizing performance in key areas: [Fig 1.40]
Sustainable Site development (SS): category discourages development on previously

undeveloped land; seeks to minimize a building's impact on ecosystems and waterways;
encourages regionally appropriate landscaping; rewards smart transportation choices;
controls storm water runoff; and promotes reduction of erosion, light pollution, heat island effect
and construction-related pollution.

Water Efficiency (WE): The goal of category is to encourage smarter use of water,
inside and out. Water reduction is typically achieved through more efficient appliances,
fixtures and fittings inside and water-conscious landscaping outside.
Energy and Atmosphere (EA): This category encourages a wide variety of energy-wise
strategies: commissioning; energy use monitoring; efficient design and construction;
efficient appliances, systems and lighting; the use of renewable and clean sources of
energy, generated on-site or off-site; and other innovative measures
Materials and Resources (MR): This category encourages the selection of sustainably
grown, harvested, produced and transported products and materials. It promotes waste
reduction as well as reusing and recycling, and it particularly rewards the reduction of
waste.
Indoor Environmental Quality (EQ): This category promotes strategies that improve
indoor air as well as those that provide access to natural daylight and view and improve
acoustics.
Location and Transportation (LT): This category encourages building on previously
developed or infill sites and away from environmentally sensitive areas. Credits reward
homes that are built near already-existing infrastructure, community resources and transit
– in locations that promote access to open space for walking, physical activity and time outdoors.
Innovation in Design (ID):The Innovation in Design category provides bonus points for
projects that use innovative technologies and strategies to improve a building’s
performance well beyond what is required by other LEED credits
Awareness & Education (AE): This category encourages home builders and real estate
professionals to provide homeowners, tenants and building managers with the education
and tools they need to understand what makes their home green and how to make the
most of those features.
What LEED Delivers: [92]
LEED-certified buildings are designed to:
 Lower operating costs and increase asset value

 Reduce waste sent to landfills
 Conserve energy and water
 Be healthier and safer for occupants
 Reduce harmful greenhouse gas emissions
 Qualify for tax rebates, zoning allowances and other incentives in hundreds of cities
How to achieve certification
LEED points are awarded on a 100-point scale, and credits are weighted to
reflect their potential environmental impacts. Additionally, 10 bonus credits are
available, four of which address regionally specific environmental issues. A project must
satisfy all prerequisites and earn a minimum number of points to be certified [92]. [Fig 1.41,
42]

[92]
(Fig.1.41) Distribution of points of LEED for different categories
[92]
(Fig.1.42) 40-49 points Silver: 50-59 points Gold: 60-79 points Platinum: 80+ points
1.4.2. B. What is BREEAM? [93].
BREEAM (Building Research Establishment’s Environmental

Assessment Method) is the world’s leading and most widely used
environmental assessment method for buildings. At the time of writing,
BREEAM has certified over 200,000 buildings since it was first
launched in 1990.
A BREEAM assessment uses recognized measures of performance, which are set

against established benchmarks, to evaluate a building’s specification, design, construction
and use. The measures used represent a broad range of categories and criteria from energy
to ecology. They include aspects related to energy and water use, the internal
environment (health and well-being), pollution, transport, materials, waste, ecology and
management processes.
A Certificated BREEAM assessment is delivered by a licensed organization, using

assessors trained under a UKAS accredited competent person scheme, at various stages in
a buildings life cycle. This provides clients, developers, designers and others with:
 Market recognition for low environmental impact buildings.

 Confidence that tried and tested environmental practice is incorporated in the
building.
 Inspiration to find innovative solutions that minimize the environmental impact.
 A benchmark that is higher than regulation.
 A system to help reduce running costs, improve working and living environments.

 A standard that demonstrates progress towards corporate and organizational

environmental objectives [93].
Aims of BREEAM
1. To mitigate the life cycle impacts of buildings on the environment.
2. To enable buildings to be recognized according to their environmental benefits.
3. To provide a credible, environmental label for buildings.
4. To stimulate demand for sustainable buildings.
Objectives of BREEAM
1. To provide market recognition of buildings with a low environmental impact.
2. To ensure best environmental practice is incorporated in building planning, design, con-
saturation and operation.
3. To define a robust, cost-effective performance standard surpassing that required by
regulations.
4. To challenge the market to provide innovative, cost effective solutions that minimizes
the environmental impact of buildings.
5. To raise the awareness amongst owners, occupants, designers and operators of the
benefits of buildings with a reduced life cycle impact on the environment.
6. To allow organizations to demonstrate progress towards corporate environmental
objectives [93].
Type of buildings that can be assessed using the BREEAM

-Offices -Industrial
-Retail (Shopping centers - Retail parks - Showrooms – Restaurants- cafes)
-Education -Healthcare (Hospitals- Health centers and clinics)
-Prisons -Law Courts
-Residential institutions -Non residential institutions (Art galleries, Museums...)
-Assembly and Leisure (Cinema-Theatre/concert halls- Exhibition/conference halls) [93].
BREEAM rating benchmarks

The BREEAM rating benchmark levels
enable a client or other stakeholder to compare an
individual building’s performance with other
BREEAM rated buildings and the typical
sustainability performance of new non-domestic
buildings in the UK [93]. [Fig 1.43]
(Fig.1.43) the BREEAM rating benchmarks
[93]
How BREEAM works? version 2011
BREEAM rewards performance above regulation which delivers environmental,
higher comfort or health benefits. BREEAM awards points or 'credits' and groups the
environmental impacts into the sections below: [Fig 1.44]

-Management: Sustainable procurement,

Responsible construction practices, Construction
site impacts, Service life planning and costing.
-Health and wellbeing: Visual comfort, Indoor air

quality, Thermal comfort, Water quality, Acoustic
performance, Safety and security.
-Energy: Reduction of CO2 emissions, Energy

monitoring, Energy efficient external lighting,
Low or zero carbon technologies, Energy
efficient cold storage, Energy efficient
transportation systems, Energy efficient
laboratory systems and Energy efficient (Fig.1.44) BREEAM Environmental section
equipments. weightings [93].
-Transport: Public transport accessibility, Proximity to amenities, Cyclist amenities, and

Maximum car parking capacity.
-Water: Water consumption, Water monitoring, Water leak detection and prevention and
Water efficient equipments (process).
-Materials: Embodied impacts of building materials, including lifecycle impacts like

embodied carbon dioxide.
-Waste: Construction waste management, Recycled aggregate, Operational waste and

Floor and ceiling finishes.
-Land Use and Ecology: Site selection, Ecological value of site / protection of ecological
features, Mitigating ecological impact, Enhancing site ecology, and long term impact on
biodiversity
-Pollution: Impact of refrigerants, NOx emissions from heating/cooling source and

external air and water pollution.
-Innovation: New technology, process and practices [93].
[93].
1.4.2. C. International Comparison of Sustainable Rating Tools
Many countries have introduced new rating tools over the past few years in order to
improve the knowledge about the level of sustainability in each country’s building stock.
On one hand, it can be argued that the individual characteristics of each country, such as
the climate and type of building stock, necessitate an individual sustainability rating tool
for that country. Like BREEAM (U.K. and Europe), LEED (U.S. & Canada), Green Star
(Australia). [Fig 1.45, 46]

[93].
(Fig.1.45) main Rating Tools
[93].
(Fig.1.46) Comparison of BREEAM, LEED and Green Star

EX4 California Academy of Science

Architect Renzo Piano
Location San Francisco
Date 2008
Green Certification achieve a platinum LEED rating
Style/ Type Green Building/ Contemporary Architecture
used
Green roof- Solar Energy Panels- natural ventilation system…
CO2 Emissions prevent the release of 405,000 of greenhouse gas emission
1.Sustainable Design and Materials:
Natural Lighting
. The expansive, floor-to-ceiling

walls of glass will enable 90% of
the building's interior offices to use
lighting from natural sources. (Fig.1.47) California Academy of Science [44]
. Skylights, providing natural light to the

rainforest and aquarium, are designed to open
and close automatically. As hot air rises
throughout the day, the skylights will open to
allow hot air out from the top of the Academy
while louvers below draw in cool air to the
lower floors without the need for huge fans or
chemical coolants [44]. [Fig 1.47, 49]
(Fig.1.48) Green Roof and solar panels [44]
2.Water, Air and Energy:
(Green roof) Soil as Insulation
Not only does the green rooftop canopy

visually connect the building to the park
landscape, but it also provides significant gains
in heating and cooling efficiency. The six
inches of soil substrate on the roof act as
natural insulation, and every year will keep
approximately 3.6 million gallons of rainwater
[44]
from becoming stormwater. The steep slopes of (Fig.1.49) Natural lighting
the roof also act as a natural ventilation system, funneling cool air into the open-air plaza
on sunny days. The skylights perform as both ambient light sources and a cooling system,
automatically opening on warm days to vent hot air from the building [44]. [Fig 1.48]
Solar Energy Panels
Surrounding the Living Roof is a large glass canopy with a decorative band of
60,000 photovoltaic cells. These solar panels will generate approximately 213,000
kilowatt-hours of energy per year and provide up to 10% of the Academy's electricity
need. The use of solar power will prevent

the release of 405,000 pounds of
greenhouse gas emission into the air. [Fig
1.50]
Sources of Warmth:
1. Radiant Floor Heating
Warm air rises. A traditional forced- (Fig.1.50) the skylights automatically open [44]
air heating system for the 35-foot-high
public spaces in the museum would be
wasteful in the extreme. Instead, the
Academy is installing a radiant heating
system in the museum’s floors. Tubes
embedded in the concrete floor will carry
hot water that warms the floor. The
proximity of the heat to the people who need
it will reduce the building’s energy need by
an estimated 10% annually [44]. (Fig.1.51 ) A modern green roof employs native plants
and engineered drainage, extensive day-lighting, and
3.Waste: photovoltaic electrical generation
[45]
2. Denim Insulation
Insulation also keeps buildings

warm. The Academy, rather than using
typical fiberglass or foam-based insulation,
chose to use a type of thick cotton batting
made from recycled blue jeans. This
material provides an organic alternative to
formaldehyde-laden insulation materials.
Recycled denim insulation holds more heat
and absorbs sound better than spun (Fig.1.52) The steep slopes of the green roof [44]
fiberglass insulation. It is also safer to
handle. Even when denim insulation is treated
with fire retardants and fungicides to prevent
mildew, it is still easier to work with and
doesn't require installers to wear protective
clothing or respirators [44].
4.Sustainable philosophy:
Platinum Certified LEED Building [45]:
On October 7, 2008, the U.S. Green

(Fig.1. 53) interior hall [44]
Building Council awarded the Academy a
Platinum-level LEED certification.
The sustainability features in the building include the following:
Design:
•The rooftop of the academy is a green roof modeled after San Francisco’s natural
landscape which acts like a natural insulation helping with heating and cooling efficiency
•The steep slopes of the green roof act like a natural ventilation system, bringing cool air
into the open-air [Fig 1.52]
•The skylights automatically open on warm days to bring hot air (hot air rises) from the
building as well as bring ambient light sources into the academy [Fig 1.51]
Energy:
•Solar Energy Panels surround the roof providing approximately 10% of the yearly
energy
•Radiant Floor Heating to reduce the building’s energy use by about 10% annually.
•30% less energy consumption than federal code requirement.
Air:
•Natural Lighting: 90% of office space will have natural light and ventilation
•Louvers will open throughout the day and night to provide fresh air and cooling the
building reducing the dependence on a HVAC system [Fig 1.53]
Water:
Every year will keep approximately 3.6 million gallons of rainwater from stormwater.
Waste & Materials:
• Recycled Materials: 68% of the insulation comes from recycled blue jeans
•95% of all steel from recycled sources
•50% of lumber harvested from sustainable-yield forests
•15% fly ash (a recycled coal by-product), 35% slag in concrete
•32,000 tons of sand from foundation excavation applied to dune restoration projects in
San Francisco [45].

1.4.3. Ecological Architecture:
Ecological Architecture merges the interests of sustainability, environmental

consciousness, green, natural, and organic approaches to evolve a design solution from
these requirements and from the characteristics of the site, its neighborhood context, and
the local micro-climate and topography.
Ecological Architecture is design that emphasizes natural materials and the use of
renewable resources that come from the earth in such a way that they can be returned to the
earth without causing harm [8].
Ecological Design:
Eco-design is the culmination of a holistic, conscious and proactive approach. It consists in
[1]
designing a product or service so as to minimize its impacts on the environment . [Fig 1.54]
[46]
Ecological Design Strategies :
(Fig.1.54 ) IEA task 13 low energy buildings (1989-1993) cited in United Nations Environment
[46]
Programme (UNEP), Buildings and Climate Change, Status, Challenges and Opportunities, 2007 .
EX6 La tour vivante (Art of Building High )

Architect Gregoire Zündel, Irina Cristea, Nicolas Souchko, Mario Russo
Location Paris – France
Date 2010 Skyscraper
Type / style Ecological Architecture/ Ecosystem - self-sufficiency
used
Wind power, reclaimed rainwater…
CO2 Emissions The produced electric power is about 200 to 600 kWh per annum.
Design:
.This project proposes a possible

solution by creating a city-like
skyscraper that takes Paris’s street life
to the sky.
During the last couple of

decades, Paris, like any other major city
has exponentially grown. Nowadays it (Fig.1.55) Aerial view prospective urban development [48]
requires 70,000 new homes per year; a
situation that has created a lot of
controversy as urban planners propose
skyscrapers [48]. [Fig 1.55]
La Tour Vivante: International

Sustainable City La Tour Vivante is a
vertical farm skyscraper with a light-
shading skin that wraps around the
structure and admits sunlight to targeted
locations for both functional and
aesthetic purposes. Designed by French
architecture firm Atelier SOA, the
skyscraper’s sustainable features
include wind power, reclaimed rainwater,
biogas production and on-site food
production.
(Fig.1.56) La tour vivante (Art of Building High) [48].
The architects explain, “The
separation between city and countryside,
urban planning and natural areas, places
of living, consumption and production is
increasingly problematic for sustainable
land management [48].
The concept of eco-tower "Tour

Vivante" aim is to associate agricultural
[48]
hydroponic production, dwelling and (Fig.1.57) interior library

activities in a single and vertical

system [49]. [Fig 1.56]
Ecological Feature:
. A continuous agriculture,
emancipated from seasons and
climatic hazards (drought, flood,
weather), which provides a production
5 to 6 time better than open fields
cultures. Tour Vivante allows a local
production and to wipe out
transportation needed for food supply
and thus, the process of the very
(Fig.1.58) hydroponic agricultural production purifies air [48]
energy-consuming preservation [49].
Air, Water, Energy and Waste:
The hydroponic agricultural

production purifies the districts air
by the provision of plants oxygen. An
efficient use of salvaged rainwater is
transformed into drinking water by the
evaporation /respiration of plants.
Tour Vivante generates a large
amount of methane or electricity by
the fermentation of food waste and
vegetal. [Fig 1.57, 58]
Located at the top of the tower, (Fig.1.59) two large windmills [50].
two large windmills directed towards
the dominant winds produce
electricity facilitated by the height of
the tower. The produced electric
power is about 200 to 600 kWh per
annum. [Fig 1.59]
4500 m of Photovoltaic panels

[50]
included into the facades generate (Fig.1.60) photovoltaic panels .
electricity from solar energy [49]. [Fig
1.60]
Sustainable Philosophy:
This tower will have as well: Rainwater and Black water systems, Ecological or
recycled materials and Thermal and hydrometrical regulation [50].

1.4.4. Biological Architecture:
Bio-Architecture is the art and science of designing buildings and spaces which
create, support and enhance life and living system.
Bio-Architecture is the holistic process and product of planning, designing and

constructing space that integrates natural form, biologic function and environmental,
social and aesthetic considerations. It requires knowledge of living systems, natural
harmonics and fractal geometric relationships expressing as form, pattern, rhythm, ratio
and proportion. Bio-Architecture involves the use of organic materials, green technology
and appropriately skilled labor [94].
Bio-Architecture integrates all aspects of the design-build process; including

project planning, cost analysis, construction administration and final certification. A
broader definition comprises all design-stage activities from the macro to the micro level.
Create living space by observing some simple rules:
1. Use natural geometries, shapes, forms, ratios and growth patterns to design our
spaces in order to create life and truly sustainable systems. This is 'Full Spectrum
Architecture' - not just 'green architecture'.
2. Use virtually all biologic materials - to create fractal charge field effects (avoid
particularly aluminum and steel - also plastics wherever possible)
3. Make detailed plans to eliminate most all electro smog - the adverse effects of
electrical contamination. (Seriously poisonous to most human beings)
4. Work with elemental forces under, on and above the land - (living charge domains)
- to include the symphony of life in your structural plan [94].
EX7 Tree of Life Skyscraper

Architect Svirid Denis, Gudzenko Anastasiya
Location Ukraine
Date 2011 Skyscraper Competition
Type / style Biological Architecture / Ecosystem - self-sufficiency
used
Wind power, reclaimed rainwater…
CO2 Emissions Strategy is reducing emission by using solar panels and wind turbines
Design:
The Tree of Life is a skyscraper proposal for open mines around the world. It is an
autonomous ecosystem based on the structure of a plant where the inhabitants live and
work producing Biological products.
The bottom part, or root, is comprised of a power station that harvests geothermal
energy and includes a subterranean water purification plant. The stem is an external frame
designed as two interlacing structures that provide stability to the entire project [51].

Vertical communication is achieved through

pneumatic elevators on all levels. The top
part, or crown, is the public area with housing
sectors, offices, schools, and entertainment
facilities. Attached to these structures there
are a series of pods or terraces that are used as
geoponic greenhouses, covered with solar
panels and wind turbines [51]. [Fig 1.61]
The concept of the tree of life presupposes

the presence of three parts:
1. The geothermal electric power station the

water purification station (the root system).
2. The carrying structure (the stem).
3. The inner space (the crown of the tree).

