Unit THEME: Health and Environment

3 The Wonders of Nature

RE AD ING 5 A N D 6 SoW Lessons 21, 22

1 Coral reefs have been around for more than 10,000 years. They are made up of
limestone skeletons of living organisms, called polyps. A coral reef is built up of
millions of layers of these skeletons covered by living polyps. As they died, they
formed a base which eventually grew to look like large pieces of rock in the sea. This
process has been going on for hundreds of years.
2    There are three major types of coral reefs—fringing reefs, barrier reefs and
atolls. Fringing reefs are the most common. Fringing reefs or shore reefs grow directly
from a shore, with no deep-water channel between the reef and the nearby land.
3    Barrier reefs are extensive reef structures that run parallel to the shore. They are
separated from the land by a lagoon. A lagoon is a wide band of water between the
shore and the main area of reefs. It has some deep areas. Barrier reefs are far less
common than fringing reefs or atolls.
4    The Great Barrier Reef stretches over 344,400 square kilometres and runs for
approximately 2,300 kilometres along the northeast coast of Australia. It is one of the
seven natural wonders of the world.
5    Atolls are a roughly circular ocean reef system surrounding a large and often
deep lagoon in the centre. Atolls are usually located in the middle of the sea.
Examples of atolls are found in the Maldives and Chagos Islands, the Seychelles,
and in the Cocos Islands.
6    Sadly, our beautiful reefs are at risk of extinction. The main threats are global
warming, overfishing, pollution and tourism. Measures are being carried out to solve
this problem though education, regulations and enforcement.

A Read the passage above. Then, underline the word that best replaces the word found in
the text. LS 3.1.6

Word Synonym
1 organisms creatures, vegetables, people, organs
2 extensive centre, warn, faraway, large-scale
3 stretches drives, goes, extends, twists
4 approximately more, less, about, surely
5 located put, developed, organised, situated

LS 3.1.6 Recognise with support typical features at word, sentence and text levels of a range of genres

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B Match the paragraphs in the passage with the main ideas below. LS 3.1.1

The Great Barrier Reef Threats to Reefs

Fringing Reefs Barrier Reefs

What Are Coral Reefs? Atolls

LS 3.1.1 Understand the main points in longer texts on a range of familiar topics

L
ANG U AG E AWA R E N E SS 3 SoW Lesson 23

A Match the two parts of the sentences.

1 I haven’t gone scuba-diving since since you last went snorkelling?

2 The fundraising to save the so they are looking forward to the trip next
Malayan tigers month.
3 Mike has been going on my father moved away from Pulau
birdwatching trips Perhentian.

4 The students have asked Miss Jane since he was ten years old.

5 How long has it been to see the turtles since last month.

has been going on for the past two

6 The girls have been planning a trip
months.

7 Has everyone found out to take them to the National Park.

8 My cousins haven’t been camping more information about the wildlife in

before Sabah?

B Fill in the blanks with the present perfect simple or present perfect continuous form
of the words in brackets.
1 you (go) to Pulau Perhentian before? It is a
famous scuba-diving site.
2 Jenny (camp) in Taman Negara for the last three days. She is enjoying
herself there.
3 I (not see) any Malayan tigers. They are almost extinct.
4 Samantha (plan) an eco-holiday to Brazil. She wants to explore the
wonders of the Amazon forest.
5 Global warming (destroy) the Great Barrier Reef.
Grammar Focus Present perfect continuous vs present perfect simple

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L
IS T ENING 5 SoW Lessons 24, 25

A Listen to the text. Then, match the words on the left with their meanings on the right.
LS 1.2.1

Word Meaning
1 threatened obstruct

2 serious enough for a particular purpose

3 habitat place a particular animal or plant is found

4 block succeed in controlling a problem

5 accidentally being at risk

6 overcome not planned

7 introduced bad or dangerous

8 sufficient to start something new

L
IS T ENING 6
A Listen to the text. Then, underline the word that best replaces the word found in the text.
LS 1.3.1

Word Synonym

1 marine naval, sea, saltwater

2 drop reduce, lunge, jump

3 smother hide, muffle, cover

4 occur happen, develop, exist

5 particularly usually, especially, mainly

6 hazardous dangerous, unhealthy, reckless

7 debris ruins, rubble, rubbish

LS 1.2.1 Guess the meaning of unfamiliar words from clues provided by other words and by context on an increased range
of familiar topics
LS 1.3.1 Recognise with support typical features at word, sentence and text levels of a small number of spoken genres

