CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY

PROJECT

To study the composition of various brands of

antacids and study their neutralizing capacity.

Prepared by:
……………………………………….
Class: XII – A
Roll no.
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Chemistry project titled ‘To study the composition of
various brands of antacids and study their neutralizing capacity’ has been
successfully completed by ……………………………….... of class Xll – A
under the guidance of Mr. Anmol Rai Gambhir in particular fulfillment of the
curriculum of CBSE leading to the award of the annual examination of the year
2022 – 2023

Teacher Incharge
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my Chemistry teacher

Mr. Anmol Rai Gambhir, for his guidance and supervision. I am also thankful to
Lab assistant Mr. Hoshiyar Singh for his kind support during the project.
 INDEX
1. Certificate
2. Acknowledgement
3. Introduction
4. Objective
5. Materials and Chemicals required
6. Procedure
7. Observations
8. Conclusion
9. Precautions
10. Bibliography
Introduction
It is well known that food we take undergoes a series of complex reactions within
the body which constitutes digestion and metabolism. These reactions are
catalyzed by enzymes which are very specific in their action and function
properly only when pH pf the medium is in specific range.
Gastric acids are a digestive fluid formed in the stomach. It has a pH of 1.5 to 3.5
and is composed of 0.5 per cent HCL (Hydrochloric acid). It is produced by the
cells lining the stomach which are coupled to systems to increase the acid
production when needed.

However, sometimes the stomach begins to secrete an excess of HCL. This leads
to a condition called gastric hyperacidity. This condition can also be triggered by
intake of excess amount of food or highly spiced food. Thus, in turn makes the
stomach lining cells to secrete the more acid resulting in hyperacidity. It also leads
to acute discomfort due to indigestion.
To counter the situation, substances like antacids have been developed. Antacids
are commercial products that neutralize the excess acid in the stomach by
providing a sensation of relief to the person. The action of antacids is based on
the fact that it neutralizes an acid forming a salt and water.

Types of antacids
Sodium antacids – Sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) is the best-known sodium
containing antacids. It is potent and fast acting.
Calcium antacids (Tums, Alka – 2, titralac, and others) – Antacids in the form of
calcium carbonate or calcium phosphate are also potent and fast acting. Regular
or heavy doses of calcium can cause constipation. Heavy and extended use of this
product may clog your kidneys and cut down the amount of blood they can filter
Magnesium antacids (Maalox, Mylanta, Riopan, Gelucil, and others) –
Magnesium (Mg) salts come in various forms like carbonate, glycinate,
hydroxide, oxide, trisilicate, and aluminosilicate. Mg has mild laxative effect; it
can cause diarrhoea. Like calcium, Mg may cause kidney damage it taken for a
prolonged period.
Aluminium antacids (Rolaids, Alterna Gel, amphojel, or phosphate gel) – Salts
of aluminium (hydroxide, carbonate gel, or phosphate gel) can also cause
constipation. For these reasons, aluminium is usually used in combination with
the other three primary ingredients. If used heavily, antacids containing
aluminium can weaken bones, especially in people who have kidney problems.
Side effects
Calcium – Excess calcium from supplements, fortified food, and high calcium
diet, can cause milk alkali syndrome which has serious toxicity and can be fatal.
Carbonate – Regular high doses may cause alkalosis, in turn may result in attired
secretion of drugs, and kidney stones. A chemical reaction between the carbonate
and hydrochloric acid may produce CO (carbon monoxide), which cause gastric
tension.
Aluminium hydroxide – May lead to formation of insoluble aluminium phosphate
complexes. Although Al has a low gastro intestinal absorptions, accumulation
may occur mainly in the presence of renal insufficiency. Aluminium containing
drugs, often cause constipation and are neurotoxic.
Magnesium hydroxide – Has laxative properties, may accumulate in patients with
renal failure leading to hypermagnesemia, with cardiovascular and neurological
complications.
Sodium – Increase intake of sodium may be deleterious for arterial hypertension,
heart failure, and many renal diseases.
Antacids react with excess stomach acid by neutralization i.e.
HCl + NaOH → H2O + NaCl
During the process, hydrogen ions (H+) from the acid (proton donor) or a
hydronium ion (H3O+) and hydroxide ion (OH-) from the base (proton acceptor)
react together to from a water molecule (H2O). In the process, a salt is also formed
when the anions from acid and cations from base react together to form a water
molecule. In the process, a salt is formed when the anion from acid and cation
from base react together. Neutralization reactions are generally exothermic.
In water acid breaks up as: HCl → H+ + Cl- H2SO4 → 2H+ + SO42-
In water base breaks up as: NaOH → Na+ + OH-
The experimental method about neutralization is the acid base titration. An acid
base titration is a method that allows to quantitative analysis of the concentration
of an unknown acid or base solution. It makes use of the neutralizations reaction
that occurs between the acid and base, and that we know how acids and bases
react will react if we know this formula.
In this project, phenolphthalein is used as an indicator. The endpoint of the
reaction will have a pH dependent on the relative strength of acid and base used.
The pH can be estimated as:
 A strong acid will react with a strong base to form a neutral salt (pH = 7)
solution.
 A strong acid will react with a weak base to form an acidic salt (pH < 7)
solution.
 A weak acid will react with a strong base to form a basic salt (pH > 7) solution.
In the presence of:
 An acid – solution is colourless
 A base – very dark pink
 Neutral – very pale pink
By keeping track of exactly how much NaOH is needed to complete the
neutralization process, the amount of HCl originally neutralized by the antacid
can be calculated.
Phenolphthalein
 Formula – C20H14O4
 Insoluble in water
 Weak acid; can lose H+ ions in solution
 The phenolphthalein molecule is colourless. However, the phenolphthalein
ions are pink. When a base is added to phenolphthalein molecules, the
equilibrium shifts to the right, leading to more ionization as H+ ions are
removed. This is predicted by Le Chatelier’s principle.
Objective
This project aims at analyzing some of the commercial antacids, which one of
them is the most effective by conducting a quantitative analysis.