[51]
4. The outer greenhouses (fruits). (Fig.1.61) tree of Life Skyscraper
(Energy, Water and Waste)
The root system:
The root system is the main system

feeding "the tree of life" The geothermal
electric power station is capable of providing
the tree with cheap ecologically sent energy
transforming the inner warmth of the earth
into electric power.
The water purification station is

(Fig.1.62) The geothermal electric power
located at the bottom of the quarry,
station the water purification station (the
accomplishing the collection and purification root system) [51]
of subsoil water and also recycles the waste
water [51]. [Fig 1.62]
The Fruits [Fig 1.63]
Various plants are grown on the basis

in the greenhouses located on the outside
platforms (capsules) which are autonomous
modules. The greenhouses use the energy of
the sun and wind for their needs, collecting (Fig.1.63) The outer greenhouses (fruits)

also the moisture from the

environment.
The Stem
The carrying structure is a

system of constructions consisting of
the central nucleus and the external
frame. The vertical communication is
implemented by pneumatic (vacuum)
(Fig.1.64) the central nucleus [51]
lifts of different types. The first is the
high speed lifts capable of immediate
transportation of passengers to any
sector. The connection between the
floors of each sector is carried out by
the second type of lifts. [Fig 1.64, 65]
The Crown
The public sector with its

restaurants, offices, clinics, schools,
and entertainment and trade centers
is situated at the base (foundation) of
the tree, three residential sectors and
a scientific-research sector. The role (Fig.1.65) the
of the street is fulfilled by small carrying structure
recreational areas located along the (the stem) [51]
outer perimeter of the building [51].

1.4.5. Smart Architecture:
Automation
Efficient use of energy

Environment friendly
Optimized "Building Automation Systems"
High user and customization
Automation Networking
Information Networking
Centralized control of multiple buildings
efficient use of energy and resources
Networked buildings Environment friendly
Networked Appliances Overall cost reduction
[95] Efficient use of man-power
(Fig.1.66) Smart Building
Building automation describes

the advanced functionality provided by
the control system of a building. A
building automation system (BAS) is
an example of a distributed control
system. The control system is a
computerized, intelligent network of
electronic devices designed to monitor
and control the mechanical and lighting
systems in a building. [Fig 1.66]
Integrate disparate building

systems so they can be controlled by a
centralized common user interface. Use
a shared network for all building-
system communications.
Smart architectures are high-

performance buildings that provide
significant benefits to building owners,
property/facility management (Fig.1.67) integrating building systems [95]
professionals, and end-users.
Smart architectures maximize building performance and efficiency by integrating

building systems such as lighting, HVAC, safety, power management, security (access
control, video surveillance, and visitor management), etc. Use technology and strategies
that add long-term, sustainable value to the property [95]. [Fig 1.67]
BAS is an instance of a distributed control system:
It consists of sensors, controllers, actuators, and software. An operator interfaces

with the system via central workstation or web browser [95].

Sensors
Smart Architecture starts with sensors. They simply detection devices that collect
information and data internally and externally; internally where they allow system to
perceive even its condition and externally where they detect and receive information from
out of system environment in real time. Sensors are divided into three groups that cover
interior and exterior environment:
1. Security and safety sensors 2.Weather and space quality sensors

3.System monitoring sensors [95].
Connecting to Smart Grids: [95] [Fig 1.68]
Truly smart buildings will leverage knowledge that resides outside its walls and
windows. The smart grid is an ideal place to start. Electric utilities have been introducing
programs that allow real-time adjustment of demand in addition to supply when wholesale
prices are high or when grid reliability is “jeopardized.” For example, a software
conversation between the smart grid and a smart building might go something like this…
Grid: Predictions are for increased temperatures tomorrow. We’re expecting high demand
and need your help. Of course, we’ll reward you for cooperating.
User: Okay, is the incentive the same as last time?
Grid: Yes. We’ll pay you $0.50 for every kilowatt-hour drop from your average electricity usage.
User: Great! We can

offer to reduce our load
by 100 kilowatts
Renewable
tomorrow from 1 p.m. to Energy
Internet
5 p.m. by activating
demand-reduction mode.
Power and Bi- directional
Data Communication
- Dynamic pricing
Grid: Your offer has - Curtailment signals Power
HAVC
Combined
Security heat and
- Load Forecasts Distribution
been accepted. Hate to - Capacity Bids
power plant
- Emission reduction info

cut you short, but Lighting
another bid is coming in. Information

technology
Internet
Dialogues like Thermal

Storage
this between intelligent Electrical

Storage
systems often require Smart Smart Grid
humans to confirm the Meter Building Manager
decisions
(Fig.1.68) Connecting to Smart Grids [95]
Smart buildings go far beyond saving energy and contributing to sustainability goals.

How Do Smart Buildings Make A Building Green? [96].
Smart buildings make green buildings greener, and green buildings make
smart buildings smarter. Green buildings are about resource efficiency, lifecycle effects
and building performance. Smart buildings, whose core is integrated building technology
systems, are about construction and operational efficiencies and enhanced management
and occupant functions. The Commonality of Smart and Green
Part of what a smart Building
building will deliver is energy
control and energy cost savings Optimize Energy
Data Network
VOIP
Smart Building
Sustainable Sites Performance Video Distribution
Green Building
beyond that of traditional system Water Efficiency Additional A/V Systems
Commissioning Video Surveillance
installation, due to the tighter Energy and
Atmosphere
Measurement and Access Control
HAVC Control
Verification
control system integration. Materials and Carbon Dioxide
Power
Management
resources Monitoring Programmable
Smart and green buildings Indoor Environment Controllability of Systems Lighting Control
Quality Permanent Monitoring Facilities
deliver the financial and Innovation and Design Systems Mangement
Process Innovation in Design Cabling
conservation benefits of energy Infrastructure
Wireless Systems
management. One question then
is how do smart buildings make
a building green? More (Fig.1.69) new facilitate between green and smart building
specifically, how can smart buildings support and effect the LEED certification of a green
building? How does a Smart Building meet or exceed the technical requirements of the
credits and points of the LEED rating system? Here are a few possibilities: [Fig 1.69]
1. Optimize Energy Performance (1-10 points) 2.Additional Commissioning (1 p.)

3.Measurement and Verification (1 point) 4.Carbon Dioxide Monitoring (1 p.)
5.Controllability of Systems: Perimeter and Non-Perimeter Spaces (1 point each)
6.Thermal Comfort: Permanent Monitoring System (1 point)
7.Innovation in Design (1-4 points)
1.4.5. A. Zero Net Energy
Today's technologies allow for new "smart building" built in IT solutions. A smart
building would include built in IT solutions in the core structure and allow, not only a zero
energy but also for a building to become a net producer of electricity/energy [96].
EX7 Dynamic Tower

Architect Italian architect David Fisher
Location Dubai
Date completed by 2010
Type / style Smart Architecture / Digital system
Sustainable technology Wind turbines on each floor- Photovoltaic solar cells- sensors…
used
CO2 Emissions IT solutions not only a zero energy but also a net energy.

Design: Dynamic Tower offers

infinite design possibilities, as each floor
rotates independently at different speeds,
resulting in a unique and ever evolving
structure that introduces a fourth dimension
to architecture, Time. The skyscraper will
offer occupants a 360 degree view and a
constantly changing skyline; the rotation
will take up to 3 hours [97].
Energy
(Fig.1.70) Dynamic Tower [97]
The building is equipped with wind
turbines on each floor, so it generates its
own electricity, and gets power from
photovoltaic solar cells and 79 wind
turbines, one located between each floor.
The Dynamic Tower is the first

skyscraper to be entirely constructed in a
factory from prefabricated parts that are
custom made in a workshop, resulting of
fast construction and of substantial cost (Fig.1.71) turbines on each floor and solar cells [97]
savings [97]. [Fig 1.70, 72]
Sensors and smart building (materials)

For net energy:
The tower has responsive structures

that can adapt, change and mime the
external and internal climate and conditions
for optimum occupational standards to
deliver comfort, convenience and
sophistication.
Many instances where buildings are

made to precisely orient themselves in the
optimal direction taking into consideration
the wind direction, force of the wind,
daylight and sunlight incidence etc., so that
the buildings can enable maximum (Fig.1.72) fast construction [97]
utilization of natural resources without
compromising on the indoor comfort. In such cases, the building would naturally revolve
to align itself in the optimum direction by measuring the outdoor conditions and the angle
of the sunlight, wind direction etc. [Fig 1.71]

Sustainable Philosophy
Increasingly easy to manage and maintain even without constant monitoring. Buildings
are equipped to judge for themselves and make intelligent decisions regarding the usage of
electricity and other basic facilities thereby ensuring optimal usage of energy [97].
1.5. The Future role of sustainability to solve environmental problems
- 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference:
The EU is already committed to cutting its greenhouse gas emissions by

20%, improving energy efficiency by 20%, and generating 20% of its energy
needs from renewable sources, all by 2020. Other countries after EU country
are stepping up For example:
● Australia: to cut carbon emissions by 25% below 2000 levels by 2020 if the
world agrees to an ambitious global deal to stabilize levels of CO2e to 450 ppm
or lower.
● United States of America: United States to cut greenhouse gas emissions by 17% below
2005 levels by 2020, 42% by 2030 and 83% by 2050.
● Denmark: gets about 20 % of its power from wind energy.
● Germany: produces one-third of the world’s solar panels and half of its wind rotors.
● Some regions of Spain: get more than 70 % of their electricity from renewable sources.
● Nine EU: members are working to develop an offshore wind grid in the North and Irish
seas.
● France: gets 75 % of its electricity from nuclear power, which generates no carbon
dioxide.
● Costa Rica: To become carbon neutral by 2021
● India: To cut carbon emissions intensity by 20–25% below 2005 levels by 2020
● Japan: To cut greenhouse gas emissions by 25% below 1990 levels by 2020
● New Zealand: To reduce emissions between 10% to 20% below 1990 levels by 2020 if
a global agreement is secured that limits [19]
- Meeting the Challenge 2030

Buildings are the major source of global demand for energy and materials that
produce by-product greenhouse gases (GHG). Slowing the growth rate of GHG emissions
and then reversing it is the key to addressing climate change and keeping global average
temperature below 2°C above pre-industrial levels.
•All new buildings, developments and major renovations shall be designed to meet
a fossil fuel, GHG-emitting, energy consumption performance standard of 60% of the
regional (or country) average for that building type [41].
•At a minimum, an equal amount of existing building area shall be renovated

annually to meet a fossil fuel, GHG-emitting, energy consumption performance standard of
60% of the regional (or country) average for that building type [41].
•The fossil fuel reduction standard for all new buildings and major renovations
shall be increased to:
◦70% in 2015
◦80% in 2020
◦90% in 2025
◦Carbon-neutral in 2030 (using no

fossil fuel GHG emitting energy to
operate) [Fig 1.73]
(Fig 1.73) (Source 2010-2030. Inc/Architecture 2030 All rights
[41]
These targets may be reserved) Using no fossil fuel GHG –emitting energy
accomplished by implementing
innovative sustainable design
strategies, generating on-site
technologies and system renewable
power and/or purchasing
renewable energy (20% maximum)
[41]
. [Fig 1.74]
Through design strategies,

technologies and systems, and off- (Fig 1.74) (Source 2010-2030. Inc/Architecture 2030 All rights
[41]
site renewable energy, buildings reserved), Meeting the Challenge
designed and constructed today can

meet the 2030 Challenge targets [41].
- The World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD)

A new study on energy efficiency in buildings (EEB) indicates that the global
building sector needs to cut energy consumption in buildings 60 % by 2050 to help meet
global climate change targets. According to The World Business Council for Sustainable
Development (WBCSD), the building sector must achieve greater energy efficiency
through a combination of public policies, technological innovation, informed customer
choices, and smart business decisions [26].

1.6. CONCLUSION
1. Sustainability often refers to the "three pillars" of social, environmental and economic
sustainability [14].
2. The buildings sector accounts for 130 (Mt) about 40% of greenhouse gas emissions each
year, also use about one-third of the world's energy if current trends continue, buildings
worldwide will become the top energy consumers by 2025 [24].
3. The goal of Green building and Sustainable architecture is to use resources more
efficiently and reduce a building's negative impact on the environment. Zero energy
buildings achieve one key green-building goal.
4. Green Architecture performance measurement, many of these tools are to measure

sustainability of the built environment, Like BREEAM (U.K. and Europe), LEED (U.S. &
Canada) and Green Star (Australia).
Those tools that can be used to affect a move towards sustainable development by
changing practice and procedures in general, the tools are attempting to:
1. Achieve continuous improvement to optimize building performance.
2. Minimize environmental impact.
3. Set credible standards by which buildings can be judged objectively.
5. LEED points are awarded on a 100-point scale, and

credits are weighted to reflect their potential
environmental impacts. Additionally, 10 bonus credits
are available, five of which address regionally specific
environmental issues. A project must satisfy all
prerequisites and earn a minimum number of points to
be certified.
6. Smart buildings built in IT solutions in the core

structure do not only allow zero energy but also allows
a building to become a net producer of
electricity/energy.
7. Technology can play a role in solving environmental

problems, although structural measures are also required
if we are to realize a future sustainable society. Where Technology challenges capabilities
to create solutions [54]

NanoArchitecture
PART TWO
. NanoScience
. Nanotechnology
. Nanotechnology Applications
. NanoArchitecture
. The Future of Architecture with Nanotechnology
N A N O A R C H I T E C T U RE
PART TWO NanoArchitecture
2.1. Introduction
The most compelling argument for using nanotechnology in architecture is for

greater energy efficiency. Nanotechnology offers a new technological means with which
to tackle climate change and help reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the foreseeable
future.
The next five to ten years will see a boom in nanotechnology for green building.
Current nanomaterials and nano-products show demonstrable environmental improvements
including energy savings and reduced reliance on non-renewable resources, as well as
reduced waste, toxicity and carbon emissions. Some can even absorb and break down
airborne pollutants. The benefits of nanotechnology for green building will accrue first
from coatings and insulating materials available today, followed by advances in solar
technology, lighting, air and water purification and eventually structural materials and fire
protection.
Nanomaterials are not only useful for some partial requirements like roofs and
facades; they also expand some design possibilities for interior and exterior spaces. Nano-
insulating materials open up new possibilities both for sustainable design strategies and
architects.
It turns out that many of the

overhyped applications such as thin film
solar or fuel cells will have relatively little
impact between now and 2015, with solid
state lighting, nanocomposite materials
and aerogels used in insulation. In fact,
energy saving technologies amount to
nearly 77% of the energy related
applications of nanotechnologies by
2014, up from 62% today. [Fig 2.1] (Fig 2:1) the effect of nanotechnology at energy
[4]
So overall, the smart money is on saving energy rather than generating it, at least
that is where the money will be for the next five years [59].
Keywords: Nanotechnology, Nanomaterials and NanoArchitecture - 46 -

2.2. Nanotechnology overview

2.2.1. Nano
The term nano derives from the Greek word for dwarf. It is used as a prefix for any
unit such as a second or a meter, and it means a billionth of that unit. Hence, a nanometer
(nm) is a billionth of a meter, or 10−9 meters. To get a perspective of the scale of a
nanometer, observe the sequence of images shown in Figure [5] [Fig 2.2]
(Fig2:2) Sequence of images showing the

various levels of scale (Adapted from
Interagency Working Group on Nanoscience,
Engineering and Technology, National
Science and Technology Council Committee
on Technology, “Nanotechnology: Shaping
[5]
the World Atom by Atom.” Sept.1999.)
2.2.2. NanoScince:
The study of materials measuring (in the

range of 1 to 100 nanometers) The science of
developing materials at the atomic and molecular
level in order to imbue them with special
electrical and chemical properties.
Nanotechnology, which deals with devices
typically less than 100 nanometers in size, is [5]
(Fig2:3) range of 1 to 100 nanometers
making a significant contribution to the fields of
computer storage, semiconductors, biotechnology, manufacturing and energy [5]. [Fig 2.3]
When objects are

below 100 nanometers in
size they can exhibit
unexpected chemical and
physical properties. For
example, you could cut a
block of gold into
smaller and smaller
pieces and it would still
have the same color,
melting temperature, etc.
(Fig2:4) Silver and Gold particles have different colors depending on size
But at certain ranges of and shape. © Northwestern University [57]
the nanoscale, gold
particles behave differently. The image below shows how gold nanoparticles of different
shapes and sizes have different colors [57].

The chemical properties

(reactivity, flam mobility, etc.) and the
physical properties (melting point,
conductivity, etc.) can all change at the
nanoscale. So, the properties are
dependent on the size of the material.
Size-dependent properties are the
major reason that nanoscale objects
have such amazing potential [57]. [Fig
2.4]
By working at the molecular
level, nanotechnology opens up new
possibilities in material design. In the (Fig2:5) Nanotechnology as transsectoral technology
influences all important materials classes and technology
nanoscale world where quantum physics fields, providing both product and technology [58]
rules, objects can change color, shape,
and phase much more easily than at the macroscale. Fundamental properties like strength,
surface-to-mass ratio, conductivity, and elasticity can be designed to create dramatically
different materials.
2.2.3. What is nanotechnology?
Nanotechnology is the use of very small pieces of material by themselves or their

manipulation to create new large scale materials.
Nanotechnology is an enabling technology that allows us to develop materials
with improved or totally new properties [58]. [Fig 2.5]
The biggest plans for the future Nanotechnology Energy Revolution

Sustainable Methods
of our built environment are extremely
small. The eight billion dollar per year
nanotechnology industry has already Trans- humanism
begun to transform our buildings and Semiconductors
how we use them; if its potential Smart materials

becomes reality, it could transform our
world in ways undreamed of. Structural System
Nanotechnology has the potential to Built form

Building Envelope
radically alter our built environment
Adaptable processes
and how we live. It is potentially the
most transformative technology we have (Fig2:6) Plans for the future of our built environment [56]
ever faced, generating more research
and debate than nuclear weapons, space travel, computers or any of the other
technologies that have shaped our lives. It brings with it enormous questions, concerns
and consequences. It raises hopes and fears in every aspect of our lives—social, economic,
cultural, political, and spiritual. Yet its potential to transform our built environment
remains largely unexplored [56]. [Fig 2.6]

2.3. Nanotechnology Applications IN
Nanotechnology is being used

in several applications to improve the
environment. This includes cleaning
up existing pollution, improving
manufacturing methods to reduce the
generation of new pollution, and
making alternative energy sources
more cost effective.
Nanomaterials will bring
benefits throughout society and its
activities: [Fig 2.7] (Fig2:7) the impact of nanomaterials in industry and
society [61]
2.3.1. IN Environment:
In natural and man-made environment, nanotechnology will help to solve

problems like soil and groundwater remediation, air purification, pollution detection
and sensing. The same is true for man-made waste reduction including nuclear waste
which also requires developing safe geological disposal with methods acceptable for
society. A better prediction of climate change is directly linked to the understanding of the
role of aerosols (nanoparticles) in the atmosphere [61].
2.3.1. A. Nanotechnology's potential to reduce greenhouse gases [83].
Nanotechnology
could reduce our green
house gas emissions by
up to 2% in the near term
and up to 20% by 2050
with a similar saving
being realized in air
pollution. These savings
are based on the wide-
scale adoption of (Fig. 2.8) summary of environmentally beneficial nanotechnologies [83]
nanotechnology and the
assumption that predicted breakthroughs within the field will occur when expected. [Fig 2.8]
1. Impact of nanotechnology describes the effect nanotechnology is likely to have in the area
compared to other technologies.
2. Infrastructural changes indicate the effort bring the nanotechnology to market.
3. Benefit is the estimate of the maximum potential CO2 saving by implementing the technology.
4. Timescale for implementation is the projected distance (in years) before the technology will be
fully implemented.

