Neutralisation:

H+ (aq) + OH- (aq) → H2O (l)

Double indicator:
CO32- (aq) + 2H+ (aq) → CO2 (g) + H2O (l) → thymol blue/ thymolphthalein

HCO3- (aq) + H+ (aq) → CO2 (g) + H2O (l) → methyl orange

Reducing agent is a chemical species that reduces another chemical species while it itself is oxidised.
Oxidising agent is a chemical species that oxidises another chemical species while it itself is reduced.

Oxidation Reduction

Loss of electrons Gain of electrons

Increase in oxidation state Decrease in oxidation state

In acidic/ neutral medium:

A: balance all elements except H and O
O: balance O atoms by adding H2O
H: balance H atoms by adding H+
C: balance charges by adding electrons

In alkaline medium:
A: balance all elements except H and O
O: balance O atoms by adding H2O
H: balance H atoms by adding H+
C: balance charges by adding electrons

Neutralise any H by adding OH to both sides of the equation and combine to form H2O and remove any
extra H2O.

MnO4- (aq) + 8H+ (aq) + 5e- → Mn2+ (aq) + 4H2O

Cr2O72- (aq) + 14H+ (aq) + 6e- → Cr3+ (aq) + 7H2O

I2 (aq) + 2S2O32- (aq) → 2I- (aq) + S4O62- (aq)