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Anaerococcus
The type species of the genus Anaerococcus is A. prevotii (Ezaki et al., 2001). This
strain was originally designated as Micrococcus prevotii, then placed in the genus
Peptococcus (Foubert & Douglas, 1948), transferred to the genus Peptostreptococcus in 1983
(Ezaki et al., 1983) and finally to the genus Anaerococcus (Ezaki et al., 2001). Anaerococcus
prevotii and several other species have been described, namely A. tetradius, Anaerococcus
lactolyticus, Anaerococcus hydrogenalis, A. vaginalis, Anaerococcus murdochii,
Anaerococcus octavius and Anaerococcus senegalensis (Ezaki et al., 2001; Song et al.,
2007a; Lagier et al., 2012). Cells occur in pairs, tetrads, short chains or clumps and individual
cells vary in size from 0.6–0.9 lm in diameter, and on enriched blood agar, colonies also vary
in size (0.5–2 mm) (Labutti et al., 2009) . Peptones and amino acids are used as major energy
sources and butyrate is the major metabolite (Ezaki et al., 2001). Most species are able to
weakly ferment carbohydrates

and are also indole-negative and coagulase-negative (Ezaki et al., 2001).

The completed gene sequence of the type strain A. prevotii PC1T, originally isolated
from human plasma, was recently published (Labutti et al., 2009). The genome is 1 797 577
bp long (chromosome and one plasmid), has an average G + C content of 35.6% and a total of
1913 open reading frames (ORFs). Of these, 1852 are protein coding genes and 1399 of the
genes have been assigned a predicted function.

Clinical importance

Anaerococcus prevotii is frequently recovered from clinical specimens, such as

vaginal discharges and ovarian, peritoneal, sacral or lung abscesses (Labutti et al., 2009). The
species is also a common member of the normal flora of skin, oral cavity and the gut (Ezaki
et al., 1983). In an rRNA gene-based study of the armpit microbiota of healthy males,
Anaerococcus spp. Were plentiful (Egert et al., 2011). By using multiplex PCR, 16 out of 190
clinical isolates were identified as Anaerococcus spp., mainly A. vaginalis (Song et al.,
2003b) and in a European study on antimicrobial susceptibility amongst 299 GPAC isolates,
mainly from skin and soft-tissue infections, 26 were identified as Anaerococcus (Brazier et
al., 2008). Using a culture-independent molecular approach, A. lactolyticus was identified in
urinary tract specimens in coinfection with both known and unknown uropathogens (Domann
et al., 2003). In a recent survey of the bacterial diversity in biofilms of various wound types,
A. lactolyticus and A. vaginalis were identified among the predominant species in grouped
samples of diabetic foot ulcers and pressure ulcers using 16S rRNA gene-based molecular
amplification followed by shotgun Sanger sequencing (Dowd et al., 2008a). When the
bacterial diversity in individual vaginalis were identified among the predominant species in
grouped samples of diabetic foot ulcers and pressure ulcers using 16S rRNA gene-based
molecular amplification followed by shotgun Sanger sequencing (Dowd et al., 2008a). When
the bacterial diversity in individual vaginalis were identified among the predominant species
in grouped samples of diabetic foot ulcers and pressure ulcers using 16S rRNA gene-based
molecular amplification followed by shotgun Sanger sequencing (Dowd et al., 2008a). When
the bacterial diversity in individual

chronic diabetic foot ulcers was investigated using a pyrosequencing approach, Anaerococcus
spp. were highly prevalent and found in 22 of 40 samples (Dowd et al., 2008b). Recently, A.
vaginalis and A. prevotii were also identified in blood cultures by mass spectrometry and 16S
rRNA gene sequencing, (La Scola et al., 2011). Inaddition, five isolates of Anaerococcus
were identified of which at least two, based on sequence similarity with known species, most
likely to belong to new species (La Scola et al., 2011). Two of these isolates were obtained
from osteoarticular samples, one from cervical abscess and the others from blood.

Antibiotic resistance

Anaerococcus prevotii is susceptible to penicillins (Murdoch, 1998) but resistant to SPS

(Song et al., 2007a). Brazier et al. (2003) also suggests that A. prevotii is resistant to
tetracycline, erythromycin and clindamycin, although the number of isolates in this study was
very low. Other studies have shown resistance of A. prevotii, isolated from diabetic foot
infections, to clindamycin, levofloxacin and ceftazidine (Goldstein et al., 2006a; Goldstein et
al., 2006b). Clinical isolates of A. murdochii (six strains) were reported to be resistant to
colistin sulphate, two strains to kanamycin, one to clindamycin and three showed
intermediate resistance to penicillin (Song et al., 2007b).