Nanoparticle additives have been shown to increase the fuel efficiency of diesel
Fuel additives engines by approximately 5% which could result in a maximum saving of 2-3
millions of tonnes (Mte) per annum of CO2 in the UK.
Nanotechnology may deliver benefits in significantly decreasing the cost of

production of solar cells. Conservatively, if a distributed solar generation grid
Solar cells
met 1% of the UK's electricity demand, approximately 1.5 Mte per annum of
CO2 could be saved.
Hydrogen powered vehicles could eliminate all noxious emissions from

road transport, which would improve public health. If the hydrogen were
The Hydrogen generated via renewable means or using carbon capture and storage, all
Economy CO2 emissions from transport could be eliminated (132 Mte per
annum). Using current methods of hydrogen generation, significant
savings in carbon dioxide (79 Mte per annum) can be made.
Nanotechnology is central to developing efficient hydrogen storage
Recent advances in battery technology have made the range and power
of electric vehicles more practical. Issues still surround the charge time.
Nanotechnology may provide a remedy to this problem by allowing
Batteries and
electric vehicles to be recharged in much more quickly. If low carbon
Super
electricity generation techniques are used, CO2 from private transport
capacitors
could be eliminated (resulting in a maximum potential saving of 64
Mte per annum) or, using the current energy mix, maximum savings
of 42 Mte per annum of carbon dioxide could be made.
Cavity and loft insulation are cheap and effective, however, there are no
easy methods for insulating solid walled buildings, which currently
make up approximately one third of the UK’s housing stock.
Nanotechnology may provide a solution which, if an effective insulation
Insulation could be found with similar properties to standard cavity insulation,
could result in emission reductions equivalent to a maxim potential of 3
Mte per year. Ultra thin films on windows to reduce heat loss already
exist on the market. There are claims that nano-enabled windows are up
to twice as efficient as required by current building standards [83].

[84]
2.3.1. B. The Application of Nanotechnology to Environmental Issues
In trying to help our ailing environment, nanotechnology researchers and

developers are pursuing the following avenues:
1. Generating less pollution during the manufacture of materials: Use of silver

nanoclusters as catalyst
2. Producing solar cells that generate electricity at a competitive cost: Silicon

nanowires embedded in a polymer results in low cost but high efficiency solar cells.
3. Increasing the electricity generated by windmills: The resulting blades are stronger
and have lower weight
4. Cleaning up organic chemicals polluting groundwater: Iron nanoparticles disperse

throughout the body of water and decompose the organic solvent in place.
5. Capturing carbon dioxide in power plant exhaust. Searchers are developing

nanostructure membranes designed to capture carbon dioxide in the exhaust stacks of
power plants instead of releasing it into the air.
6. Clearing volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from air. Catalyst that breaks down
VOCs at room temperature is composed of porous manganese oxide in which gold
nanoparticles
7. Storing hydrogen for fuel cell powered cars. Using graphene layers to increase the
binding energy of hydrogen to the graphene surface in a fuel tank, results in a higher
amount of hydrogen storage and a lighter weight fuel tank. This could help in the
development of practical hydrogen-fueled cars.
2.3.2. In energy:
Climate change and the security of energy supply are two of the most pressing
concerns facing both developed and developing countries alike. To tackle energy
consumption and associated problems, no other way than using renewable sources and
developing nuclear energy will be possible in the medium to long term. Saving energy and
an efficient use of it are the basic requirements in this evolution.
The potential impact that nanomaterials can make in this area is truly enormous. If
current projections are correct, they could achieve transformational changes in the way
we convert and use energy, providing a sustainable, clean, efficient energy and above
all decarbonized energy system [61].

2.3.2. A. NanoMaterial and energy to solve some problems related to environment [62]:
Energy Saving, which includes technologies such as

better insulation such as nanogel, solid sate lighting (LEDs)
and (OLEDs), reduction of weight of automobiles and
improving the efficiency of the combustion of fossil fuels [Fig
2.9] (Fig2.9) nanogel material [61]
Energy Storage, which includes lithium ion batteries

for both portable electronics and hybrid electric vehicle
(HEV) use, materials capable of storing hydrogen for use in
fuel cells or hydrogen powered vehicles and super capacitors (Fig2.10) hybrid electric
[Fig 2.10] vehicle [62]
Energy Generation, which is primarily focused on the

conversion of energy to electricity and is dominated by
applications in hydrogen fuel cells and thin films and organic
(Fig2.11) Solar Thinfilm [76]
solar photovoltaic. [Fig 2.11]
2.3.2. B. The Application of Nanotechnology to Energy Production: [84]
Here are some interesting ways that are being explored using nanotechnology to
produce more efficient and cost-effective energy:
1. Increasing the electricity generated by windmills: Carbon nanotubes are used to make
windmill blades.
2. Generating electricity from waste heat: Sheets of nanotubes can be used.
3. Clothing that generates electricity: Researchers have developed piezoelectric

nanofibers that are flexible enough to be woven into clothing
4. Reducing power loss in electric transmission wires: Wires containing carbon

nanotubes and reducing the cost of solar cells
5. Improving the performance of batteries and improving the efficiency and reducing
the cost of fuel cells.
6. Making the production of fuels from raw materials more efficient.
2.3.3. In economy:
Science and technology are the principal drivers of economic growth and quality
of life. Research, particularly nanomaterials research, has widespread impact on health,

information, energy, and many other fields where there are major economic benefits to the
commercialization of new technologies [61].
The enormous potential for widespread Nanomaterials applications to occur

inherently depends on the availability of large quantities of Nanomaterials at reasonable
costs. In the current emerging state of the field, not all Nanomaterials forms found in the
laboratory are widely available; fewer still are considered commercialized products. costs
for Nanomaterials products are also high. Costs are invariably a driving factor, one
often cited as an inhibiting factor in the development of applications involving
Nanomaterials and not without good reason.
[Fig 2.12]
In the current context, many groups that

commercially produce Nanomaterials (such as
various kinds of nanoparticles or nanotubes)
are just now transitioning from their roles as
suppliers to the research sector to that of
becoming producers of commodity products.
This transition, in turn, is being driven by the (Fig2.12)The control room of the new Baytubes
development of more and more real production facility showing the top of the fluidized
[6]
bed reactor
applications that demand larger quantities [4].
2.3.3. A. Nanotechnology combines ecology and economy:
The use of nanotechnology offers ecological and economic advantages for

energy efficiency and the conservation of resources. Technologies that help reduce
climate change are in demand more than ever before. In future, ecology and the economy
will become inseparably connected, as preventive measures will be cheaper in the long
term than remedying the damage caused [6].
2.3.4. IN Security and safety:
Nanotechnology will bring new answers to the prevention and protection against
terrorism threats, or against natural and industrial accidental risks. Nanotechnology will
also provide efficient response to the security and safety of critical installations and the
environment [61].
Aside from environmental and human health concerns, less direct societal concerns
could also arise. Nanosensors, for example, raise questions of privacy and control.
Who will control the transparency of windows in public places or a child’s room, for
instance? How will the data gathered about individual building users be used? The rise of
“smart environments” may even have implications for the design professions as
buildings become more dynamic networks of smart assemblies interacting with their
environment and users [84].

2.4. NanoMaterials
2.4.1. NanoMaterials:
Nanomaterials field is a field which takes a materials science-based approach to

nanotechnology. It studies materials with morphological features on the nanoscale, and
especially those which have special properties stemming from their nanoscale dimensions.
Nanoscale is usually defined as smaller than a one tenth of a micrometer in at least one
dimension, though this term is sometimes also used for materials smaller than one
micrometer [61].
2.4.2. Classification of
nanomaterials
Currently, the most typical

way of classifying nanomaterials is
to identify them according to their
dimensions. [Figure 2. 5],
nanomaterials can be classified as:
1. Zero-dimensional (0-D):
Nanoparticles
2. One-dimensional (1-D):
Nanowires, nanorods, and
nanotubes
3. Two-dimensional (2-D):
Nanocoatings and nanofilms
4. Three-dimensional (3- D):
Nanocrystalline and nanocomposite
materials
This classification is based

on the number of dimensions,
which are not confined to the
nanoscale range (<100 nm). As
these categories of nanomaterials
move from the 0-D to the 3-D
configuration, categorization
becomes more and more difficult to
define as well [1].
(Fig2.13) Classification of nanomaterials according to
dimensions [1]

2.4.3. Approaches to making nanomaterials
There are basically two routes: a top-down approach and a bottom-up approach.
2.4.3. A. The top down approach:
For those who seek to create smaller devices by using larger ones to direct their
assembly. An operator first designs and controls macroscale machines shop to produce an
exact copy of itself, but smaller in size. Subsequently, this downscaled machine shop will
make a replica of itself, but also a few times smaller in size. This process of reducing the
scale of the machine shop continues until a nanosize machine shop is produced and is
capable of manipulating nanostructures. One of the emerging fields based on this top-down
approach is the field of nano- and micro electromechanical systems.
The actual implementation is very complex and expensive. This is because:
1. Nanostructures significantly smaller than 100 nm are difficult to produce due to

diffraction effects.
2. Masks need to be perfectly aligned with the pattern on the wafer.
3. The density of defects needs to be carefully controlled.
4. Photolithographic tools are very costly, ranging in price from tens to hundreds of
millions of dollars [1].
2.4.3. B. The bottom-up approach:
The concept of the bottom-up approach is that one

starts with atoms or molecules, which build up to form larger
structures. In this context, there are three important enabling
bottom-up technologies, namely
1. Supra-molecular and molecular chemistry
2. Scanning probes
3. Biotechnology.
The supra-molecular and molecular chemistry route
is based on the concept of self assembly. This is a strategy (Fig2.14) Computer simulation
of single-wall carbon nanotube
for nano fabrication that involves designing molecules so [1]
with a diameter of 1.4 nm
that they aggregate into desired structures. The advantages of
self-assembly are that
1. It solves the most difficult steps in nanofabrication, which
involve creating small structures
2. It can directly incorporate and bond biological structures
with inorganic structures to act as components in a system
3. It produces structures that are relatively defect-free. (Fig2.15) Computer simulation
of nanogears made of carbon
One of the best examples of self-assembly is the nanotubes with teeth
[1]
fabrication of carbon nanotubes. These nanostructures are

composed of C atoms that assemble into cylinders of approximately 1.4 nm in diameter.

[Figure 2. 14]
In the last decade, the idea of using carbon nanotubes to fabricate simple gears
evolved by bonding ligands onto the external surfaces of carbon nanotubes to produce
“gear teeth” The efficiency of these gears depends on placing the gear teeth just right in
atomically precise positions. Researchers at the (NASA) performed a molecular dynamics
simulation [Figure 2. 15] to investigate the properties of molecular gears made from carbon
nanotubes. Each gear is made of a 1.1 nm diameter nanotube with seven benzene teeth. The
distance between two nanotubes is 1.8 nm. The simulations show that the gears can operate
up to 70 GHz without overheating. As speed increases above 150 GHz [1].
2.5. Nanoarchitecture
2.5.1. NanoArchitecture:
Refers to the use of Nanotechnology + Architecture = Nano Architecture
Science, that works on the molecular scale, set to transform the way we build.
The biggest changes that led to shaking up architecture in a long time have their
origins in the very small Nanotechnology. The understanding and control of matters at a
scale of one- to one hundred-billionths of a meter brought incredible changes to the
materials and processes of building. Yet the question how ready we are to embrace these
changes that could make a big difference in the future of architectural practice.
Nano Architecture will allow having designs that interact better with the human
senses. Experiencing this type of architecture could feel more “natural” and less forced
than many of the designs we experience today [60].
Overall, it still seems fairly optimistic that most scientists think that
nanotechnology will unveil more solutions that are needed to meet some of the biggest
challenges of our time [60].
2.5.2. NanoMaterial In Architecture:
Nanotechnology allows for the development of new materials that will

revolutionize how buildings work. It is important for architects to understand some
fundamentals about how nanotechnology can change materials and their behaviors. As
smart materials gain greater ability to interact and change properties, it will be up to
architects to design for their meaningful integration into our built environments [60].
Design Your Own Materials
By merging both nanotechnology and architecture, the advent of nanotechnology

will give architects renewed freedoms that we don’t experience today. For instance, the
ability to design your own materials — going beyond wood, concrete and glass, and can
use nanomaterials in building section at Insulation, coatings, lighting, solar energy, air
and water purification.
For example, making nanofibers from cotton waste

while cellulose insulation is made from 80 % post-consumer
recycled newspaper, the equivalent of 25 million 480-pound
cotton bales are discarded as scrap every year in the garment
industry. "Producing a high-performance material from
reclaimed cellulose material will increase motivation to
recycle these materials at all phases of textile production and
remove them from the waste stream, "said Margaret Frey, an
assistant professor of textiles and apparel at Cornell. Frey
and her collaborators are using electro-spinning techniques
to produce usable nanofibers from waste cellulose. These
nanofibers could form the basis of new insulating
materials from cellulose which, as the basic building block
of all plant life, represents the most abundant renewable (Fig2.16) nanofibers from cotton
[60]
resource on the planet [60]. [Fig 2.16] waste
The demands of public and private building owners for greener materials
(demands increasingly being enforced as regulations in many instances) will soon force
architects and engineers to specify greener materials in buildings. This demand, combined
with the environmentally friendly character of most nano-products for architecture, will
create a synergy that we expect will result in a boom in demand for nanotechnology for
green building. [4]
The market for green building materials and technologies will of course be
determined more by market pull--the needs of architects, owners and contractors--than by
the technological push of new nanomaterials discovered and developed in the laboratory.
But the convergence of green building demands and green nanotechnology capabilities
over the next 5-10 years appears very strong. It suggests some categories of
nanotechnology for green building [4]:
 Insulation
 Coatings
 Solar energy
 Lighting
 Air filtration
 Water filtration
 Structural materials
 Non-structural materials

2.5.2. A. Insulation:
2.5.2. A. i. Nanogel Aerogel
Nanogel is a brand of aerogel
insulation mainly used in building
products and oil and gas industries. It
is sometimes called "frozen smoke". It
is made by Cabot Corporation, which
has a plant in Frankfurt, Germany. It is
an aerogel that consists of 95% air, (Fig2:17) NANOGEL aerogel is a lightweight [63]
in nano-sized pores that inhibit heat
transfer through the aerogel. It is made of grades of opaque to translucent. It can be
adapted to different environments [63]. [Fig 2.17]
The Benefits of Nanogel Aerogel:
Nanogel is a unique material. Some products

may perform similarly in ONE area of
performance, but Nanogel has ALL of the LIGHT
Light Diffused
following characteristics:
1. High light transmission – 75% per cm HEAT
Heat transfer
Minimized
2. Low thermal conductivity – R-value of 8/inch
(U-value of .71 W/m2K) Sound Transmission
SOUND Reduced
3. Reduced solar heat gain
4. Sound attenuation – reduces transmitted noise MOISTUR Moisture Resistant
5. Permanence – resists color change, mold and E
mildew, and performance degradation

6. Green product and manufacturing process
(Fig2:18) Nanogel aerogel system [64]
7. Reduced building energy consumption and
carbon footprint
8. Excellent light diffusion and reduction of solar transmission . Low weight: 60-80
kg/m³
9. Aesthetically appealing . Architectural freedom . UV resistant (no
[64]
discoloration) [Fig 2.18]
Potential Applications:
• Industrial roof-lights
• Offices, shopping malls and hotels
• Schools and museums
(Fig2:19) Nanogel Aerogel for Natural Light Applications [64]
• Conservatories and private housing
• Sporting and leisure centers, swimming pools
• Façade glazing and curtain walls
• Special projects such as train stations, airports, etc [64]. [Fig 2.19]

2.5.2. A. ii. Nanogel and High performance daylighting:
When incorporated into the following systems, in both roofs and facades, Nanogel
offers architects and building owners a multitude of design benefits. Whether the
installation is horizontal, vertical or at an angle, Nanogel retains its properties, enabling
unflinching thermal efficiency while allowing exceptional daylight and optimized building
aesthetics without sacrificing, but actually improving, occupant comfort and productivity
[65]
: [Fig 2.20]
Structural Composite Panels Structural Polycarbonate U-Channel Glass

for Skylights and Façades Skylight Systems
Insulated Glass Units Continuous Vaults and Ridges Unit Skylights, Rooflights,
with Ventilation Systems and Smoke Vents
Tensile Structures /Fabric Polycarbonate Façade

Roofing Systems
(Fig2:20) Delighting Systems [66]

Yale University Sculpture Building

Architect Kieran Timberlake Associates LLP, Philadelphia
Location New Haven, Connecticut, USA
Date 2007
Green Certification LEED Platinum Certified
Style/ Type Museum & Academic / contemporary architecture
Nanomaterials used Nanogel® aerogel
CO2 Emissions greenhouse gas reduction by ( energy saving - natural light)
Nanomaterial Solution:
High performance curtainwall that

combines glass and Kalwall® + Nanogel®
aerogel surrounds the 14ft high studios of the
Yale University Sculpture Building and Gallery
on the upper levels, and the shops and teaching
space on the first floor. To maintain a (Fig2:21) Yale University Building [67]
predominantly glazed envelope, without
compromising the building's high level of energy
performance, the architect installed a triple-
glazed curtain-wall of insulated glass and super
insulated R-20 [67]. [Fig 2.21]
Nanogel-insulated translucent panels:

This high performance curtainwall provides
significant reductions in both heat gain and loss
year round. The warm air trapped in the
curtainwall cavity is retained by the Nanogel
insulation and is either used internally in the
winter months or vented to the exterior during the (Fig2:22) Section diagram, Yale
warm months. This creates an effective thermal University Sculpture Building [67]
management barrier that increases energy
performance while simultaneously allows the
entire façade to admit natural light into the
interior, thereby reduces artificial lighting costs.
The building's transparent, lightweight façade
system transmits soft, glowing light through 8ft
operable windows, triple-glazed low-E vision
panels, and a translucent double-cavity spandrel
panel using Nanogel [68]. [Fig 2.22, 23]
The Nanogel makes up a translucent

panel, which achieves a remarkable level of
energy saving while providing indoor spaces with (Fig2:23) the exterior building [67]
natural light.

