CHEMISTRY

INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
 ST. PAUL SR. SEC. CO-ED
SCHOOL

CHEMISTRY PROJECT
2022-2023
AMOUNT OF HCl COMMERCIAL ANTACIDS CAN
NEUTRALIZE

SUBMITED TO - SUBMITED BY -
Mrs. ANITA PILLAI SOM R. GAUTAM
XII ‘B’
 INDEX
1. CERTIFICATE
2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
3. AIM
4. INTR0DUCTION
5. THEORY
6. APPARATUS REQUIRED
7. PROCEDURE FOLLOWED
8. OBSERVATION
9. RESULT
10. CONCLUSION
11. PRECAUTION
12. BIBLIOGRAPHY
This is to certify that SOM R. Gautam, student of class
XII-B has successfully completed their Chemistry
investigatory project on “Amount of HCl commercial
antacids can neutralize” under the guidance of Mrs.
ANITA PILLAI (Subject Teacher) during the academic
year 2022-23.

Internal Signature. Principal Signature.

External Signature. School Seal.

In the accomplishment of this project successfully
many people have best owned upon me their blessing
and the heart pledged support, this time I am utilising
to thank all the people who have been concerned with
this project.
Primarily I would thank God for being able to complete
this project with success. Then I would like to thank my
principal Fr. Johnson Tharani CMI and chemistry
teacher Mrs. Anita Pillai whose valuable guidance has
been the ones that helped me patch this project and
make it full proof success. Their suggestions and
instructions have served as the major contributor
towards the completion of this project.
Then I would like to thank my parents and friends who
have helped me with their valuable suggestions and
guidance has been helpful in various phases of the
completion of the project.
 AIM
➢ To analyse the given sample of
commercial antacid by determining
the amount of hydrochloric acid (HCl)

they can neutralize.

Digestion in the stomach results from the action of
gastric fluid which include in secretions of digestive
enzymes, mucous, and hydrochloric acid. The acidic
environment of the stomach make it possible for
inaccurate forms of digestive enzymes to be converted
into active forms (i.e. Pepsinogen into pepsin), and acid
is also needed to dissolve mineral and kill bacteria that
may enter the stomach along with food.
However, excessive acid production (hyperacidity)
results in the unpleasant symptoms of heartburn and
may contribute to ulcer formation in the stomach
lining.
Antacids are weak bases(most commonly bicarbonates,
hydroxides, and carbonates) that neutralize excess
stomach acid and thus alleviate symptoms of
heartburn.
The general neutralization reaction is :-
Antacid (weak base) + HCl (stomach acid) salts +
H2O + CO2
• STOMACH ACID :-
Stomach acid is very dangerous. Stomach acid is highly
acidic and has a pH of 1.6. Stomach acid is hydrochloric
acid produced by the stomach. If there is too much
stomach acid it can cause heartburn. One of the
symptoms of heartburn is a burning feeling in the chest
or abdomen.

• ANTACID :-
An antacid is any substance that can neutralize an acid.
All antacids are bases. The pH of base is 7.1 – 14. All
antacids have chemical in them called a buffer. When
an antacid is mixed with an acid the buffer tries to even
out the acidity and that is how stomach acid gets
neutralized.
• SOME FAMOUS ANTACID BRANDS :-
▪ Alka – Seltzer
▪ Gaviscon
▪ Maalox (liquid)
▪ Milk of
Magnesia
▪ Digene
▪ Eno
▪ Gelusil
▪ Gas-O-Fast

• DRUG NAMES
1. Aluminium hydroxide
2. Magnesium hydroxide
3. Calcium carbonate
4. Bismuth subsalicylate
5. Ranitidine
• ACTION MECHANISM :-
Antacids perform neutralization reaction, i.e. they
buffer gastric acid, raising the pH to reduce acidity in
the stomach. When gastric hydrochloric acid reaches
the nerves in gastrointestinal mucosa, they signal pain
to the central nervous system. This happens when
these nerves are exposed, as in peptic ulcers. Antacids
are commonly used to help neutralize stomach acid.
The action of antacids is based on the fact that a base
reacts with acid to form salt and water.
• CHEMISTRY OF ANTACIDS :-
 The chemistry of antacid action is simple. The
reduction of hydronium ion concentration by
reaction with a base stronger than water.

H3O+ + BI- = HBI + H2O

 The extent to which the reaction proceeds is a

function of the relative strengths of water as a
base and the antacid as a base but the effect is an
increase in pH.

 Different antacids react with HCl to form chlorides,

water and carbon dioxide, neutralizing HCl by the
following chemical reactions.

Al(OH)3 + 3HCl = AlCl3 + 3H2O (slow)

Mg(OH)2 + 2HCl = MgCl2 + 2H2O (slow/moderate)
CaCO3 + 2HCl = CaCl2 + H2O + CO2 (fast)
NaHCO3 + HCl = NaCl + H2O + CO2 (fast)
• IDEAL ANTACID :-

❖ The antacid should not be absorbable or cause

systemic alkalosis.

❖ It should not be laxative or cause constipation.

❖ It should buffer in the pH 4-6 range.

❖ It should be rapidly effective and maintain its effect

over a long period of time.

❖ It should probably inhibit pepsin but should not

completely inactive peptic digestion.

❖ It should not produce rebound acidity or excessive

eructation (belching).

❖ It should not cause large evolution of gas by reacting

with gastric HCl.

❖ It should not affect the absorption of food, nutrient

and vitamin.

❖ It should be non-irritant to stomach, intestine and

should not cause diarrhea.
• SIDE EFFECTS :-
➢ Most people who take an antacid do not have any
side-effects. However, side-effects occur in a small
number of users.
The most common are diarrhoea, constipation and
belching.

