Dilution table:

Table showing dilution of xx stock solution

Final concentration of Final volume of diluted Volume of xx stock Volume of distilled

diluted xx solution/ mol xx solution/ cm3 solution/ cm3 water/ cm3
dm-3

Precision Instruments:

Apparatus Smallest Division Uncertainty

Burette 0.1 0.05

Electronic balance 0.01 0.01

0.001 0.001

Half metre rule or metre rule 0.1 0.1

Hypodermic syringe (1 cm3) 0.01 0.005

0.2 0.1

Hypodermic syringe (5 cm3) 0.2 0.1

Hypodermic syringe (10 cm3) 0.2 0.1

Measuring cylinder (100 cm3) 1 0.5

Stopwatch (digital) 0.1 0.1

0.01 0.01

Thermometer 1 0.5
Quantitative Data:

Table showing effect of xx on xx

Concentration of Volume of xx /cm3 Rate of xx/ cm3

dilute xx solution/ min-1
mol dm3 V1 V2 V̅

Reaction Rate:

mass/ time = m/t [g s-1]

volume/ time = v/t [cm3 s-1]

1/time = 1/t [s-1]

Food Tests:

Test for starch:

1. 2 drops of iodine solution was added to 2 drops of sample

If present:
Blue-black coloration observed. Starch is present.

If absent:
The reaction mixture remained yellowish brown. Starch is absent.

Test for reducing sugar/ Benedict’s Test:

1. 2 cm3 of Benedict’s reagent was added to 2 cm3 of sample
2. Mixture was heated in boiling water bath for 5 minutes

If present:
A ( brick-red/ orange/ yellow/ green ) suspension was observed. ( brick-red/ orange/ yellow/ green )
precipitate was formed upon settling. Reducing sugar is present.

If absent:
The reaction mixture remained blue. Reducing sugar is absent.
Test for non-reducing sugar:
1. 2 cm3 of HCl was added to 2 cm3 of sample
2. Mixture was heated in boiling water bath for 5 minutes
3. Mixture was then cooled and neutralised with excess dilute NaOH.
4. 2 cm3 of Benedict’s reagent was added to 2 cm3 of alkaline mixture
5. Mixture was heated in boiling water bath for 5 minutes

If present:
A ( brick-red/ orange/ yellow/ green ) suspension was observed. ( brick-red/ orange/ yellow/ green )
precipitate was formed upon settling. Non-reducing sugar is present.
→ only if the suspension has a darker colour than the reducing sugar

If absent:
The reaction mixture remained ( brick-red/ orange/ yellow/ green ). Reducing sugar is absent.
→ same colour as the reducing sugar test

Test for proteins/ Biuret Test:

1. 2 cm3 of 5% NaOH was added to 2 cm3 of sample
2. 1% CuSO4 solution was added to the mixture dropwise

If present:
Violet coloration observed. Protein is present.

If absent:
The reaction mixture remained blue. Protein is absent.

Test for lipids/fat/ Ethanol Emulsion Test:

1. 2 cm3 of absolute ethanol was added to 2cm3 of the sample.
2. Mixture was subjected to vigorous shaking
3. Ethanol layer was decanted into 2 cm3 of distilled water

If present:
Cloudy-white emulsion observed. Lipid is present.

If absent:
The reaction mixture remained colourless and clear. Lipid is absent.