2.5.2. A. iv. Thin-film Insulation:

Thin films are thin material layers ranging from fractions of
a nanometre (monolayer) to several micrometers in thickness.
Electronic semiconductor devices and optical coatings are the
main applications benefiting from thin film construction [5] [Fig
2.24]
Insulating nanocoatings can also be applied as thin films to (Fig2:24) thin film sheets [5]
glass and fabrics. Masa Shade Curtains, for example, are fiber
sheets coated with a nanoscale
stainless steel film. Thanks to
stainless steels ability to absorb
infrared rays, these curtains are able
to block out sunlight, lower room
temperatures in summer by 2-3º C
more than conventional products, (Fig2:25) Masa Shade [4]
Curtains reduce room temperatures
and air conditioning
and reduce electrical expenses for air
conditioning, according to manufacturer claims [4] [Fig 2.25]
Window Film: Heat absorbing films

can be applied to windows as well. Windows
manufactured by Vanceva incorporate a
nanofilm “interlayer” which, according to the
company, offers cost effective control of heat
and energy loads in building and solar
performance superior to that of previously (Fig2:26) nanofilm control of heat and energy
[69]
available laminating systems. By selectively loads in building
reducing the transmittance of solar energy relative to visible light, they say, these solar
performance interlayer's result in savings in the capital cost of energy control equipment as
well as operating costs of climate control equipment. Benefits include the ability to block
solar heat and up to 99 % of UV rays while allowing visible light to pass through [69]. [Fig
2.26]
Performance Results:
Visible Light Transmitted 61% Total Solar Energy Rejected 52%— On Angle 61%
Infrared Rejected 97% Visible Light Reflected Int. 8%
Visible Light Reflected Ext. 8% UV Rejected 99.9%
Glare Reduction 31% Luminous Efficacy 1.11

2.5.1. B. Coatings: [5], [6]

Coatings are an area of significant research in nanotechnology and its work is being
carried out on concrete and glass as well as steel. Much of the work involves Chemical
Vapor Deposition (CVD), Dip, Spray and Plasma Coating in order to produce a layer
which is bound to the base material to produce a surface of the desired protective or
functional properties. One of the goals is the endowment of self healing capabilities
through a process of “self-assembly”
Coatings are thin coverings that are deposited on a base material to enhance its
surface characteristics or appearance. This broad definition includes coatings used to
improve durability or wearing characteristics, provide corrosion resistance, or otherwise
protect the base material. They might also be used for change adhesion qualities, color,
reflective qualities, or a host of other reasons. Typical coating forms [5]. [Fig 2.27]
(Fig 2:27) Typical

Nanocoating
forms [5]
Insulating nanoparticles can achieve a wide variety of other performance

characteristics, including: [Fig 2.30]
1. Self-cleaning (photocatalytic): surfaces have become a reality thanks to

photocatalytic coatings containing titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles. These
nanoparticles initiate photocatalysis, a process by which dirt is broken down by exposure
to the sun’s ultraviolet rays and washed away by rain. VOCs are oxidized into carbon
dioxide and water. Today’s self-cleaning surfaces are made by applying a Thin
nanocoating film, painting a nanocoating on, or integrating nanoparticles into the surface
layer of a substrate material [5]. [Fig 2.28]
(Fig 2:28b) Thin titanium dioxide coatings exhibit

photocatalytic and hydrophilic action. When the coatings
are subjected to ultraviolet light, the photocatalysis
(Fig 2:28a) Photocatalysis can aid in self- process oxidizes foreign particles and decomposes them.
cleaning and antibacterial activity and in When the coatings are subjected to washing or rain, the
[5]
the reduction of pollutants in the air hydrophilic action then causes dirt particles to be carried
[5]
away

2. Self-cleaning "Lotus-Effect": Self-cleaning surfaces were

investigated back in the 1970s by the botanist Wilhelm
Barthlott, who researched at the University of Heidelberg.
He examined a self-cleaning effect that can be observed not
only in oriental Lotus leaves but also in the European
Nasturtium, the American Cabbage or South African Myrtle
Spurge. [Fig 2.29]
Common to them all is that they exhibit a
microscopically rough water-repellent (hydrophobic)
surface, which is covered with tiny knobbles or spikes so
that there is little contact surface for water to settle on. (Fig 2:29a) The Lotus plant
with its natural self-cleaning
Artificial ―lotus surfaces, created with the help of

nanotechnology, The Lotus-Effect is most well suited for
surfaces that are regularly exposed to sufficient quantities of
water, e.g. rainwater. The Lotus- Effect drastically reduces
the cleaning requirement and surfaces that are regularly
exposed to water remain clean. The advantages are self-
evident: a cleaner appearance and considerably reduced
maintenance demands [6].
(Fig 2:29b) principle of the
[6]
Lotus-Effect works
Muhammad Ali Center MAC (USA)

Commercial building (Croatia)
1. The clean white cube with its subtle play of natural 2. Its facade. Ceramic tiles with different
light is transformed into a colorfully illuminated eye- color glazing are arranged on a 30 X 60
catcher. The intensity of the pure white surfaces is cm grid according to a particular pattern.
protected against dirt with the help of a Lotus-Effect The tiles are equipped with a
facade coating. Dirt simply washes off the rough photocatalytic self-cleaning surface
surface together with the rain. The self-cleaning coating. Investigations have shown that
function should persist for at least five years without l, 000 m2 of photocatalytic facade has
the equivalent effect of 70 medium-sized
needing to be renewed [6].
deciduous trees [6].

4. The effect of anti-

fingerprint coating on this
sheet of stainless steel is
(Courtesy of Degussa)
clearly evident.
3. The flexible ceramic-coated
surfaces shown here provide 3. A comparison of ceramic
hydrophobic action that results surfaces – left without ETC
from very smooth surfaces (unlike coating, right with easy to clean
Lotus Effect surfaces) that are coating. Flexible ETC ceramic
resistant to dirt buildup, wall coverings, similar to
moisture and very easy to keep wallpapers, can withstand direct
clean by simple washing. exposure to water, such as that in
a shower cubicle thanks to their
highly water-repellent surface.
7.Historic monuments such
as the Brandenburg Gate in
Berlin are protected with
an anti graffiti coating.
5. This fabric membrane structure

at the Hyatt Regency in Osaka
uses a photocatalytic clear coat 8. Nissan uses a nano-
based on titanium dioxide, which based anti-scratch coating
helps prevent the buildup of on recent automobile
organic particles that host stain- bodies. (Nissan.)
6. Mirrors with anti-fogging
causing bacteria. An anti-
coating do not steam up. Due to
staining action is thus present.
nanotechnology a permanently
(Tayo Kogyo.)
clear view is now possible
without the use of electricity. The
solution is an ultra-thin coating of
nanoscalar TiO2, which exhibits
a high surface energy and
therefore greater moisture
9. A Photovoltaic module with attraction.
and without anti-reflective (AR)
(Fig 2:30) types of nanoparticle
solar glass coating. [6]
coatings
1. Self-cleaning (lotus effect) 11. The metal furniture
2. Self-cleaning (photocatalytic) shown is for use in special
3. Easy to clean coating hygienic environments.
4. Anti-fingerprint. Metal components are
5. Anti-staining coating coated with a silver-
6. Anti-fogging coating bearing antibacterial
7. Anti graffiti coating powder coating. A ceramic
8. Anti-scratch coating carrier with positive silver
9. Anti-reflective coating ions is used. (Courtesy of
10. Photocatalytic air purification 10. UV Protection& air Kusch.)
and pollutant reduction and UV purification
Protection 11. Anti-bacterial

2.5.2. C. Lighting:
Lighting and appliances consume
approximately one third of the energy
used in building operation. Not only do
lighting fixtures consume electricity, but
most produce heat that can add to building
cooling costs. Incandescent lights, for
example, waste as much as 95 % of their
energy as heat. Fluorescent lights use less [4]
energy and produce less heat, but contain (Fig 2:31) Residential energy consumption
trace amounts of mercury [4]. [Fig 2.31]
The energy-saving potential in more efficient lighting is therefore tremendous.
2.5.2. C.i. Light-emitting diodes (LEDs):

A diode is a device made from two different
conducting materials that allows current to flow in only
one direction. When electricity is passed through the
diode, the atoms in one material are excited to a higher
energy level. This energy is released as the atoms transfer
electrons to the other material. During the release of
energy process, light is created. The color of the light from
the LED depends on what the diode is made from and how (Fig2:32) Parts of an LED [70]
it is configured [70]. [Fig 2.32]
Properties:
Efficiency: LEDs produce more light per watt than incandescent bulbs. Their efficiency is
not affected by shape and size.
Color: LEDs can emit light of an intended color without the use of the color filters that
traditional lighting methods require.
Size: LEDs can be very small (smaller than 2 mm2) and are easily populated onto printed
circuit boards.
On/Off time: LEDs light up very quickly
Cool light: In contrast to most light sources, LEDs radiate very little heat in the form of IR
that can cause damage to sensitive objects or fabrics.
Life time: LEDs can have a relatively long useful life. One
report estimates 35,000 to 50,000 hours of useful life, though
time to complete failure may be longer [70].
NanoLEDs:
Nanomaterials already have wide use in relation to light, and
future uses are seemingly imagined every day in a broad spectrum of
application areas. (Fig2:33) Nanowires of
indium phosphide (InP)
Chromogenic materials are also expected to have improved [71]
performances through the use of nanomaterials. Chromogenic
materials change their optical properties when subjected to a change in their surrounding energy
stimuli. Various kinds of Nanophosphors are already commonly used in many lighting devices and
LEDs [5].
Nanowires of indium phosphide (InP) are well suited for miniature light-emitting diodes
(LEDs) in the yellow and green color range. The LED is obtained by introducing a junction
between differently doped regions within a wire. NanoLEDs are promising for light-emitting
displays, integrated optics for communications purposes or light sources [71]. [Fig 2.33]
Light Tree: A Very Green Solution to Pedestrian Lighting

Architect Omar Ivan Huerta Cardoso
Location USA
Date 2011
Type paths and public venues
Nanomaterials used NanoLED and Nano solar cell
ultra-bright light with little emission heat- reduce electricity consumption
CO2 Emissions
and greenhouse gas emissions –save and generate energy
Nanomaterial Solution:
A brilliant solution that combines public art, pedestrian

scale lighting and greenery that beautifies parks, paths and
public venues the Light Tree, designed by Omar Ivan Huerta
Cardoso uses hydroponic techniques with NanoLED and
Nanosolar cell technology.
The Light Tree is constructed of plastic and is filled

with water. The light is generated by several ultra-bright
LEDs located at the base of the fixture. The light is conducted
through water that fills the interior of the structure. The water
also feeds the seeds or saplings planted at the top of each of
the branches. These saplings can either be allowed to grow to
a specific size, or they can be removed, transplanted and
(Fig2:34) Light Tree [72]
replaced with new plants [72]. [Fig 2.34, 35]
The Light Tree “uses a Highly-Efficient 3-

Dimensional Nanotube Solar Cell for Visible and UV
Light,” which enables light absorption from visible and
ultraviolet light and double the efficiency of light to energy
conversion. This solar panel is located at the base of the
Light Tree but is
designed to work
in shady or cloudy
conditions.
[Fig 2.36]
(Fig2:36) Solar panel is located at the base of Tree

[72]
(Fig2:35) Dimensions Light [72]
Tree
Lighthouse Tower
Architect Mikou Design studio
Location Brazilian city of Rio de Janeiro
Date 2011
Type paths and public venues
Nanomaterials used NanoLED.
CO2 Emissions Illuminated with bright light with little emission heat -save energy
Nanomaterial Solution :
Infusing new life to conventional lighthouses,
installed to mark dangerous coastlines, hazardous
shoals and reefs in and around the sea, Mikou Design
Studio has planned a tower to build in the Brazilian
city of Rio de Janeiro. Entitled the “Lighthouse
Tower,” the mammoth structure is rooted on the island
of Cotunduba and makes an arched gateway to the
capital city. Accessed through a large jetty from the
sea, the modern lighthouse provides enough space for
a number of observation points, an auditorium,
skywalk, bungee jump platform and climbing tower,
together with a gyro drop, cafeteria, souvenir store,
urban balconies and multi-usage space. Illuminated (Fig2:37) Lighthouse Tower [73]
with bright (possibly NanoLED) lights, the tower
does not only look good at night but also provides a
mesmerizing view of the “samba” city [73]. [Fig 2.37]
The Lighthouse Tower when illuminated at

night does not only excite senses, but also provides an
awesome view of the sun-kissed city of Rio! [Fig 2.38,
39]
(Fig2:38) NanoLED Light at night [73]
(Fig2:39) multi-usage space in tower [73]

2.5.2.C.iv. Organic Light-emitting diodes (OLEDs):
OLED, is a light-emitting diode (LED)

whose emissive electroluminescent layer is
composed of a film of organic compounds. This
layer of organic semiconductor material is formed
between two electrodes, where at least one of the
electrodes is transparent.
OLED efficiency depends on both, the

materials and the device structure to increasing light
emission and OLED lifetime [74]. [Fig 2.40] (Fig2:40) (OLEDs) are highly efficient,
long-lived natural light sources that can
Properties: be integrated into extremely thin, flexible
panels [74]
- (OLEDs) are efficient light sources with new
exciting features. OLEDs can cover large areas.
They are extremely thin and can be made on
substrates of virtually any shape. [Fig 2.41]
-This high level of flexibility in terms of design and

application makes them highly appealing for
lighting designers, manufacturers and consumers.
[Fig 2.42]
(Fig2:41) Demonstration of a flexible
OLED device and color [74]
-A multitude of colors is available and the quality of
the emitted light is high. The spectrum can be
tailored such that it resembles the daylight spectrum.
Case study on OLEDs:
Large-area OLEDs are a novel kind of light

source, which offer a large variety of design options.
This does not only flourish free design parameters
such as shape, size and emission color, but also
makes it possible for technology to enforce
parameters such as off-state appearance and shunt (Fig2:42) Basic geometric shapes [75]
line structures. However, little is known about the
acceptance of the potential end-users concerning these features. Which OLED tile shape is
preferred and which color temperature [75]. [Fig 2.43]
(Fig2:43) Office room model for aesthetical perception case study with ceiling consisting of square (left),
[75]
hexagonal (middle), and ornamental-type OLED tiles

2.5.2.C.iiv. Quantum dot LEDs (experimental):

Quantum dots are nanoscale semiconductor particles
that can be tuned to brightly fluoresce at virtually any
wavelength in the visible and infrared portions of the
spectrum. They can be used to convert the wavelength, and
therefore the color of light emitted by LEDs [4].
Quantum dots offer great potential in the form of
QLEDs which are made out of networks of quantum dots and
can also build on, yet dramatically improve, existing LED
technologies. Quantum dots are essentially nanometer-size (Fig2:44) nanocrystal-based
crystals of semiconductor materials (e.g., silicon or multicolor light -emitting
germanium) for which the electronic properties are strongly diode. Semi-conductor
nanocrystals are in corp-
dependent on there. The potential advantages are many. orated into a p-n junction
Efficiencies are potentially extremely high. Better control of formed from semi-
the emitted light is possible, as are improvements in the form conducting GaN injection
[5]
layers
factor characteristics so important to designers [5]. [Fig 2.44]
2.5.2. D. Solar energy:

The sun offers a free, renewable source of energy capable of meeting all our energy needs .
[4]
. . if an efficient, economical means of converting solar to electrical energy can be found
Silicon Solar Cells
In silicon solar cells today, 40% of the cost is materials, and the best studies I’ve
seen say that in 5 years that will be reduced to 30%. When you’re looking at thin-film
solar using nanotechnology, the cost of goods might be 1% or
1.5% [4].
Thin-film Solar Nanotechnologies
-Nanotechnology is leading to advances in silicon-based

photovoltaics, and new nanocrystalline materials, thin-film
materials, and conducting polymeric films [76]. [Fig 2.45]
- It is estimated that thin film producer Nanosolar's cells (Fig2:45) "Thin-film solar"
are 6.7% efficient. At that level, just a 3.3% increase in sheet [76]
efficiency to 10% would allow each cell to capture 50%

more energy, reducing the price per watt by 33% [76].
-Organic thin-film, or plastic solar cells, use low-cost materials

primarily based on nanoparticles and polymers.
The other dramatic advantage of organic thin films
is their flexibility, which will enable their integration into far
more building applications than conventional flat glass panels. (Fig2:46) Organic Thin-
film [4]
This will open new architectural possibilities and overcome the
aesthetic concerns some architects hold against rigid flat panels, which
[4]
can hardly be integrated into building facades . [Fig 2.46]
-Other nanotech advances include spray-on polymer-based solar

collecting paint in development at Wake Forest University. "You just
paint it on," said Professor David Carroll of the new nano-phase
material with an efficiency of 6%, double that of similar cells [4]. [Fig (Fig2:47) Making solar
[4]
2.47] smaller and stronger
2.5.2. D. i. The Nanosolar Utility Panel: [77]
The Nanosolar Utility Panel™ is the industry’s first solar electricity panel
specifically designed and developed for utility-scale system deployment.
Reducing Balance-of-System Cost
Compared to conventional thin-film panels, these Nanosolar Utility Panel

features and benefits have the following cost advantages: [Fig 2.48]
(Fig2:48) The Nanosolar Utility Panel stretches performance characteristics along several
key dimensions relative to conventional thin panels [77]
Case study In Germany, where trained teams of installers mounted 18

2.5.2. D. ii.
square meters (1800W) each of conventional thin film panels and Nanosolar panels. The
Nanosolar Utility Panel required 30% less mounting time and 85% less cabling time. And
resulting in significant savings in labor time [77]
(Fig2:49) Wide-span mounting
drives BoS cost savings on
mounting materials. The arrow
above indicates the freespan
distance that a panel must sustain
mechanically (with snow loads up to
5400Pa) when installed in a typical
rail-mount configuration. The larger
the mounting span, the fewer rails
are necessary [77]
.
Two example 2.66

