CHEMISTRY PROJECT

SUBMITTED BY: SUBMITTED TO:

NAME:KOMAL JANGID KARUN KUMAR
CLASS:XII A SINGH
ROLL NO.:31 PGT CHEMISTRY
 Certificate

This is to certify Komal Jangid of class XII A has

successfully completed the research in chemistry
project mentioned below under the guidance of Mr.
Karun Kumar Singh (PGT Chemistry) during the
session 2021-2022 .

INTERNAL’S EXTERNAL’S
SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank my chemistry teacher Mr.

Karun Kumar Singh, whose valuable guidance has
been the ones that helped me patch this project and
make it full proof success. His suggestions and his
instructions have served as the major contribution
over the competition of this project.

Then I would like to thank my parents who have

helped me with their valuable suggestions and
guidance has been helpful in various phase of
completion of project.

Last but not the least I would like to thank my

classmates who have helped me a lot.
Index
Introduction
Theory
Appratus required
Procedure followed
Observation
Result
Precaution
Bibliography
 AIM

To analyse the given sample of

antacid by determining
the amount of hydrochloric
acid it can neutralize.
 INTRODUCTION

Digestion in stomach results from the action of gastric

fluids, which includes secretion of the digestive enzymes,
mucous and hydrochloric acid. The acidic environment
of the stomach makes it possible for the enzymes to be
converted into active forms(i.e., pepsinogen into pepsin),
and acid is also needed to dissolve minerals and kill
bacteria that may enter the stomach along with food.

However, excessive acid production results in the

unpleasant symptoms of heartburn an may contribute to
ulcers formation in the stomach lining.

Antacid are weak bases that neutralizes excess stomach

acid and thus alleviate symptoms of heartburn.

The general neutralization reaction is:

Antacid(weak base) + HCl (stomach acid) → salt+H2O +
CO2
 Antacid is any substance that can neutralize an
acid. All the antacid are bases. The pH of a base is
7.1-14. All antacid has a chemical in them called a
buffer.
When an antacid is mixed with an acid the buffer is
mixed with an acid.
The buffer tris to even out the acidity and that is
how stomach acid gets neutralized.

Some famous antacid brands:

Alka-Seltzer
Gaviscon
Maalox(liquid)
Digene
Eno
Gas-O-Fast
Chemistry of antacid
The chemistry of antacid action is simple the
reduction of hydronium ion concentration by the
reaction with a base stronger than water.

H3O+ + B1- → HB1 + H2O

The extend to which the reaction proceeds is a

function of the relative strength of water as a base
and the antacid as a base but the effect is an
increase in pH.

Different antacids react with HCl to form chlorides,

water and carbon dioxide, neutralizing HCl by the
following chemical reactions.

Al(OH)3 + 3HCl = AlCl3 + 3H2O (slow)

Mg(OH)3 + 2HCl = MgCl2 + 2H2O (slow/moderate)
CaCO3 + 2HCl = CaCl2 + H2O + CO2 (fast)
Ideal antacid

The antacid should not be absorbable or cause

systemic alkalosis.
It should not be laxative or cause constipation.
It should buffer in the pH 4-6.
It should be rapidly effective and maintain its effect
over a long period of time.
It should not produce rebound acidity or excessive
eructation(bleaching).
It should not cause large evolution of gas by
reacting with gastric HCl.
It should not affect the absorption of food, nutrient
and vitamin.
It should be non-irritant to stomach, intestine and
should not cause diarrhoea.
It should not rapidly effective and maintain its effect
over a long period of time.
Side effects

Most of the people who take an antacid do not have

any side-effects. However, side-effects occur in a
small number of users. The most common are
diarrhoea, constipation and belching.

