high melting and boiling point in room

temperature due to the strong electrostatic

attractive forces
Ionic compound
Soluble in water, because of the fact that
water is polar

high melting and boiling point in room

temperature due to the positive ions and the
sea of delocalised electons Bonding and physical properties
Metallic bonding
Metal do not dissolve in water due to the
force of attraction between the ions and the
delocalised electrons is too grea

low melting and boiling point due to low

covalent bonding
intermolecular force

the strongest type of intermolecular force

but weaker than covalent bonds. It is a Hydrogen bonding Formation between metal and non-metal
strong type of pd-pd force Ionic bonding
dot-and-cross diagram

the electron pair in the bond is drawn

towards the atom with the larger Formation between two non-metal atoms
electronegativity, making one end of the
molecule slightly positive compared with the lone pair - the pairs of outer-shell electrons
other not used in bonding

the less electro negative atom with partial
charge delta posivite
the more electronegative atom with the
partial charge delta negative
very weak forces between non-polar
molecules
Double covalent bond, Triple covalent bond
Co-ordinate bonding - the sharing of a pair
of electrons between two atoms where both Electron deficient - an atom or molecule that
the electrons in the bond come from the has less than its usual share of electrons
same atom
Polarity in molecules
Pairs of electrons repel each other

due to constant motion of electrons Id-Id forces lone pair of electron repeal each other, more
than a bonded pair of electrons
increased by number of electrons and
number of contact points repulsion of single and multiple bonds is
treated the same
weak forces between polar molecules
Pd-Pd forces Shape of molecule - VSEPR
2 pairs linear 180
Covalent bond
Molecules always attracted to charged rod
Chemical bonding Trigonal planar 120
3 pairs
the power of a particular atom that is bent shape <120
covalently bonded to another atom to attract
the bonding pair of electrons towards itself Tetrahedral 109.5
Name of shape
increases across a period from group 1 to 4 pairs Pyramidal <109.5
group 17
Trend bent shape <109.5
increases up each group
5 pairs Trigonal pyramidal 90, 120
nuclear charge
Electronegativity 6 pairs Octohedral 90
atomic radius Factors influencing electronegativity
s-s
shielding
sigma bond s-p
if the difference is high, the compound is
likely to be ionic sigma and pie bonds p-p

if difference is lower below 1.0, the pie bond p - p in sideways

Difference in electronegativity
compound is likely to be covalent

A zero value shows that there is no ionic

The energy required to break one mole of a
character in the bond Bond energy particular covalent bond in the gaseous state

the ions are held together by the strong

electrostatic attraction between their
positive charges and the negative charges of
the delocalised electrons Metallic bonding
High melting point and high boiling point

The distance between the nuclei of two

covalently bonded atoms
Bond length