FAKTOR BIOTIK DAN ABIOTIK

KULIAH ZOOLOGI MINGGU KE-7

ARMAN WIJONARKO, Ph.D.
(Price, 1984)
11/11/202
0
 Animal Population depends on
✓Internal factor : biotic potential (fertility,
life cycle, migration, host availability, etc.)

✓External factor: environmental resistance

(climate, natural enemies, abiotic stress,
etc.)
 Population Dynamic

▪ r- and K-selection
▪ Predator and prey interaction
▪ Parasitoid and prey interaction
▪ Ecological engineering for pest management
purposes
 r-Selection

▪ Unstable environment
▪ High reproductive rate
▪ Early reproduction
▪ Small size
▪ Short live
▪ Focuse on quantity
▪ Small investment of energy for each
individual
 K-Selection

▪ Relatively stable environment

▪ Low reproductive rate
▪ Large size
▪ Long live
▪ Focuse on quality
▪ Large investment of energy for each
individual, e.g. nurturing
 Luas (ha)

700,000
800,000

100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000

0
1931 Darmaga,
Bogor
1939
Mojokerto
1940
Yogyakarta C4, Begawan
1963 dll.
1967 PB5,

BBPOPT 2010
1969 PB8

1970
1971 Pelit
1972 a

1973
1974 PB2
1975 0
PB26, PB28 (VUTW-
1976 1)
1977 PB32
(VUTW-2)PB36
1978 Citarum, Serayu, (VUTW-2)
1979 Asahan
1980 Cisadane, Cimandiri, Ayung, IR42

1981 IR50, IR52, IR54 (VUTW-1, 2, 3)

1982 IR46, IR56 (tahan koloni Sumut)
1983 Kelara, Bah Bolon (tahan koloni
Sumut/VUTW-3)
1984
1985
1986 INPRES IR64 (tahan biotipe 1,
1987 3 2, 3)
Tahun

1988
1989 Way Seputih (tahan
biotipe 1, 2)
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995 Memberamo, Cibodas

1996 Cilamaya Muncul,

Maros dll.
1997
Way Apo
1998 Buru
1999
2000 Ciherang,
Bondoyudo dll.
2001
2002 Cigeulis, Hibrida Maro,
Rokan
2003
Teknologi pilihan: VUTW
Contoh sukses: sejarah serangan wereng cokelat

2004 Mekongga, Hibrida Hipa-3,

Hipa-4
2005
2006 Hipa 5 Ceva, Hipa 6
2007 Jete
2008
2009
2010 *) Data sd. April
2010
Serangan Gajah liar di perkebunan dan pemukiman
SIMBIOSIS
PARASITISME
 The results of Huffaker’s test of the coexistence of a predator
and a prey using a 2-orange feeding area on a 4-orange
dispersion. After Huffaker (1958)

Price PW. 1984. Insect Ecology, 2nd Ed. John Wiley &
Sons, Inc., New York.
 Fig 5.9 Results of Huffaker’s final experiment when the prey and predator
coexisted for three oscillations in a complex environment. After Huffaker
(1958)
Price PW. 1984. Insect Ecology, 2nd Ed. John Wiley &
Sons, Inc., New York.
 The predictions of the Nicholson-Bailey model (dashed lines)
tested with populations of the host Musca domestica and the
parasitoid Nasonia vitripennis (solid lines). After DeBach and
Smith (1941)
Price PW. 1984. Insect Ecology, 2nd Ed. John Wiley &
Sons, Inc., New York.
 (natural control) vs. (biological control)

Component Natural control Biological control

Climate yes no
Natural enemies yes yes
Human int. no yes
28
Study case

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30
Purwokerta; 4 April
2014

11/11/2020
 Cilacap; 7 January
31
2014

11/11/2020
 Juwiran, Klaten: March-June 2011
34 Group A:Protection
(Dept. Crop pesticidesUGM, reduction
2011) from >20 to 4
times per season with 75% yield, whereas
Group B had no yield
Population per rice hill BPH

11/11/2020

Age (days after transplanting)

 Juwiran, Klaten: August-October 2011
(Dept. Crop Protection UGM, 2011)

No pesticides application during the whole

season. Both group A and B had normal
yield.
Population per rice hill

Age (days after transplanting)

43
Nilaparvata lugens (Taufiq et al.
2015)
MK April-Sep 2011 MK Okt 2011-Mar 2012

1,000 1,000

900 900

800 800

700 700

600 600

500 500

400
400

300
300

200
200

100
100

-
-

Kabupaten di Jawa Kabupaten di Jawa

Tengah Tengah
11/11/2020
44
Nilaparvata lugens (Taufiq et al.
MK April-Sep 2012 2015) MK Okt 2012-Mar 2013

1,000
1,000

900
900

800
800

700
700

600
600

500
500

400
400

300 300

200 200

100 100

- -

Kabupaten di Jawa Kabupaten di Jawa

Tengah Tengah
11/11/2020
 Temperature
Increasing temperature due to seasonal
climate (winter – spring – summer) will
naturally increasing pest population.
Insect with short period life cycle Plutella
xylostella, Ostrinia furnacalis) (Bale et al.
2002)
Chilli greening in high altitude is suspected
due to the change distribution of its vector
 Climate change to Insect Pest

Change in distribution, reproduction rate

Number of generation per year

What about Indonesia?

 Ecosystem energy
Price 1982, 3 process
1. Energy flow
2. biogeochemical cycle
3. ecology succesion

Suksesi ekologi
Daur biogeokimiawi
Co-Evolution pest-crops
• Herbivores are dependent on plants for food,
and have coevolved mechanisms to obtain
this food

• Herbivore adaptations to plant defense

consist of those traits that allow for increased
feeding and use of a host.

• Plants, on the other hand, protect their

resources for use in growth and reproduction,
by limiting the ability of herbivores to eat
them.

• Relationships between herbivores and their

host plants often results in reciprocal
evolutionary change.