Aluminium hydroxide may lead to insoluble aluminium

phosphate complexes, hypophosphates and osteomalacia.
Aluminium containing drugs may cause constipation.
Magnesium hydroxide has a laxative property.
Magnesium mat accumulate in patients with renal failure
leading to hypo magnesemia with cardiovascular and
neurological complications.
Calcium compounds containing calcium may increase
calcium output in the urine, which might be associated to
renal stones. Calcium salts may cause constipation.
Carbonate regular high dose may cause alkalosis, which
in turn results in altered excretion of other drugs, and
kidney stones.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Burette
Pipette
Titration flask
Measuring flask
Beakers
Weight box
Fractional weights

CHEMICAL REQUIRED
Various samples of antacids
Sodium hydroxide
Sodium carbonate
Hydrochloric acid
Phenolphthalein
Experiment

Standardization of NaOH: first we will take 20 ml of 0.1 m

HCl and titrate it with unknown concentrated solution of
NaOH to find its concentration.

Determine the mass of antacid for analysis: since

maximum of our antacids are tablets, so we will pulverize
and/or grind the antacid tablets with a mortar and pestle.
Measure not more than 0.2g of the pulverized commercial
antacid tablets in a 250ml Erlenmeyer flask having
known mass.

Prepare the antacid for analysis: pipette 40.0 ml of

standardize 0.1M HCl (stomach acid equivalent) into the
flask and swirl.

Prepare the burette for titration: prepare a clean burette.

Rinse the clean burette with 3 to 5 ml portions of a
standard NaOH solution. Recorded the actual molar
concentration of the NaOH. Fill the burette with the NaOH
solution; be sure no air bubbles are in the burette tip.
Wait for 30 seconds and then read its initial volume.
Titrate the sample: once the antacid solution has cooled,
titrate the sample with the NaOH solution to a blue end
point. Watch closely, the endpoint may only take a few
millimetres, depending on the concentration of the
antacid in the sample. When a single drop of NaOH
solution changes the sample solution from yellow to blue,
stop. Wait 30 seconds and then read the final volume of
NaOH solution in the burette.

Repeat the titration of the same sample: refill the burette

and repeat the experiment.

Analyse another antacid: perform the experiment, in

duplicate for another antacid. Record all the data on the
report sheet.
OBSERVATIONS

Table1: standardization of NaOH solution using 0.1 M HCl

s.no Pipette Burette Titrate Concentrated
solution(ml) solution volume volume
(ml) (ml)
initial final
1. 20 0 11.2 11.2
2. 20 11.2 22.5 11.3 11.2
3. 20 22.5 33.7 11.2

Table2: titration of GELUCIL using 0.1 M of HCl

s.no Pipette Burette Titrate Concentrate
solution(ml) solution(ml) volume(ml) value
initial final
1. 40 0 8.1 8.1
2. 40 8.1 16.3 8.2 8.1
3. 40 16.3 24.4 8.1
table3: titration f DIGENE using 0.1M HCl
s.no Pipette Burette Titrate Final
solution(ml) solution value value
(ml) (ml)
initial Final
1. 40 0 15.4 15.4
2. 40 15.4 30.9 15.5 15.4
3. 40 30.9 46.3 15.4

Table 4: titration of ENO using 0.1 M HCl

s.no Pipette Burette Titrate Final
solution(ml) solution value value
(ml) (ml)
initial Final
1. 40 0 13.3 13.3
2. 40 13.3 26.7 13.4 13.3
3. 40 26.7 40 13.3

Table 5: titration of OCID 20 using 0.1 M HCl

s.no Pipette Burette Titrate Final
solution(ml) solution value value
(ml) (ml)
initial Final
1. 40 0 14.6 14.6
2. 40 14.6 29.3 14.7 14.6
3. 40 29.3 43.9 14.6

Clearly from the graph Gelucil required least amount of

NaOH for reaching end point thus it is more effective than
other antacid products used.
Precaution

All apparatus should be clean and

washed properly.
Burette and pipette must be rinsed with
the respective solution to be put in them.
Air bubbles must be removed from the
burette and jet.
Last drop from the pipette should not be
removed by blowing.
The flask should be rinsed with any of
the dilution, which are being titrated.
BIBLIOGRAPHY

Wikipedia-the free encyclopaedia

www.icbse.com
www.google.com
comprehensive practical manual in
chemistry for class XII.