MW systems; one designed
with the Nanosolar Utility
Panel, and one employing a
conventional thin film
panel. Field dimensions are
300m x 230m. DC Cabling
is represented by orange
lines. Panel string length is
64m for Nanosolar and
12m for conventional thin
film. The system designed
(Fig2:39) Two example 2.66MW systems
with conventional thin film
[77]
panels requires 17 home runs (Fig2:50) Two example 2.66MW systems
while the Nanosolar Utility Panel system design requires only 4 home runs. The Nanosolar
Utility Panel installation utilizes 73% less DC cabling than the conventional thin film
installation [77] [Fig 2.49, 50]
"The Nanosolar Utility Panel is fast and inexpensive to install with unique and
efficient installation technology. With 50% fewer people, it is possible to install the same
area of Nanosolar panels in one day as conventional thin film solar panels,” [77].
2.5.2. E. Energy storage:
Improved energy storage can reduce our dependence on fossil fuels, lowering
carbon dioxide emissions from energy production nanotechnology for energy savings
will play a much greater role in future markets than
nanotech for energy storage.
Nanotechnology’s possible contributions to the
future of energy storage include improved efficiency for
conventional rechargeable batteries, new
supercapacitors, and advances in thermovoltaics for
turning waste heat into electricity, improved materials
for storing hydrogen, and more efficient hydrocarbon
based fuel cells. Altairnano is one of the most (Fig2:51) small yet powerful
established companies using nanotechnology to develop batteries the Smart Nanobattery[4]has
new batteries, is bringing to market its Smart survived forces up to 50,000 Gs
Nanobattery; it is a new battery made out of paper
impregnated with carbon nanotubes [4]. [Fig 2. 51]

Utopia One tower

Architect cesar bobonis-zequeira, ivan perez-rossello & teresita del valle
Location zaabeel park-U.A.E
Date proposal
Type/ style Proposal skyscraper/ Contemporary
Nanomaterials used Nano cell thin film
CO2 Emissions Strategy is to reach zero emission.
Design:
Utopia one is an elevated tower that
does not just present a unique design but also
uses the similar materials employed in a smooth
sculptural, erected earlier in the park. [fig.3.52]
The tower and its elements are
composed of materials that resemble a smooth
sculptural piece that are integrated into the [47]
(Fig2:52) The thin solar cell
park. Form creates a courtyard intended for
gatherings and general leisure. Conceptually,
the structure reacts to the gravitational forces
that act upon it and gives the allusion of
hovering above the ground. [fig.3.53]
The tower grows from the base element
becoming an extension of the sculpture giving
way to the observation deck. The elevator is
constructed of glass all around and encased (Fig2:53) Interior view [47]
inside a shaft with a glass exterior to permit
views to the outside as one rises. [47]
Nanomaterial Solution :
Nano-cell technology will be integrated
to the exterior skin of the building, providing a
portion of the energy to run the elevator
systems, HVACs systems and electrical systems. (Fig2:54) Site plan
[47]
Nanocell technology is a thin photovoltaic film

bonded to metal surfaces. Heat sensitive glass reacts
to the sun position and controls the heat gain in the
glassed surfaces. Water management features will
reuse grey water for irrigation and provide water for
the HVACs systems. [47] [fig.3.54, 55]
[47] [47]
(Fig2:56) Solar cell used in the base (Fig2:55) The Utopia One tower

2.5.2. F. Air purification:
Americans spend up to 90 % of their time indoors, and in 90 % of U.S. offices

the number one complaint is lack of outdoor air. The EPA estimates that poor indoor
air quality results in $60 billion per year in medical expenses. But indoor air quality can
be improved by using materials that emit few or no toxins and volatile organic compounds
(VOCs), resist moisture thereby inhibiting the growth of biological like mold, and adding
systems, equipment and products that identify indoor air pollutants or enhance air quality
Though not able to completely purify air, the use of nanomaterials makes it possible to
improve the quality of air. It enables unpleasant odors and pollutants to be eradicated [4].
2.5.2. F .i. Indoorair quality:

Nanotechnology is contributing to indoor air quality
on all of these fronts. Samsung Electronics, for example,
has launched its new Nano e-HEPA (for electric High
Efficiency Particulate Arrest) filtration system. The
system sifts the air to filter particles, eliminates undesirable
odors, and kills airborne health threats. It uses a metal dust
filter that has been coated with 8-nanometer silver
(Fig2:57) The nanofilter array [79]
particles. The Kitasato research center of environmental
sciences in Japan found the nanofilter killed 99.7 % of influenza viruses. Up to 98 % of
odors were eliminated, and another nanofilter eliminated all noxious VOC fumes from
paint, varnishes and adhesives [4] [Fig 2.57]
Nano-Confined Catalytic Oxidation (NCCO):
Technology is developed by the member of

Entrepreneurship Center of the Hong Kong University
of Science and Technology. NCCO technology is
considered as the safest air purifying solution with
excellent efficiency. It can remove pollutants such as
(Fig2:58) NCCO Air Sterilizing and
allergen, virus, bacteria and TVOC without releasing Deodorizing System [79]
any oxidant in the air [79]. [Fig 2.58, 59]
Principle of NCCO
-Pre-filter screens the pollutants up to 0.3

micro meters
-Oxidants with pollutants will be enter the

nanopores of the nanofilter
-Pollutants will be and decomposed oxidized

into non-harmful substances, such as water and (Fig2:59) Air quality improvement project in
Odor Reduction at the Kowloon Tong Station
carbon dioxide [79]. [Fig 2. 60]
Public Toilets - NCCO Air Purifier [79]

(Fig2:60) NCCO Air Sterilizing and Deodorizing System is composed by 5 components [79]
2.5.2 .F .ii. Outdoor Air Purification:
As with indoor air environments, outdoor air purification

applications are only a supporting measure for tackling
symptoms and are an adequate means of reducing existing
pollution.
They do not eradicate the cause of pollution but can be
used to reduce smog and improve the outdoor air quality. The
question is whether a noticeable difference to the quality of air
can be made with the use of air-purifying surfaces, and how
significant this effect actually is. With regard to reducing air (Fig2:61) Concrete paving
panels with photocatalytic
pollutants, greater attention should be given to avoiding their Properties used as a design
emission in the first place [6] [Fig 2. 61] element in a car [6]
park.
.
Paving for Leien Boulevard, Antwerp (48.000m2)
A decorative paving tile was developed for central

Antwerp with a multi angular form whose shape is derived from
Moorish patterns. The paving element, which wasn't realized for
this project, is equipped with further functionality: with the help
of sunlight and oxidative catalysis, it is able to convert
environmental pollutants such as NO into inert nitric acid ions.
In this way, large areas of the urban realm have the
potential to be used to reduce pollution levels in inner cities. As
such the paving tiles represent an exemplary combination of
decoration and function [6] [Fig 2. 62] (Fig2:62) air-purifying
[6]
paving tiles

2.5.2. G. Water purification:
Water is the source of all life on Earth,

and yet 1.3 billion people do not have access
to safe drinking water. Furthermore, water is
implicated in 80 % of all sickness and disease
according to the World Health Organization.
And less than 1 % of the world’s drinking water
(Fig2:63) global water supply, Less than 1% of the
is actually fit for drinking [4]. [Fig 2.63] world’s water is readily available freshwater
[4]
Water must be purified in order to remove

harmful materials and make it suitable for human
uses.
Contaminants can include metals like

cadmium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, zinc,
chromium and aluminum; nutrients including
phosphate, ammonium, nitrate, nitrite,
phosphorus and nitrogen; and biological elements
such as bacteria, viruses, parasites and biological
agents from weapons. UV light is an effective
purifier, but is energy intensive, and application in
large-scale systems is sometimes considered cost
prohibitive. Chlorine, also commonly used in water
purification, is undesirable because it is one of the
world’s most energy-intensive industrial processes,
consuming about 1 % of the world’s total electricity
output in its production [4]. (Fig2:64) Technology use titanium
nanoparticles to create an enviro-
Researchers at Queensland University of nmentally-friendly water purification
System with twice the efficiency of
Technology, for example, have developed a novel current materials
[4]
form of titanium nanoparticles and a process for

fabrication of an environmentally-friendly product that purifies water. They say their
innovative photocatalyst has twice the efficiency of current materials and is an ideal
platform technology to complement existing product portfolios [4]. [Fig 2.64]
2.5.2. H. Structural materials: [5]
Nanotechnology promises significant improvements in structural materials in two

ways. First, nano-reinforcement of existing materials like concrete and steel will lead to
nanocomposites (materials produced by adding nanoparticles to a bulk material in order
to improve the bulk material’s properties). Eventually, when cost and technical know-how
permit, we will see structures made from altogether new materials like carbon nanotubes.

2.5.2.H.i Concrete:
Nanotechnology is leading to new cements,
concretes, admixtures (concrete performance-
enhancing additives,) low energy cements,
nanocomposites, and improved particle packing.
The addition of nanoparticles, for example, can
improve concrete’s durability through physical
and chemical interactions such as pour filling [4].
Novacem is trying to eliminate emissions
from the production of concrete with cement that
absorbs more carbon dioxide than is released
during its manufacture. By adding water to
magnesium compounds, without any Portland
cement in the mix, they have been able to create (Fig 2:65) a greener Cement for Concrete
[82]
solid-setting cement that doesn’t rely on carbon-

rich limestone [82]. [Fig 2.65]
The production process to make 1 ton of

Novacem cement absorbs up to 100 kg more CO2
than it emits, making it, on balance, a carbon
negative product. Additionally, as the cement
hardens, atmospheric carbon dioxide react with the
magnesium to make carbonates that strengthen the
cement while trapping the gas. Novacem is now
refining the formula so that the product’s mechanical
performance will equal that of Portland cement [83].
Experimentation is also underway on self-

healing concrete. When self-healing concrete
cracks, embedded microcapsules rupture and release [83]
a healing agent into the damaged region through (Fig 2:66) Self-healing concrete
capillary action. The released healing agent contacts an embedded catalyst, polymerizing to
bond the crack face closed. In fracture tests, self healed composites recovered as much as
75 % of their original strength. They could increase the life of structural components by
as much as two or three times [4]. [Fig 2.66]
Jubilee Church
Architect Richard Meier & Partners, New York, NY, USA
Location Rome, Italy
Date 2003
Type/ style Contemporary
Nanomaterials used photocatalytic cement,

Three giant sails reaching up to 36m into the

sky give this church and community centre its
unmistakable appearance. Made of prefabricated
high-density concrete, their white color is achieved
by adding Carrara marble and TiO2 to the mixture.
The photocatalytic self-cleaning additive

enables the architect to achieve his trademark white
coloring in an urban environment that is heavily
polluted by car exhaust gases.
The building not only remains clean, the large
surface area of the sails also helps combat pollution
by reducing the amount of volatile organic
compounds (VOCs) and nitrogen oxide in the air
considerably. [Fig 2.67]
When the titanium dioxide absorbs (Fig 2:67) Jubilee Church, Richard [6]
ultraviolet light, it becomes powerfully reactive,
breaking down pollutants that come in contact with the concrete. It is particularly good at
attacking the noxious gases that come out of a cars exhaust pipe [6].
2.5.2. H. ii Steel:
The introduction of new materials with
improved technical properties has also led to
innovative new designs like phase of steel to a nano-
size has produced stronger cables. High strength steel
cables, as well as being used in car tires, are used in
bridge construction and in pre-cast concrete
tensioning and a stronger cable material would reduce
the costs and period of construction, especially in
suspension bridges as the cables are run from end to
(Fig 2:68) The introduction of materials
end of the span. Sustainability is also enhanced by the such as steel that can carry bending
use of higher cable strength as this leads to a more stresses involving both tension and
compressive stresses has allowed
efficient use of materials [58]. [Fig 2.68] [5]
designers to explore new shapes
2.5.2. H. iii Wood:

Wood is the most-used construction material in the United States. Over 1.7 million
housing units were constructed of wood in the U.S. in 2004 alone. Wood frame
construction is relatively inexpensive, easy to build with, and flexible in its structural and
stylistic applications. Wood is attractive from an environmental standpoint because it is
renewable and can be readily recycled and reused.
Nanotechnology promises to improve the structural performance. Experts foresee
nanotechnology as “a cornerstone for advancing the biomass-based renewable, sustainable
economy.” Nanocatalysts that induce chemical reactions and make wood even more

multifunctional than it is today, nanosensors identify mold, decay, and termites, quantum
dot fiber tagging, natural nanoparticle pesticides and repellents, self-cleaning wood
surfaces, and photocatalytic degradation of pollutants are all envisioned by today’s wood
engineers.
Wood/plastic composites are another intriguing possibility raised by
nanotechnology. Rakesh Gupta, PhD, a professor of chemical engineering at West Virginia
University, is using carbon nanofibers and nano clays to improve stiffness and other
mechanical properties in wood/plastic composites. His goal is to produce a less-toxic
alternative to traditional treated lumber as a construction material [4].
Private residence (Erlenbach, Switzerland)

Architect Kalin
Location Switzerland
Date 2005
Nanomaterials used Samicolor NanoBois nature, hydrophobic wood treatment
The house is located on a site

overlooking Lake Zurich and with a
view over to the Alps. The sculptural
and minimalist character of the house is
emphasized by the enclosure of the shell
in a delicate envelope of vertically
slatted larch wood. The slender slats
show particularly well around the
perimeter of the loggias. To protect the (Fig 2:69) NanoBois nature, hydrophobic wood
[6]
treatment
wood against weathering and to slow its
gradual grey discoloration, the wood has
been given a hydrophobic treatment.
Rather than sealing the wood with a
varnish- like film, the wood is
impregnated transparently allowing it to
breathe. The high-tech hydrophobic
coating does not obscure the natural
grain of the wood [6]. [Fig 2.69, 70]
[6]
(Fig 2:70) vertically slatted larch wood

2.5.2. H. iv New structural materials: (carbon nanotube – Graphene)
While the introduction of

nanomaterials into building structural
components has begun with the reinforcement
of conventional materials like wood, concrete
and steel, breakthrough materials made
primarily from nanomaterials are changing
smaller-scale products like sporting
equipment and will eventually scale up to
impact the building industry. Nanotubes,
nanofibers and nanosheets of carbon and
[4]
similar materials may eventually form the (Fig 2:71) Carbon nanotube sheets
structural skeletons of new buildings [4]. [Fig 2.71]
Researchers at the University of Texas at Dallas

together with an Australian colleague have produced
transparent carbon nanotube sheets that are stronger
than the same weight steel sheets. These can be made
so thin that a square kilometer nanotube sheet would
weigh only 30 kilograms. The prospect of transparent (Fig 2:72) New structural possi-
[4]
sheet materials stronger than steel not only holds bilities with carbon nanotubes
tremendous energy-saving potential, it promises to
dramatically transform conventional assumptions about
the relationship between building structure and skin.
Could, for example, a super-thin nanotube sheet serve
as both skin and structure, eliminating the need for
conventional structural systems altogether [4]. [Fig 2.72]
Three new studies from Rensselaer Polytechnic

Institute (RPI) and Beijing University researchers
illustrate why graphene should be the nanomaterial of
choice to strengthen materials used in everything from
(Fig 2:73) Graphene Outper-forms
wind turbines to aircraft wings. [82]
Nanotubes
Composites infused with graphene are stronger, stiffer, and less prone to failure
than composites infused with carbon nanotubes or other nanoparticles, according to the
studies. This means graphene, an atom-thick sheet of carbon atoms arranged like a
nanoscale chain-link fence, could be a key enabler in the development of next-
generation nanocomposite materials [82]. [Fig 2.73]
A carbon nanotube 10 times lighter than steel but 250 times stronger
Graphene Outperforms Nanotubes for Stronger, Crack-Resistant Materials [82]

A researcher at Case Western University recently

developed a wind turbine blade that is lighter and
stronger than conventional prototypes. Increasing the
size of wind turbines in order to increase their energy
capacity has been difficult, since the parts become too
heavy and prone to damage when enlarged. Now Case
Western has created a new composite material made
from a polyurethane base reinforced with carbon
nanotubes that is lighter and eight times tougher than
the material currently used to create wind turbine blades
New Carbon Nanotube Wind Turbine Blade is

Lighter, Stronger, More Efficient [4]. [Fig 2.74]
(Fig 2:74) New Carbon Nanotube
[4]
Wind Turbine Blade
2.5.2.I. Non-structural materials:
2.5.2. I. i. Glass:
Reducing heat loss and heat gain through windows is critical to reducing energy
consumption in buildings. Energy lost through residential and commercial windows costs
U.S. consumers about $25 billion a year. Nanotechnology is reducing heat loss and heat
gain through glazing thanks to thin-film coatings and thermochromic, photochromic and
electrochromic technologies [4].
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is used in nanoparticle form to coat glazing since it has
sterilizing and anti-fouling properties, breakdown organic pollutants, volatile organic
compounds and bacterial membranes…... As noted (p 63)
Fire-protective glass is another application of nanotechnology. This is achieved

by using a clear intumescent layer sandwiched between glass panels (an interlayer) formed
of fumed silica (SiO2) nanoparticles which turns into a rigid and opaque fire shield when
heated [5].
Most of glass in construction is, of course, on the exterior surface of buildings and
the control of light and heat entering through building glazing is a major sustainability
issue. Research into nanotechnological solutions to this centers around four different
strategies to block light and heat coming in through windows:
1. Thin film coatings are being developed which are spectrally sensitive surface
applications for window glass. These have the potential to filter out unwanted infrared
frequencies of light (which heat up a room) and reduce the heat gain in buildings (passive
solution)

2. Thermochromic technologies are being

studied which react to temperature and provide
thermal insulation to give protection from heating
whilst maintaining adequate lighting. (Active
solution)
3. That produces a similar outcome by a
different process, involves photochromic
technologies which are being studied to react to
changes in light intensity by increasing
absorption.
4. Electrochromic coatings are being
developed to react to changes in applied voltage
by using a tungsten oxide layer; there by
becoming more opaque at the touch of a
button reducing undesirable effects such as
fading, glare, and excessive heat without losing (Fig 2:75) From transparent to tinted with
views and connection to the outdoors [5]. [Fig 2.75] the flip of a switch
[5]
"Sur Falveng" housing for elderly people

Architect Dietrich Schwarz
Location Switzerland
Date 2009
Nanomaterials used 148m2 GlassXcrystal glazing
An
experienced architect,
who is also a
scientist, developed a
latent heat storing
glass, which was
followed soon after
by the founding of a [6]
(Fig 2:76) All flats have large expanses of south-facing glazing
start-up company
under the name GlassX AG. Among the projects realized using this
glass, is a building with 20 disabled-access sheltered flats in the
Swiss Alps. All flats have large expanses of south-facing glazing
and, depending on the season, the flats are heated actively or from
passive solar gain. The central of three cavities of an 8 cm thick
composite glass element contains a salt hydrate fill material that
functions as a latent heat store for solar heat and protects the rooms
from overheating. The latent heat store has a thermal absorption
capacity equivalent to a 15 cm thick concrete wall. The glass panel is (Fig 2:77) Interior
[6]
transparent when the fill material has melted and milky-white when view
frozen. The material's change of state is therefore immediately reflected in the building's
appearance - function and aesthetics are inseparably connected. The buffer function of the
latent heat store enables the indoor temperature to be regulated mostly passively,
resulting in significant energy savings for heating (and cooling) [6]. [Fig 2.76, 77]
2.5.1. I. ii. Drywall

The average new American home contains more
than 7 metric tons of gypsum, making gypsum one of the
most prevalent materials in construction today. North
America alone produces 40 billion square feet of
gypsum board (drywall) per year. But drywall raises
many environmental issues. Panels must be dried at
260° C (500º F), making their processing energy
consumption a concern. Drywall also consumes 100
million metric tons of calcium sulphate, a non-
renewable resource, per year.
(Fig 2:78) micrograph of nano-
Nano-gypsum could reduce environmental gypsum, while (lower right) shows
[4]
impacts and improve performance. a pressed nano-gypsum pill
[6]
(Fig 2:76) All flats have large expanses of south-facing glazing
Nanotechnology shows promise in the manufacture of lighter yet stronger drywall.