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S
PEAKI NG 5 SoW Lessons 26, 27

A Work in groups. Create a brochure on the effects of water pollution. Ask about and
HOTS discuss how to do this group task. You may use the points below to help you. LS 2.1.2

• Form a group.
• Have a discussion. Use the following words
• Create subheadings for the subtopics. in your discussion:
• Allocate one group member per subtopic. • firstly, secondly, thirdly,
• Do individual online research. finally
• Regroup and discuss the information gathered. • because, due to,
• Use ready-made brochure templates. since, so, therefore, as
• Remember to cite the source(s) of your images. a result, if ... then

S PEAKI NG 6
A Work in pairs. Discuss what you think of the advice given in the poster below. LS 2.1.4
HOTS

Steps to Reduce Water Pollution

Dispose of medical waste properly!

Never flush medicine down a toilet or dump them in water systems. The drugs will cause
health problems in fish and birds and will also contaminate the water.

Plant trees!
Planting trees lessens erosion and prevents toxic substances from washing into rivers, lakes
and seas. If you live near a river or pond, plant trees, bushes or grass along the riverbank.

Always conserve water!

Ensure taps are always turned off when they are not in use. Conserving water reduces the
amount of contaminated water that needs to be cleaned.

Help clean up beaches and rivers!

Volunteer to help plant trees or clean up the local river. Join environmental organisations
that are active in your area.

LS 2.1.2 Ask about and explain simple processes

LS 2.1.4 Explain own point of view

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WRI
T ING 5 SoW Lessons 28, 29

A Complete the following email to your friend. Use the notes given below to help you.
LS 4.2.4

variety of sea creatures – glass tunnel – no cameras – feed sharks – café –

refreshments – souvenir shop – bought – gift for you

To: lexibyres@gmail.com
From: cathymartin@gmail.com
Subject: Visiting Aquaria
Hi Lexi,
How are you? I want to tell you about my recent visit to Aquaria in Kuala Lumpur. I have never
had a better view of marine life. It was a fantastic underwater experience! The theme at the
aquarium was ‘Swim with the Sharks’.

Cathy

WRI T ING 6
A Read the email below. There are six errors in the email. Use the codes below to mark the
errors, and then correct the errors. LS 4.2.3

P – Punctuation T – Wrong Tense Sp – Wrong Spelling ^ – Missing Word

Hi Sally,
Thank you for your email. Its always good to hear from you. You asked me what we do in
our country to save the environment. Actually, we don’t do as much as we shud. Our seas
are so badly pollute that our marine life is under threat.
We have to start with educating the public, especially the children. There are some
programme to address the problem water pollution. There was now stricter laws and better
enforcement to control the dumping of industrial waste into our waters.
Hopefully things will improve in the near future.
Jonah

LS 4.2.4 Begin to use formal and informal registers appropriate to the target audience in familiar situations
LS 4.2.3 Produce a plan or draft of two paragraphs or more and modify this appropriately independently

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L IT ERAT U R E I N A C T I O N 3 SoW Lesson 30

Characters
The characters refer to people or animals in a story. There are usually a few main characters
and several minor characters in a novel.
Main Character(s)
The main character in a story is the protagonist. The person who goes against the protagonist
is called the antagonist. Usually, both of these characters are very complex and interesting.
They have the greatest effect on the plot and are the most affected by what happens in the
story.
Minor Characters
Minor characters play small roles in a story. They are mentioned only briefly and do not
appear in every scene. They may even appear only once. They are not well developed and
not much is known about them. They may or may not be relevant to the plot.

A Choose two characters from the novel you have read. Fill in the double bubble map
below with the characteristics of both characters. LS 5.1.2

The Elephant Man – Tim Vicary

Moby Dick – Herman Melville
We Didn’t Mean to Go to Sea – Arthur Ransome

B Based on one of the novels above, compare two of the characters in the novel in your
exercise book. Describe their similarities and/or differences.
Provide evidence from the text to support your response. LS 5.1.2
Write:
• in not less than 50 words
• in continuous writing (not in note form)
LS 5.1.2 Explain briefly the development of plot, characters and themes in a text

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