❖ Aluminium hydroxide, may lead to the formation of

insoluble aluminium phosphate complexes,
hypophosphate and osteomalacia. Aluminium
containing drugs may cause constipation.

❖ Magnesium hydroxide has a laxative property.

Magnesium may accumulate in patients with renal
failure leading to hypomagnesemia with
cardiovascular and neurological complications.

❖ Calcium compounds containing calcium may increase

calcium output in the urine, which might be
associated to renal stones. Calcium salts may cause
constipation.

❖ Carbonate regular high doses may cause alkalosis,

which in turn may result in altered excretion of other
drugs, and kidney stones.
 Burette

 Pipette

 Titration Flask

 Measuring Flask

 Beakers

 Weight Box

 Fractional Weights

 Various samples of antacids

 Sodium Hydroxide

 Sodium Carbonate

 Hydrochloric Acid

 Phenolphthalein
1. Standardization of NaOH – First we will take 20 ml
of 0.1 m HCl and titrate it with unknown
concentration solution of NaOH to find its
concentration.

2. Determine the mass of antacid for analysis – Since

maximum of our antacids are tablet, so we will
pulverize and/or grind the antacid tablet with a
mortar and pestle. Measure not more than 0.2g of
the pulverized commercial antacid tablet in a 250 ml
Erlenmeyer flask having a known mass.

3. Prepare the antacid for analysis – Pipette 40.0 ml of

standardize 0.1M HCl (stomach acid equivalent) into
the flask and swirl.
4. Prepare the burette for titration – Prepare a clean
burette. Rinse the clean burette with two 3 to 5 ml
portions of a standard NaOH solution. Record the
actual molar concentration of the NaOH.
Fill the burette with the NaOH solution; be sure no
air bubbles are in the burette tip. Wait for 30
seconds and then read its initial volume.
5. Titrate the sample – Once the antacid solution has
cooled, titrate the sample with the NaOH solution to
a blue end point.
Watch closely, the end point may only take a few
milli liters, depending on the concentration of the
antacid in the sample. When a single drop of NaOH
solution changes the sample solution from yellow to
blue, stop. Wait for 30 seconds and then read the
final volume of NaOH solution in the burette.

a) Repeat the titration of the same sample – Refill

the burette and repeat the experiment.

b) Analyze another antacid – Perform the

experiment, in duplicate, for another antacid.
Record all data on the report sheet.
Table 1: Standardization of NaOH solution using 0.1 M
HCl
Pipette Burette Titrate Concordant
Solution Solution Volume value
S.No
(ml) (ml) (ml)
Initial Final
1. 20 0 11.2 11.2
2. 20 11.2 22.5 11.3 11.2
3. 20 22.5 33.7 11.2

Table 2: Titration of GELUCIL using 0.1 M HCl

Pipette Burette Titrate Concordant
Solution Solution Volume value
S.No
(ml) (ml) (ml)
Initial Final
1. 40 0 8.1 8.1
2. 40 8.1 16.3 8.2 8.1
3. 40 16.3 24.4 8.1
 Table 3: Titration of DIGENE using 0.1 M HCl

Pipette Burette Titrate Concordant

Solution Solution Value value
S.No
(ml) (ml) (ml)
Initial Final
1. 40 0 15.4 15.4
2. 40 15.4 30.9 15.5 15.4
3. 40 30.9 46.3 15.4

Table 4: Titration of ENO using 0.1 M HCl

Pipette Burette Titrate Concordant

Solution Solution Value value
S.No
(ml) (ml) (ml)
Initial Final
1. 40 0 13.3 13.3
2. 40 13.3 26.7 13.4 13.3
3. 40 26.7 40 13.3
 Table 5: Titration of OCID 20 using 0.1 M HCl

Pipette Burette Titrate Concordant

Solution Solution value value
S.No
(ml) (ml)
Initial Final
1. 40 0 14.6 14.6
2. 40 14.6 29.3 14.7 14.6
3. 40 29.3 43.9 14.6

Table 6: Titration of GAS-O-FAST using 0.1 M HCl

Pipette Burette Titrate Concordant

Solution Solution value value
S.No
(ml) (ml)
Initial Final
1. 40 0 15.7 15.7
2. 40 15.7 31.5 15.8 15.7
3. 40 31.5 47.2 15.7
18

16 15.7
15.4
14.6

14 13.3

12

10

8.1
8

Clearly from the graph Gelucil required least amount of

NaOH for reaching end point thus it is more effective
than other antacid products used. Arranging in
descending order our antacids are in order :-
Gelucil > ENO > Ocid 20
> Digene > Gas-O-Fast
Antacid plays a very important role in relieving many
patients suffering from gastric hyperacidity, commonly
referred to as gastritis. This project was undertaken to
analyze the best commercially available antacid
according to the amount of hydrochloric acid they
could neutralize.
Various antacids could neutralize a specific amount of
the acid. Gas-O-Fast was the poorest among all
antacids. Digene had a slightly higher alkaline nature.
ENO had a higher concentration of the base. Gelucil
had the highest basic character.
Thus, on the basis of the experiment conducted, it was
adjudged that Gelucil was the best commercially
available antacid.
 All apparatus should be clean and washed
properly.

 Burette and pipette must be rinsed with the

respective solution to be put in them.

 Air bubbles must be removed from the

burette and jet.

 Last drop from the pipette should not be

removed by blowing.

 The flask should not be rinsed with any of the

solution, which are being titrated.
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• Chemistry NCERT class XII part II

• Comprehensive Practical Manual in chemistry for

class XII