ICBM, Innovative Construction and Building Materials, has developed a gypsum-
polymer replacement for gypsum that they say significantly improves strength-to weight
ratio and mold resistance. Laboratory experiments elsewhere on man-sized gypsum show
significant improvement in mechanical properties, including an up to three times higher
hardness of nano-gypsum as compared to conventional micron-sized gypsum [4]. [Fig 2.78]
2.6. The Future of Architecture with Nanotechnology.

:
Environmental Impact of Buildings
The advent of the Nano era in building could not have come at a better time, as the
building industry moves aggressively toward sustainability. Green building is one of the
most urgent environmental issues of our time. The energy services required by residential,
commercial, and industrial buildings are responsible for approximately 43 % of U.S.
carbon dioxide emissions. Worldwide, buildings consume between 30 and 40 % of the
world’s electricity. Waste from building construction accounts for 40 % of all landfill
material in the U.S., and sick building syndrome costs an estimated $60 billion in
healthcare costs annually. Deforestation, soil erosion, environmental pollution,
acidification, ozone depletion, fossil fuel depletion, global climate change, and human

health risks are all attributable in

some measure to building
construction and operation. Clearly,
buildings play a leading role in our
current environmental predicament.
[4]
. [Fig 2.79]
2.6.1. Nanotechnology effect:

(Fig 2:79) Buildings figure prominently in world energy
[4]
consumption, carbon emissions, and waste
Globally, nanotechnologies
are expected to reduce carbon emissions in three main
areas: [4]. [Fig 2.80]
1. Transportation.
2. Improved insulation in residential and commercial
buildings
3. Generation of renewable photovoltaic energy.
It is worth noting that the last two of these

three areas are centered in the building industry,
suggesting that building could in fact lead the
nanotechnology revolution.
Many nano-enhanced products and processes
now on the market can help create more sustainable,
energy-conserving buildings, providing materials
that reduce waste and toxic outputs as well as
dependence on non-renewable resources. Other
products still in development offer even more promise
for dramatically improving the environmental and
energy performance of buildings. Nano-enabled
advances for energy conservation in architecture
include new materials like carbon nanotubes and (Fig 2:80) Ranking of environm-
insulating nanocoatings, as well as new processes entally friendly nanotechnologies [4]
including photocatalysis. Nanomaterials can
improve the strength, durability, and versatility of structural and non-structural
materials, reduce material toxicity, and improve building insulation…. [4].
2.6.2. Forces Accelerating Nanotechnology Adoption at the Future in Architecture:
1. Increasing green building requirements

2. $4 billion per year in nanotechnology research and development worldwide
3. Proliferation of nanotechnology products and materials

4. Demonstrated environmental benefits of nanotechnology products and materials

5. Declining costs of nanotechnology products and materials [4].
2.6.3. Forces with Potential to Slow Adoption at the Future in Architecture:

1. Public rejection of nanotechnology
2. Construction industry resistance to innovation
3. Prolonged high cost of nanomaterials and nano-products [4].
2.6.4. Future Trends and Needs

The fulfillment of nanotechnology’s promise for building will require effort on the
part of both the nanotech community and the building industry. As it is in so many aspects
of life, communication will be the key. Further research is needed to bridge the gap
between nanotech potential and current construction practice. Research focusing on the
following areas will help overcome construction industry resistance to innovation and
public fears about nanotechnology [4].
2.6.4. A. Life cycle considerations:

1. Where did this material come from?
2. Is it renewable?
3. How much energy was used in mining/harvesting?
4. What effect on habitat?
5. How was it processed or fabricated?
6. How much energy was used in manufacture?
7. What were the environmental impacts of manufacture?
8. How did it arrive on-site?
9. How can it minimize construction waste?
2.6.4. B. Regulation:
Like any new technology, nanotechnology raises concerns. By virtue of their size,
for example, nanoparticles are more readily absorbed into the body than larger particles. In
addition, little is known about how they accumulate in the body or the environment.
Because of the large number of people employed in the construction industry,

workplace regulation of nanotech-based materials and processes could also become a
concern. The harmful side effects of carbon nanotube manufacturing, for example, have
been described in a new study. Researchers found cancer-causing compounds, air
pollutants, toxic hydrocarbons, and other substances of concern. They are now working
with four major U.S. nanotube producers to help develop strategies for more
environmentally friendly production. At present, however, the National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health only offers guidelines for workplace safety for workers in
contact with nanomaterials [4].

2.7. CONCLUSION
1. Nanotechnology promises to make insulation more efficient, less reliant on

nonrenewable resources and less toxic. Manufacturers estimate that insulating materials
derived from nanotechnology are roughly 30 % more efficient than conventional
materials.
Insulation can also be painted or sprayed on in the form of a coating. Like
fiberglass, cellulose, and polystyrene boards. The Nanogel makes up a translucent panel
75%, which achieves a remarkable level of energy savings while providing indoor spaces
with natural light [64].
2. OLED lighting is at least 5 times more efficient than conventional incandescent

lighting. Widespread adoption of OLED lighting could actually result in a decrease in
greenhouse gas emissions. Combined with sensors and ICT to implement 'smart-lighting',
OLED lighting can further reduce energy consumption and deliver the highest quality of
light [85].
3. In silicon solar cells today, 40% of the cost is materials, and the best studies I’ve seen
say that in 5 years that will be reduced to 30%. When you’re looking at thin-film solar
using nanotechnology, the cost of goods might be 1% or 1.5% [4].
4. Nanotechnology is contributing to indoor air quality on all of these fronts nanofilter

killed 99.7 % of influenza viruses. Up to 98 % of odors were eliminated, and another
nanofilter eliminated all noxious VOC fumes from paint, varnishes and adhesives [4].
5. A carbon nanotube 10 times lighter than steel but 250 times stronger, but Graphene
Outperforms Nanotubes for Stronger, Crack-Resistant Materials a super-thin nanotube sheet
serve as both skin and structure [82].
6. New materials and processes brought about by nanotechnology, for example, offer
tremendous potential for fighting global climate change. According to the report,
“Nanotechnologies for Sustainable Energy,” by Research and Markets, “Current
applications of nanotechnologies resulted in a global annual saving of 8,000 tons of
carbon dioxide in 2007, rising to over 1 million tons by 2014.” [61].

NanoArchitecture and
Sustainability
PART THREE
. Green Nanotechnology
. Green NanoArchitecture
. Sustainable NanoArchitecture
. Eco NanoArchitecture
. Bio NanoArchitecture
. Smart NanoArchitecture
. ZeroCarbon NanoArchitecture
S N A
PART THREE NanoArchitecture and Sustainability
3.1. Introduction
“It is not as though nanotechnology will be an option; it is going to be essential for

coming up with sustainable technologies.” advises Paul Anastas, director of the American
Chemical Society Green Chemistry Institute. The nanotech community appears ready to
meet Anatsas’ challenge, and the market for nano-based products and processes for
sustainability is expected to grow from $12 billion in 2006 to $37 billion by 2015.
The demand for greener buildings will not only be born out of the increasingly
desire to do the right thing for the environment, it will also be required by law and
corporate policy. Because the ability to meet accepted environmental performance
criteria like LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) offers a definable
measure of sustainability.
Most importantly, nanotechnology for green building can help to achieve goals
for reducing carbon emissions and the effects of global climate change. Building is a
logical point of focus in those efforts.
This Part combined with suggests that nanotechnology for green building will be
in great demand not only to meet municipal and corporate sustainability requirements
(LEED), but to increase national and international pressures to reduce carbon emissions
as well [4].
3.2. Green Nanotechnology (GNT)
3.2.1. Definition:
Green nanotechnology is the development of clean technologies, to minimize

potential environmental and human health risks associated with the manufacture and use of
nanotechnology products, and to encourage replacement of existing products with new
nano-products that are more environmentally friendly throughout their lifecycle [56].
3.2.2. Goals:
1. Producing nanomaterials and products without harming the environment or human

health
 Green Nanotechnology also means using nanotechnology to make current
manufacturing processes for non-nanomaterials and products more environmentally
friendly.
 For example, Nanoscale catalysts can make chemical reactions more efficient and less
wasteful and start using alternative energy systems which are made possible by
nanotechnology [56].
Keywords: NanoArchitecture, Sustainable Building at Nanotechnology age - 87 -
2. Producing nano-products that provide solutions to environmental problems
 Nanomaterials or products directly can clean hazardous waste sites, desalinate water,
treat pollutants
 Lightweight nanocomposites for transportation could save fuel and reduce materials
used for production
 Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) could reduce pollution from energy generation
 Self-cleaning nanoscale surface coatings could reduce or eliminate many cleaning
chemicals
 Enhanced battery life could lead to less material use and less waste [56].
3.3. Green NanoArchitecture (GNA)
GREEN NANOTECHNOLOGY + ARCHITECTURE = GREEN NANOARCHITECTURE
Green nanotechnology refers to the use of nanotechnology to enhance the

environmental, sustainability of processes currently producing negative externalities. It
also refers to the use of the products of nanotechnology to enhance sustainability. It is
about doing things right in the first place--about making green nano-products and using
nano-products in support of sustainability [4].
3.4. Sustainable NanoArchitecture (SNA)
Nanotechnology combines -ecology and economy- (sustainability Dimensions).
The use of nanotechnology offers ecological and

economic advantages for energy efficiency and the
conservation of resources. Technologies that help reduce
climate change are in demand more than ever before. In
future, ecology and the economy will become inseparably
connected, as preventive measures will be cheaper on the
long term than remedying the damage caused. Ecology
(Fig3.1) Ecology and economics
pays off and climate protection pays off - provided one is will become inseparably connected,
open to technological possibilities and the conditions of as preventative measures will prove
to be cheaper in the long term than
use they involve. [Fig 3.1] remedying the damage caused
[6]
Environmentally friendly production methods, energy efficiency, reduced

environmental pollution and the conservation of resources are chances which
nanotechnology offers. Ideally emphasis should be given to the overall eco-balance across
[6]
the entire life cycle of a product or building rather than one individual aspect .

Sustainability is essential. Buildings are often planned with 20-30 year cycles,
which can make it difficult to incorporate coatings with 2-3 years durability. There are,
however, some firms that provide a 10-year guarantee for their nanotechnology-based
products. Production processes can also be made more efficient and more cost-effective
with the help of nanotechnology, by reducing the amount of energy and raw materials
[6]
required to a minimum - either directly or indirectly .
3.4.1. Sustainability and Nanoarchitecture:
Nanotechnology revolution is bringing dramatic improvements in building

performance, energy efficiency, environmental sensing, and sustainability, leading the
way to greener buildings.
The nanotech and building sector have to get to know each other a lot better in
order to realize the dramatic benefits awaiting each of them. The nanotech community
needs to be explored. It should explain the enormous economic opportunities in Green
Building Design, Construction and Operation and demonstrate to Architects, Building
Owners, Contractors, Engineers and others in the $1 trillion per year global building
industry that nanotech is at this moment beginning to fulfill its promise of healthful
benefits for people and the environment [6].
3.4.1. A. Adaptability to Existing Buildings [4]
1. The market for nanomaterials in insulation for all industries is projected to reach
$590 million by 2014. We believe that the application of insulating nanocoatings to
existing buildings will be one of the greatest contributions of nanotechnology to the
reduction of carbon emissions worldwide in the 21st century.
ECOFYS estimates that adding thermal insulation to existing European buildings
could cut current building energy costs and carbon emissions by 42 % or 350 million
metric tons. But while insulation is the single most cost effective strategy for reducing
carbon emissions, existing buildings can be difficult to insulate with conventional materials
like rigid boards and fiberglass bats because wall cavities where the insulation needs to go
are inaccessible without partial demolition. Insulating nanocoatings could exceed the
insulating values of conventional materials through the much simpler application of an
invisible coating to the building envelope. Aerogels could also play a major role in
insulating existing structures. Further study is needed to determine the exact insulating
value of nanocoating products, but considering that half of the buildings that will be
standing at mid-century have already been built, the prospect of easily improving their
energy conservation capabilities is urgent [4].

2. The other great carbon emission reducer will likely be thin-film organic solar
technology enabled by nanotechnology. Thin-film solar cells can be produced on plastic
rolls, bringing dramatic price reductions over traditional glass plate technology. In
addition, flexible plastic solar cells are much more adaptable to building facades than rigid
glass plates, making building integrating photovoltaic more affordable and adaptable.
Nanosolar’s construction of a plant that will triple U.S. solar cell production shows that it
is nano-enabled solar energy’s time to shine now.
3. Energy savings from light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and organic light-emitting

diodes (OLEDs) will also be substantial, given their dramatically superior efficiency as
compared to conventional lighting. Wal–Mart’s projected $2.6 million energy cost
savings and 35 million pound carbon emission reductions by using LED refrigerated
display lighting show that these are also technologies whose time has come [4].
3.4.1. B. Reduced Processing Energy [4].
Because buildings typically use five times as much energy in their operation as in
all other phases of their life cycle. Energy saving strategies focus primarily on reducing
operating energy costs. However, nanotechnology is demonstrating considerable savings
during the manufacturing of building-related products as well. DuPont, for instance, has
licensed nanoparticle paint from Ecology Coatings that will reduce the energy used in
coating application by 25 % and materials costs by 75 %. The savings come because the
paint is cured using ultraviolet (UV) light at room temperature, rather than in the 204ºC
(400ºF) ovens required for conventional auto paint. The same technology could be applied
to factory-coated facade panels and surfaces for the building industry [4].
3.4.1. C. Nanosensors and Smart Environments [4].
While nanotechnology will bring dramatic

performance improvements to building materials,
its most dramatic impact may come in the area of
nanosensors. Nanosensors embedded in building
materials will gather data on the environment,
building users, and material performance, even
interacting with users and other sensors until
buildings become networks of intelligent,
interacting components.
Initially, building components will become

smarter, gathering data on temperature,
humidity, vibration, stress, decay and a host of
(Fig3.2) Smart environments integrate
other factors. This information will be invaluable nanosensors gather information from
[4]
in monitoring and improving building their environment and users

maintenance and safety. Dramatic improvements in energy conservation can be expected

as well, as, for instance, environmental control systems recognize patterns of building
occupancy and adjust heating and cooling accordingly. Similarly, windows are self-
adjusted to reflect or let pass solar radiation. Eventually, networks of embedded sensors
will interact with those worn or implanted in building users, resulting in “smart
environments” that self-adjust to individual needs and preferences. Everything from room
temperature to wall color could be determined based on invisible, passive correspondence
between sensors.
Work on smart environments is already underway. Leeds Nano-Manufacturing

Institute (NMI), for example, is part of a €9.5 million European Union-funded project to
develop a house with special walls that will contain wireless, battery-less sensors and radio
frequency identity tags to collect data on stresses, vibrations, temperature, humidity and
gas levels.
"If there are any problems, the intelligent sensor network will alert residents
straightaway so they have time to escape," said NMI chief executive Professor Terry
Wilkins.
The self-healing house walls will be built from novel load bearing steel frames and
high-strength gypsum board, and will contain nanopolymer particles that will turn into a
liquid when squeezed under pressure, flow into the cracks to harden and form a solid
material. [Fig 3.2]
According to a study in the International Journal of Materials and Structural

Integrity, inexpensive wireless sensors based on nanotech could be used to alert engineers
to problematic cracks and damage to buildings, bridges, and other structures.
“If designed properly, wireless MEMS and

nanotechnology-based sensors could be used as
embedded components to form self-sensing
concrete structures,” the team explains. Such
devices would gather and transmit information
about the health of a structure by detecting the
early formation of tiny cracks and measuring the
rate of key parameters, such as temperature,
moisture, chloride, acidity and carbon dioxide
levels each of which might reflect a decrease in
[4]
structural integrity [4]. [Fig 3.3] (Fig3.3) self-sensing concrete structures

EX Space-scraper (Innovative photovoltaic elevators) [87].

Architect Richard Porter, Chris Allen, Cam Helland, Stephen Phillips
Location United States
Date Proposal 2011
Type / style Proposal skyscraper / NanoArchitecture
Nanomaterial used Carbon nanotube fiber structures - Nanosensors
Strategy is saving energy/ reducing emission by Use nanocarbon instead
Co2 Emissions Steel / environmental controls instead heat and air-conditioning
achievement sustainability Energy (save)- Air (clean)- Materials
(LEED points)
The spacescraper
creatively invents a new
skyscraper typology using
advanced NASA technology.
Innovative Electromangnetic
Vertical Mass Transportation,
carbon-fiber structural skins
and advanced environmental
control systems (nanosensors)
support new spacescraper
technology.
Design:
(Fig3.4) extend from several locations along the equator where they are
[87]
least susceptible to high winds
A NASA researched
space elevator cable extends
from our planet's surface
into space to a center of mass
at geostationary orbit (GEO)
35,786 km in altitude. Tethers
are derived using digital
morphogenetic space scrapers
made of carbon nanotube
fibers that extend from several
locations along the equator
where they are least susceptible
to high winds. Spacescrapers
extend in orbit to create a vast
network of redundant arteries
and nodal support conditions as
(Fig3.5) cable extends from our planet's surface into space to a
new spatial infrastructure for center of mass at geostationary orbit (GEO) [87]
innovative topological exo-
urban conditions.

Multiple morphologies are possible with

complex sectional opportunities. Cities
innervate outer space as prosthesis to an
inevitable post-human condition. [Fig 3.4, 5]
Materials and Technologies:
Spacescraper creatively invents a new

speculative world structure with advanced
NASA technology that expands urbanity into
outer space. Innovative photovoltaic elevators,
powered by lasers, carbon nanotube fiber
structures, and advanced environmental
control systems, support an extensive universal
cable system that houses societal needs on mass
scale. Space for individuals, corporations, and
entire cities grow to organize within
Spacescraper’s continuous exoskeletal form.
Derived through a series of digital scripting
explorations initiated alongside study of carbon
molecular structures, Spacescraper performs as
a habitable bio-mimetic network tethering the
Earth’s atmosphere.
As skyscrapers are historically governed

by vertical transport systems (elevators),
structural materials (steel) and environmental
controls (heat and air-conditioning),
Spacescraper proposes to exploit Director
Bradley C. Edwards’ study at the Institute of
Scientific Research for an innovative “space
elevator” system. Edwards supposed
scientifically that a structural tether could be
extended in tension from a satellite (or a
meteor) set with a center of mass at
geostationary orbit (GEO), 35, 786 km–high
above the Earth’s surface. Positioned at GEO,
gravity does not affect the satellite supporting
the tether, and as the tether extends from the
equator, it is least susceptible to high winds.
[Fig 3.6]
(Fig3.6) a center of mass at geostationary
orbit (GEO), 35, 786 km–high above the
At geostationary orbit, gravity no Earth’s surface [87]
longer affects the structure, allowing it to grow

outward encircling earth like

Saturn's gaseous ring. A global
network form to support multiple
exo-urban metropolises with a vital
pulmonary transport action network
capable of serving humanity.
Surface Skin Manipulation
By synthesizing the
chemical components and
structural compounds of carbon (Fig3.7) Vertical Mass Transportation, carbon-fiber
structural skins [87]
nanotubes, a series of surface skins
were derived though similar growth patterns to describe a continuous, uninterrupted
membrane. This occupied threshold maintains structural integrity through repetition and
complex multiplication of material layering. [Fig 3.7]
[87]
(Fig3.8) Initial Unit Derivations
[87]
(Fig3.9) Carbon Nanotube Material
Carbon nanotube fiber structures
In consultation with Astro-physicists at Caltech, Spacescraper elaborates Edwards’

vision to propose a complex tethering system that uses lightweight carbon nanotube
fibers weaved together with structural truss patterns similar to those formed by porifera
(sponges). Pre-tensioning the carbon nanotube tethers against the rotation of the Earth
increases cable strength, and by adding a series of smaller tethers held-up in tension to
numerous satellites positioned at GEO, Spacescraper’s extraterrestrial infrastructure
achieves equilibrium [87]. [Fig 3.8,9]

Cross Sections
the floor plan diagrams show the rapidly morphing cross section,
(Fig3.10)
programmatic divisions, and voluminous special voids [87]. [Fig 3.10]
VMT (Vertical Mass Transit)
Daily commutes and errands, no longer primarily limited

to the x y plane, shift in this stratified environment, requiring
new forms of vertical cal transportation. Bevators fulfill the
requirements for local transportation, while vertical mass
transit (VMT) fulfills the greater needs for mass commuters
throughout the spacescraper [87]. [Fig 3.11, 12]
(Fig3.11) (vmt) fulfills the greater needs for mass commuters throughout
the Spacescraper [87]
(Fig3.12) VMT (vertical

[87]
mass transit)

3.4.2. Biological Nanoarchitecture
Nano Vent-Skin, the ultimate green wall.

Architect designer Agustin Otegui
Location Mexico City
Date 2010
Type / style nano-bioengineering / NanoArchitecture
Nanomaterial used Photovoltaic skin, nano-fibers and Nano solar technology.
Co2 Emissions Strategy is to reach zero emission.
Achievements Sus. Energy (solar- wind- storage units) – Atmosphere (absorption of co2) –
(LEED points) Material (nano-bio-organisms - z emissions co2) – indoor ( natural light)
"Using nano-manufacturing with
bioengineered organisms as a production
method, NVS merges different kinds of
micro organisms that work together to
absorb and transform natural energy
from the environment. What comes out of
this merging of living organisms is a skin
that transforms two of the most abundant
sources of green energy on earth: Sunlight
and Wind. There is another advantage of
using living organisms: the absorption of (Fig3:13) Nano Vent-Skin (NVS) [78].
CO2 from the air." [4]. [Fig 2.13, 14]
Scale Model :
A scale model was developed in order
to test the wind turbines and do changes that
might improve the design. Each wind turbine
is 25mm long by 10.8mm wide. [Fig 2.16]
(Fig3:14) NVS Nano scale [78].
(Fig3:16) View from the interior [78].
Storage and supply Units

Each panel has four round supply
units (one on each corner). These units are in
charge of:
(Fig3:15) NVS Structure panel [78].
- Monitoring that all the turbines are

working.
- Delivering material to regenerate broken or
malfunctioning turbines.
- Receiving and storing the energy produced by
the turbines [78]. [Fig 2.15, 17]
Nano Engineered details
How does NVS work? [4].
The outer skin of the structure absorbs (Fig3:17) Detail side view [78].
sunlight through an organic photovoltaic skin

and transfers it to the nano-fibers inside the
nano-wires which then are sent to storage units at
the end of each panel. [Fig 2.18]
Each turbine on the panel generates

energy by chemical reactions on each end where
it makes contact with the structure. Polarized
organisms are responsible for this process on
(Fig3:18) NVS Structure panel [78].
every turbine’s turn.
The inner skin of each turbine works as

a filter absorbing CO2 from the environment
as wind passes through it. [Fig 2.20]
The fact of using nano-bioengineering

and nano-manufacturing as means of
production is to achieve an efficient zero
emission material which uses the right kind and
(Fig3:19) Nano-structure components [78].
amount of material where needed.
These micro organisms have not been

genetically altered; they work as a trained colony
where each member has a specific task in this
symbiotic process. For example, in the ant or the
bee colony, the queen knows what has to be done
and distributes the tasks between the members.
Imagine NVS as the human skin. When

we suffer a cut, our brain sends signals and
(Fig3:20) Zoom in showing the scale of nano
resources to this specific region to get it restored [78]
engineered structures .
as soon as possible [78]. [Fig 2.19]

NVS works in the same way. Every

panel has a sensor on each corner with a
material reservoir. When one of the turbines
has a failure or breaks, a signal is sent through
the nano-wires to the central system and building
material (microorganisms) is sent through the
central tube in order to regenerate this area with
a self assembly process.
As researchers have stated, nano- (Fig3:21) Nano Vent-Skin wind contact

manufacturing will be a common way to produce analysis [78].
everyday products [78].
Wind Contact Study [Fig 2.21, 22]
In order to achieve the best outcome of

energy, the blades of each turbine are
symmetrically designed. With this feature, even
if the wind's direction changes, each turbine
adapts itself by rotating clockwise or anti-
clockwise, depending on the situation [78].
(Fig3:22) NVS interacting with
Sunlight, Wind and CO2 [78]

EX5 Indigo Bio-Purification Tower with Titanium Dioxide Facade

Architect Ted Givens, Benny Chow, Mohamed Ghamlouch
Location Qingdao, China
Date proposal
Type / style Proposal skyscraper / Biological NanoArchitecture
Nanomaterial used nano-coating of titanium dioxide skin - Nanotechnology application
Co2 Emissions Strategy is to reach zero emission.
Achievements Sus. Site (impact on bio-system)- Water (collect the rain water- recycle gray
(LEED points) water)- Energy (wind- solar) – Material ( nano-coating)
Design:
This tower takes an active stance and attacks
the problem of dirty air by aiming to help purify the
air of our cities. The tower pulls dirt, grease, and
bacteria out of the air, producing only oxidation and
water as a result. The reaction is triggered by the use
of a Nano-coating of titanium dioxide on the outer
skin of the project. The reaction is naturally powered
by sunlight acting on the titanium dioxide during the
day and supplemented by ultra violet light at night.
These UV lights are powered by energy collected
through PV panels during the day. The tower will be
a glowing indigo object at night varying in intensity
according to the amount of solar energy collected (Fig3:23) Ultra violet light at night [80]
during the day. The indigo glow
will become symbolic of the
cleansing, counteracting the yellow
haze that dominates the daytime
hours [80]. [Fig 2.22]
The formal design moves of

the tower are shaped by basic
passive solar ideas that are
amplified in magnitude, by a
focused analysis of wind and light.
Every twist and pull in the massing
is set off by a series of interrelated
environmental considerations. The
passive solar attributes are
enhanced by the additional layer of
technological innovation provided
by the titanium dioxide. Keeping
the technology as simple as
possible, we avoid the inherent
traps of technological problems by (Fig3:24) The skin design [80]

piling on more technological solutions.

We realize that the liberating aspects of
the technological solution are often tied
to the imprisoning traits that follow as a
result of the solution [80] [81].
The Tower is Split into Three Bars to
1) Increase the amount of surface area,
2) Provide southern light to the south

face of each bar
3) Focus and increase wind speed. The

added surface area allows for
maximizing the amount of titanium
dioxide that can be placed on the
building—enhancing the amount of air
being cleaned. [Fig 2.56]
The focused and increased wind

speed not only power a series of
vertical wind turbines, but also pushes
the air across the titanium dioxide
panels and provides cross ventilation
for every room of each unit in the
towers [80]. [Fig 2.24, 26]
The Skin Design
inspired by the pocketed and

cellular texture of the titanium dioxide
molecule (TiO2). A series of organic
cells cover the building and are tapered
to naturally collect the water, a (Fig3:25) The tower is split into three bars [80]
byproduct of the skins chemical

reaction, and to collect and slowly
release rain water. [Fig 3.23]
-The skin pulls off of the building on

the south facades to provide natural
shading
-pushes into the inner skin of the north (Fig3:26) Analysis of wind and light with skin [80]

façade to maximize daylight
-provide 50% coverage to reduce heat

loss during the winter months [80] [81].
[Fig 2.27]
-The skin also floats off the building to

conceal the UV lights which can be
harmful to humans who are directly (Fig3:27) Wind speed study

[80]
exposed to it, and further maximizes

the building’s envelope [80].
A Series of Gardens
The gardens are located at regular intervals all

the way up the tower. They become public gathering
spaces as well as marsh lands to collect the water from
the chemical reactions of the skin and to filter and
process grey water from the towers. The plants also turn
the carbon dioxide, created in the chemical reaction of
the skin, back into oxygen.
propose use of self-cleaning windows and

bathroom tiles, which are available in the market for [81]
(Fig3:28) Purification Tower
more than a decade. Scientists have been working on a
solution on developing a “smart coating material” which can wash away dirt and keep the
surface clean [80] [81].
The density of our

large cities brings the
additional complication of
transmittable disease. In an
age of globalization with more
potent infectious diseases, the
nano-material we propose can
also be used on internal
hallways, trash rooms, and
elevators to remove or reduce
bacterial agents [80] [81].
(Fig 3:29) a series of chemical reactions TiO2 with sunlight or

[81]
ultraviolet (UV) light

Nanotechnology
With the advancement on today’s nanotechnology, scientists can now modify and
enhance the coating technology on building facade panels for incorporating the light
activated nano-titanium dioxide (TiO2). The TiO2 based photo-catalysts can trigger a
series of chemical reactions to generate hydroxyl radicals when exposed to sunlight or
ultraviolet (UV) light. The artificial near-UV light source will give the maximum power
on the photo-catalyst reaction. These radicals will oxidize and degrade most of the airborne
urban pollutants such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) or nitrogen oxides. They can
even assist in deactivation of bio-contamination. This technology can make any surface
anti-bacterial and mold-free. It can purify our ambient air and protect our buildings from
bio-aerosol contamination [80] [81]. [Fig 2.28]
3.4.3. Smart Nanoarchitecture: [9]
3.4.3. A. Buildings that exist in Symbiotic Harmony with Nature
As we anticipate the future, with

buildings created from nanoarchitecture - of
phenomenal strength, lightness, integral
structure, seamless continuity of surface,
transparency, and in evolving, growing
forms - these buildings will reshape the
man-made environment. Created from the
subatomic level without the use of natural
resources, waste-producing factories or
laborious physical labor, these masterfully-
programmed buildings will not outdo the
(Fig3.30) Exist in symbiotic harmony with the
modesty of the natural world. They will natural environment [9]
exist in symbiotic harmony with the natural
environment, adjusting their forms to the needs of people and the seasonal changes of light,
temperature and humidity [9]. [Fig 3.29]
3.4.3. B Proposal (John M Johansen FAIA)
For these radically new characteristics will be the basis of our designs for a New
Architectural Species. As other members of these species, I now propose three more
projects: the "morphable house," the "self-erecting bridge," and the "self-erecting tower."

Study Community Center 2200

Architect John M. Johansen – Patrick Ford
Date Proposal 2200
Type / style Bio and Smart NanoArchitecture
Nanomaterial used NanoSensors - Molecular Nanotechnology (MNT)
Co2 Emissions Zero carbon emissions
Molecular Building Process
From the outset, it should be understood that molecular-engineered

buildings are still theoretical in nature.
Molecular Nanotechnology (MNT) represents a new phase in the evolution

of manmade structures.
(Fig3.31) Artificial
Advanced studies link the processes of DNA with molecular growth.
DNA double helix [9]
James Watson and Francis Crick discovered that DNA governs the
[9]
continuity and growth of all living things . [Fig 3.30]
The molecular building process is not

biological, but mechanical; living cells are
replicated by dividing, assemblers replicate
mechanically, by building others. As Drexler has
written "The great difference is that nanotech does
not use living ribosome's but robotic assemblers,
not veins but conveyor belts, not muscles but
motors, not genes but computers, not dividing cells
but small factories producing products and
additional factories." [9]
Coding [Fig 3.31, 32]
Artificial DNA, or coding, is essential to the (Fig3.32) assemblers replicate mechanically,

process of molecular nanotechnology. If molecular by building others
[9]
structures are to reproduce and build products, they

must be given directions as to what to build, how,
when and where. "It is important to know that
molecular assemblers cannot build anything by
themselves," writes Bill Spence. "All products
familiar today and inventions of future products
built by MNT must be re-designed, engineered,
molecularly modeled ...and translated into [9]
(Fig3.33) growth out of vat
functional software." [88]

Growth at the Building Site
Vat growth may be

described through the
process of "accretion," with
atoms adhering to a base-as
rock candy is the
crystallization of liquid
sugar adhering to a stick or
string. For growth out of
vat, at the scale of a
building, there must be a
linear or directional growth
pattern: root, stem, rib,
lattice or branches,
nourished by a "fibro-
vascular" distribution [88]
[Fig 3.33]
[88]
(Fig3.34) growth pattern: root, stem, rib, lattice or branches, nourished
Feasibility (Economy Dimension)
Another consideration is cost. Markel states, "Common elements like hydrogen,

carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, aluminum, and silicone are best sources for constituting the
bulk of most structures, and because these elements can be taken in abundance from earth,
water, and air, raw materials will be dirt cheap." The cost of molecular engineering -
minus licensing fees, insurance, and business expenses - is comparable to the cost of
creating plastic or industrial chemicals. Labor constitutes a minor factor within MNT;
excepting costs for the development of computer software, MNT is labor-free [9].
Environmental Considerations (Environmental Dimension)
The "seed," of coding device, will replace conventional blueprints, specifications,

and construction procedures. In regard to ecological relationships, the seed contains
instructions with feedback allowing the new building to respond to its immediate
surroundings. So far, the most extraordinary proposal put forth is that of coordinating the
artificial coding of a building with the DNA of a living environment. That is to say, the
building would be programmed to monitor its environment and adjust or alter its
design so as to be in harmony, or symbiotic relationship, with nature [Fig 3.34]

[88]
(Fig3.35) seed contains instructions with feedback allowing new building to respond to its immediate surroundings
3.4.3. C. Designing Cities of the Future
First of all ...the scale of urban design is too large for one architect to conceive or to
design, as a totally determinate form. Secondly, per mutational or open-ended
programming will force a new concept, that of indeterminacy: changeable structures,
changing to accommodate changing requirements. Therefore, buildings may not look the
same from year to year.
The future city may look like one building; it will most certainly be a continuous
construction. The building, as a fragment, may look like many. The city in its total
interconnectedness may appear to be one building. Except for scale, the governing
principles would be the same. [88]

3.4.4. Ecological Nanoarchitecture
EX Off the Grid. Sustainable Habitat 2020 [86].

Architect Philips’s Design Probes
Location China
Date Proposal 2020
Type / style Proposal skyscraper/ eco and smart NanoArchitecture
Nanomaterial used NanoSensors – nanoskin (alive skin)
Co2 Emissions Zero carbon emissions
Site (impact on ecosystem)- Water (collect the rain water- catching
Sustainability moisture) Atmosphere (absorb co2)- Energy (wind - solar -biogases) –
(LEED points) Materials ( nanoskin) Waste recycle (gray water- human and organic
waste- no waste energy sensors) Indoor (daylight – clean air-)
Design:
Today, our habitat is very

dependent on the international grid of
energy & water. Energy crisis, clean
water shortage, global warming and
environmental pollution are worldwide
problems. Understanding cities as
dynamic and ever-evolving eco-systems
can help us to formulate strategies for a
sustainable urban future with
Nanotechnology. The whole project is
based on the brief to develop sustainable
housing for urban megalopolis in China in (Fig3.36) Off the Grid: Sustainable Habitat 2020
[86]
.
2020 [86]. [Fig 3.35]
Nanosensors Sustainable Features:

This is exploring the integration of
electronics and bio chemical
functionalities into the inert material of
the built environment (Nanosensors). The
design of the concept fundamentally
changes the current approach to buildings
and habitat. This future habitat shifts from
the current state where the building
surfaces are benign inert ‘dumb’ [86]
(Fig3.37) the skin interaction strategy
materials only used for construction and
shielding purposes to sensitive functional skins that are ‘alive’ and act as membranes to
harness energy. A membrane creates a strong link between the exterior and interior of
the habitat and is used as a transporter collecting and channeling the elements of air
water and light - from the outside feeding into the inside space. The membrane supplies
the habitat with all necessary sources to be able to live off the grid [86]. [Fig 3.36]

Water:
The active skin of the building reacts to the rain [fig.3.37] and collects and channels
rainwater into the habitat [fig.3.38]. By catching moisture from the air the facade collects
water even in dry periods [fig.3.39]. Through purification, filtration and reuse, water will be
used in a closed loop and fresh water consumption will be optimized. [fig.3.40]
[86]
(Fig3.38) The active skin of the building reacts to the rain
[86]
(Fig3.39) collects and channels rainwater into the habitat
[86]
(Fig3.40) collects water even in dry periods
[86]
(Fig3.41) water will be used in a closed loop

Air:
The active skin of the building reacts to the wind [fig.3.41]. By channeling air and
wind through the skin [fig.3.42] of the building, energy will be generated and the air will be
filtered to provide clean air inside the building [fig.3.43]. Compressed and dissipated
through funnels, the air will also be cooled for natural air-conditioning [fig.3.44]. Thus,
Outside air is cleaned and stripped of CO2 before being inhaled by the building [86].
[86]
(Fig3.42) The active skin of the building reacts to the wind
[86]
(Fig3.43) channeling air and wind through the skin
[86]
(Fig3.44) generating the energy and filtering the air to provide clean air inside the building
[86]
(Fig3.45) air will also be cooled for natural air-conditioning

Light:
The active skin of a building [fig.3.45] reacts to sunlight and automatically moves
into the most efficient position to channel light and generates energy [fig.3.46]. By
collecting and channeling the natural light, no electricity will be needed during the day for
lighting [fig.3.47]. Bringing natural light into our homes will not only save energy but also
provide all the advantages for health and well being [86]. [fig.3.48]
[86]
(Fig3.46) The active skin of a building
[86]
(Fig3.47) The active skin moves to channel light and generate energy
[86]
(Fig3.48) collecting the natural light for lighting with no electricity
[86]
(Fig3.49) Bringing natural light inside

Waste:
The human and organic waste will be entirely recycled and will be converted into
bio-gas energy that will be used for heating and cooking, and will produce hot water for
washing [86]. [fig.3.49, 50]
[86]
(Fig3.50) the biogas used for heating and cooking
[86]
(Fig3.51) the biogas providing hot water for washing
These EcoHomes will be built in urban megalopolis and they combine electronics
with bio-chemical functionalities which lead to a new material that acts like a sensitive
functional skin that is “alive” and it harnesses energy.
The new skin acts like a membrane which absorbs air, water and light from the
outside and it brings it into the interior. This means that there is possible to forget about
our dependence on the grid because the new skin provides us with every necessary
source. The membrane will move around in order to get into the best position to harness
as much energy as possible [86].

3.6. CONCLUSION
1. Nanotechnology is an enabling technology that is opening a new world of materials

functionalities, and performances. But it is also opening new possibilities in construction
sustainability [4].
2. Nanosensors building components will become smarter, gathering data on

temperature, humidity, vibration, stress, decay, and a host of other factors. This
information will be invaluable in monitoring and improving building maintenance and
safety. Thus, dramatic improvements in energy conservation can be expected [4].
3. Space-scraper (Innovative photovoltaic elevators): The new skyscraper typology was

creatively invented using advanced NASA technology; Innovative Electromagnetic
Vertical Mass Transportation, carbon-fiber structural skins and advanced
environmental control systems (nanosensors) support new spacescraper technology [87].
4. Community Center 2200: Molecular Nanotechnology (MNT) represents a new phase

in the evolution of manmade structures. The cost of molecular engineering - minus
licensing fees, insurance, and business expenses - is comparable to the cost of creating
plastic or industrial chemicals. The building would be programmed to monitor its
environment and adjust or alter its design so as to be in harmony, or symbiotic
relationship, with nature [88].
5. Off the Grid. Sustainable Habitat 2020: eco-systems can help us to formulate
strategies for a sustainable urban future with Nanotechnology. The new skin acts like a
membrane which absorbs air, water and light from the outside and brings them into the
interior. This means that it is possible to forget about our dependence on the grid because
the new skin provides us with every necessary source. The membrane will move around
in order to get into the best position to make use of as much energy as possible [86].

6. Nanotechnology achieves LEED Points: three studies

Indigo Bio-Purification
LEED Points Nano Vent-Skin (NVS) Off the Grid. Habitat 2020
Tower
Sustainable minimize a building's minimize a building's dynamic cities and
Site impact on bioengineered impact on Biosystems ever-evolving eco-
development organisms systems
(SS):
Water collect the rain water collect the rain water- collects rainwater, even
Efficiency recycle gray water in dry periods, and
(WE) used in a closed loop
Energy and generates energy by power from a series of generate energy
Atmosphere chemical reactions& vertical wind turbines& from Sun& Wind
(EA) wind turbine & organic provide 50% coverage biogas used for heating
and cooking
nano-photovoltaic skin& to reduce heat loss
storing at Storage and during the winter
supply Units months
Materials and "Smart materials" "Smart materials" a Human and organic
Resources nanosensors to use Nano-coating of waste entirely recycled
(MR) optimize energy…& titanium dioxide on the & the new skin
nano-fibers inside the provides us with every
outer skin of the
nano-wires (transform) necessary source&
project smart materials
(Nanosensors)
Indoor The inner skin of each air across the TiO2 Filtering to provide
Environmenta turbine works as a filter panels and provides clean air inside &
l Quality (EQ) absorbing CO2 from the cross purify ventilation cooled for natural air-
conditioning & natural
environment & natural for every unit& conceal
light no electricity
light. the UV lights which can needed& Outside air is
be harmful to humans cleaned and stripped of
CO2
Innovation in Using nano- Basic passive solar Active Nanoskin combines
Design (ID) bioengineering with ideas &design focused electronics with bio-
bioengineered organisms to Provide southern chemical functionalities.
Strategy is to reach zero
as a production method light to the south face
emission.
to achieve an efficient and increase wind
zero emission material speed.

General Conclusion
General Conclusion
The analysis of global climate change and the global-scale plans affirm the
importance of building as our primary opportunity to heal the planet. Studies suggest that
40 percent of the energy savings required to achieve necessary carbon reductions could
come from the building sector, Better building envelope designs, using day lighting which
is more efficient than artificial lighting, and better efficiency standards for building
components and appliances are all opportunities to make the building industry the leader in
fighting global climate change and advancing sustainable development and energy
conservation.
Sustainable building practitioners seek to implement sustainable development,

“development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their own needs,” in the design, construction and operation of
buildings. They strive to minimize the use of non-renewable resources like coal, petroleum,
natural gas and minerals, and minimize waste and pollutants. Energy conservation is
critical to green building because it both conserves resources and reduces wastes and
pollutants. But for the building industry to achieve its potential as the leader in sustainable
development, new materials are urgently needed.
The demands of public and private building owners for greener materials, are
being increasingly enforced as regulations in many instances. Such regulations will soon
force architects and engineers to specify greener materials in buildings. This demand,
combined with the environmentally friendly character of most nano-products for
architecture, will create a synergy that we expect will result in a boom in demand for
nanotechnology for green building.
Most importantly, Sustainable NanoArchitecture can help us achieve goals for

reducing carbon emissions, the effects of global climate change, supply the world by
(environmental, economic, social) great benefits and Building is a logical point of focus
in those efforts.
Recommendation
 Encouraging manufacturing of green nanomaterials and products for building like

nanocoating, nanosolar cells, nanofilters, nano-OLED, insulation nanomaterials…. And
make them available for consumers and architects. So should be declining their costs and
Proliferate them in markets as a sustainable products.
 Encourage research and applications of green nanotechnologies in many fields and

encourage its integration in the architecture. And increase awareness of developers and
engineers about nanomaterials benefits in energy, environment, economy and it can
helping to achieve sustainability principles, which help to save our planet (GW).
113
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116
‫ملخص الرسالة‬
‫ملخص الرسالة‬
‫هذه الرسالة تلقي الضوء على التنمية المستدامة "وهي التي تلبي احتياجات الحاضر دون المساس بتلبية‬
‫احتياجات األجيال القادمة" ومدى أمكانية عمارة النانو والمواد النانونية في تحقيق مبادئ وأبعاد االستدامة "البعد‬
‫البيئي‪ -‬البعد االقتصادي‪ -‬البعد االجتماعي"‪ .‬حيث أن تكنولوجيا النانو والمواد النانونية‪ ،‬أصبحت مألوفة ليس فقط‬
‫ضا لعامة الناس‪ .‬ومن المتوقع أن يكون للمواد‬‫للعلماء والمهندسين والمهندسين المعماريين ومصمي المنتجات ولكن أي ً‬
‫النانونية تأثير هائل على البناء فتعمل على نحو أفضل من المواد التقليدية فهى أصغر حج ًما وأخف وزنًا وأكثر صالبة‪.‬‬
‫ضا المساهمة في حل المشاكل الخطيرة التي تواجه البيئة على مستوى كوكب االرض في القرن الحادي‬ ‫كما يمكنها أي ً‬
‫والعشرون مثل ظاهرة األحتباس الحراري التي تسببت في حدوث تغير مناخي أثر سلبيًا على األرض‪.‬‬
‫تم تقسيم الرسالة إلى ثالثة أجزاء يتم من خاللها عرض الموضوع بطريقة متسلسلة بد ًءا من تعريف االستدامة‬
‫وأبعادها‪ ،‬وصوال للعمارة المستدامة والمباني الخضراء‪ .‬وقياس قدرة عمارة النانو في تحقيق االستدامة لتصبح عمارة‬
‫النانو عمارة مستدامة ونلخصها فيما يلي‪:‬‬
‫‪.1‬األستدامة‪:‬‬
‫صا البعد البيئي لما له من مشكالت مثل أزمة الطاقة الغير متجددة‬‫تجد األستدامة في تحقيق أبعادها تحديات كبيرة خصو ً‬
‫واألحتباس الحراري "من اسبابه الغازات الدفينة مثل ‪ CO2‬وقطاع البناء هو مسئول رئيسي عن انبعاثه"‪ .‬ولذلك فإن‬
‫العمارة المستدامة والعمارة الخضراء تقدم محاوالت لتقليل االنبعاثات وتوفير الطاقة مثل إعادة تدوير المواد وكفاءة‬
‫استخدام الطاقة‪ ...‬إلخ‪ .‬تحتاج المباني المستدامة برامج لقياس أدائها مثل ‪ LEED‬والتي تقيسس أداء المبنى من خالل‬
‫العناصر التالية " الموقع – كفاءة الماء – الطاقة – المواد المستخدمة‪ -‬جودة البيئة الداخلية"‪.‬‬
‫‪.2‬عمارة النانو‪:‬‬
‫تأتي عمارة النانو من أندماج تكنولوجيا النانو مع العمارة أي استخدام المواد النانونية في العمارة‪ .‬والمواد النانونية تقدم‬
‫حلوال ألزمة الطاقة من خالل الحفاظ عليها أو انتاجها أو تخزينها معظمها يتركز على الحفاظ على الطاقة مثل استخدام‬
‫المواد العازلة مثل ‪ Nanogel‬وال‪ Nanocoating‬والتى بدورها أكفأ من المواد التقليدية بنسبة ‪ .%03‬وكذلك نجد‬
‫استخدام ‪ OLED‬في األضاءة أكفأ خمس مرات من المواد التقليدية ويقلل انبعاثات الغازات الدفينة ويقلل استهالك‬
‫ضا ‪ Thin-film solar‬بخالف طالءات النانو والتى تقدم المزيد من توفير وانتاج للطاقة‪.‬‬ ‫الطاقة‪ .‬وأي ً‬
‫‪.0‬عمارة النانو المستدامة‪:‬‬

‫وهنا نجد عمارة النانو تحقق وتنجز األهداف المرجوة من االستدامة ويمكن قياسها بالمقايس السابق ذكرها مثل ‪LEED‬‬
‫" حيث نجدها في بعض التطبيقات تقلل انبعاثات الكربون وتكاد أن تصل النعدام االنبعاث وبالتالي تؤثر على تحسين‬
‫تغير المناخ‪ .‬كما تحقق أيضا أهداف أقتصادية في المستقبل بسبب رخص الطاقة المنتجة من ناحية وطول فترة دورة‬
‫حياة المباني لكفاءة المواد المستخدمة‪ .‬كما أنها يمكنها التعامل مع المباني القائمة وليس بالضرورة الجديدة فقط فقد يكفى‬
‫استخدام طالء نانو على النوافذ كعزل‪ .‬وهي تستطيع إدارة المبنى والتحكم فيه بحيث ال يوجد أي فاقد طاقة باستخدام‬
‫‪"Nanosensors‬‬
‫الهدف األساسي من هذه الرسالة هو توضيح أهمية تكنولوجيا النانو خصوصا في مجاالت انتاج الطاقة والحفاظ عليها‬
‫وتنقية الماء والهواء ‪ ...‬في العمارة‪ .‬فبذلك نجد عمارة النانو تندمج مع فكر االستدامة وتقاس أداءها باالدوات الفعلية‬
‫الموجودة نتمكن من التوصل إلى عمارة النانو المستدامة‪.‬‬
‫‪117‬‬
‫موافقة‬ ‫لجنة المناقشة و الحكم على الرسالة ‪:‬‬
‫(مشرفا رئيسيا)‬ ‫أستاذ دكتور‪ /‬محمد عبد العال إبراهيم‬

‫‪----------------------------‬‬ ‫أستاذ العمارة المتفرغ ‪ ،‬قسم الهندسة المعمارية‬
‫كلية الهندسة ‪ ،‬جامعة األسكندرية‬
‫(عضوا)‬ ‫أستاذ دكتور‪ /‬محمد عاصم حنفي‬

‫‪----------------------------‬‬ ‫أستاذ العمارة ‪ ،‬قسم الهندسة المعمارية‬
‫(عضوا)‬ ‫أستاذ دكتور‪ /‬سحر محمود ذكي األرناؤوطي‬

‫‪----------------------------‬‬ ‫أستاذ العمارة ‪ ،‬قسم العمارة‬
‫و وكيل كلية الفنون الجميلة ‪ ،‬جامعة األسكندرية‬
‫أستاذ دكتور ‪ /‬هبه وائل لهيطه‬

‫‪---------------------------‬‬ ‫وكيل الكلية للدراسات العليا والبحوث‬
‫كلية الهندسة – جامعة االسكندرية‬
‫عمارة النانو واألستدامة‬
‫مقدمة من‬
‫فاتن فارس فؤاد‬
‫للحصول علی درجة‬
‫ماجيستيرالعلوم فی الهندسة المعمارية‬
‫موافقة‬ ‫لجنة االشراف على الرسالة‪:‬‬
‫(مشرفا رئيسيا)‬ ‫أستاذ دكتور‪ /‬محمد عبد العال إبراهيم‬

‫‪----------------------------‬‬ ‫أستاذ العمارة المتفرغ ‪ ،‬قسم الهندسة المعمارية‬
‫(مشرفا)‬ ‫دكتور‪ /‬زياد طارق الصياد‬

‫‪---------------------------‬‬ ‫مُدرس العمارة ‪ ،‬قسم الهندسة المعمارية‬
‫جامعة األسكندرية‬
‫كلية الهندسة‬
‫قسم الهندسة المعمارية‬
‫عمارة النانو واالستدامة‬
‫رسالة علمية‬
‫مقدمة إلى قسم الهندسة المعمارية – كلية الهندسة – جامعة اإلسكندرية‬

‫استيفاء للدراسات المقررة للحصول على درجة‬
‫ماجستيرالعلوم فى الهندسة المعمارية‬
‫مقدمة من‬
‫فاتن فارس فؤاد‬
‫يونيو ‪2102‬‬

Nanoarchitecture and Sustainability

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Nanoarchitecture and Sustainability

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University of Alexandria

NanoArchitecture and Sustainability

Presented to the Department of Architecture

For The Degree of

Examiners' Committee: Approved

Prof. Dr. Mohamed Abdelall Ibrahim

Prof. Dr. Mohamed Assem Hanafi

Prof. Dr. Sahar Mahmoud Zaki Elarnaouty

Prof. Dr. Heba Wael Laheta

Prof. Dr. Mohamed Abdelall Ibrahim

Dr. Zeyad Tarek El Sayad

Completion of a Master's degree involves contributions from individuals who deserve

Part One – Sustainability

1.4.4. Biological Architecture............................................................................... 35

Part Two – NanoArchitecture (NA)

2.5.2.G. Water purification..................................................................... 75

Overall Conclusions and Recommendations.................................................................. 112

(Fig. 1.1) A representation of sustainability. 01

(Fig. 1.45) Main Rating Tools 28

(Fig. 2.1) The effect of nanotechnology at energy 2014. 46

(Fig. 2.11) SolarThinfilm 52

(Fig. 2.62) Air-purifying paving tiles. 74

(Fig. 3.1) Ecology and economics will become inseparably connected 88

The research highlights an extraordinary amount of interest in nanotechnologies and

1- Sustainability: The first chapter discusses Sustainability science with an overview of

2- Nanotechnology and Architecture (NanoArchitecture): Architecture and building

3- NanoArchitecture and Sustainability (Sustainable NanoArchitecture - SNA):

Nanoarchitecture and Sustainability Research Structure Chart

Research Structure Chart . Sustainability Principles

. Sustainability Dimensions Social

The Future role of sustainability to solve some problems (GW).

Nanotechnology . In Environment &(GW) Energy storage

The Future of Architecture with Nanotechnology.

Nanoarchitecture and Sustainability

. (G N+NA) Green NanoArchitecture

. Reduced processing energy

Green NanoArchitecture . Eco-NanoArchitecture

The Future of Zero Carbon NanoArchitecture (ZCNA) and Sustainability

General Conclusion and Recommendations

. Green Architecture (GA)

. The Future role of sustainability to solve

So, what do we mean by "sustainability" in the context of architecture? In its

Used more in the sense of human sustainability

Sustainability, Sustainable buildings, Green Architecture -1-

1.2.2. Sustainability science:

The concept of Sustainability is the key to any discussion of science, technology,

Definition of Sustainability science:

The novelty of Sustainability science lies

1.2.3. History of sustainability:

A Three-Hundred-Year-Old Idea: The concept is around three

Sustainability, Sustainable buildings, Green Architecture -2-

Von Carlowitz developed a concept intended to ensure a lasting supply of wood

Mid 20th century after the deprivations of the

By the late twentieth century, environmental

In 1987, the United Nation's World

But by 2005, the situation had changed and

1.2.4. Sustainability Measurement:

Sustainability measurement is a term that denotes the measurements used as the

The need to have quantitative measurements of sustainability is crucial, since they

Metrics – used by the UK Government

Sustainability, Sustainable buildings, Green Architecture -4-

1.2.5. Sustainability principles and concepts:

Principles of Sustainability and Some Options for Applying Them [16].