Motive behind selecting this project:

Consumerism is the era of global industrialization, plays a very important role.
There are various product options available for consumers to choose from.
Different manufacturers selling their products attempting to sway the publics’
opinion in their favour. Hence, it becomes the consumer’s right to experiment
and know the most effective, efficient and value for money.
Apart from the economic perspective, the titrations that are conducted as a part
of the experiment is in itself an attracting aspect. The prospect of making colour
Changing solutions, the thrill of chemical reactions, and conducting them with
accuracy is probably the most interesting part of titration and the entire project.
Experiment
Hypothesis: The greater proportion of the active ingredient with stronger base in
an antacid tablet will have greater neutralizing power. And this will be more
effective to cure upset stomach.

Apparatus required:
Burette (50 mL), Pipette (10 mL), Conical Flask (100 mL), Measuring cylinder
(10 mL), Beaker (100mL), Standard Flask (100 mL), Filter paper, Funnel,
Bunsen burner, Weighing balance, Digital balance, Glass rod, Water, Crusher

Chemicals used:
NaOH pellets, Solid Na2CO3, HCl solution, Phenolphthalein, Methyl orange,
NaOH solution, Antacid tablets
Procedure
 Prepare M/10 HCl solution by dissolving 2.15 mL of lab HCl in 250 mL of
solution.
 Prepare M/10 NaOH solution by dissolving 1 g of it in 250 mL of solution.
 Prepare M/20 Na2CO3 solution by dissolving 0.53 g in 100 mL solution.
 Standardize HCl solution by titrating it against prepared M/20 Na 2CO3
solution using methyl orange indicator.
 Standardize NaOH solution by titrating it against standard HCl solution
using phenolphthalein indicator.
 Now powder the four antacid sample and weigh 0.5 g of each.
 Add 25 mL of standardized HCl solution to each of the weighed samples
taken in conical flasks. (Make sure the acid is in slight excess so that it
neutralizes the basic nature of the antacid powder)
 Add a few drops of phenolphthalein indicator and warm the flask till most of
the powder dissolves.
 Filter the contents.
 Titrate the solution against standardized NaOH solution till a light permanent
pink colour is obtained.
 Repeat the same experiment for all other samples too.
 Observations
Standardization of HCl solution using M/20 Na2CO3 solution
Indicator used: Methyl orange
End Point: Yellow to pinkish red
S. No. Volume of Burette reading Volume of Concordant
M/20 Na2CO3 Initial Final HCl solution volume
solution used
1 10 mL 0.0 10.1 10.1 mL 10.0 mL
2 10 mL 10.1 20.1 10.0 mL
3 10 mL 20.1 30.2 10.0 mL

(M1V1) / n1 = (M2V2) / n2 [1 – HCl, 2 – Na2CO3]

(M1 x 10)/2 = (0.05 x 10) / 1
Molarity of HCl solution = 0.1 M

Standardization of NaOH solution using standardized HCl solution

Indicator used: Phenolpthalein
End Point: Colourless to light permanent pink

S. No. Volume of Burette reading Volume of Concordant

M/10 HCl Initial Final NaOH volume
solution solution used
1 10 mL 0.0 10.1 10.1 mL 10.0 mL
2 10 mL 10.1 20.1 10.0 mL
3 10 mL 20.1 30.2 10.0 mL

(M1V1) / n1 = (M2V2) / n2 [1 – NaOH, 2 – HCl]

(M1 x 10)/1 = (0.1 x 10) / 1
Molarity of NaOH solution = 0.1 M
Analysis of antacid tablets:
Weight of antacid powder = 0.5 g
Volume of HCl solution added = 25 mL
Volume of sample solution taken for titration = 10 mL
S. No. Anatacid Volume of NaOH solution used for
solution neutralizing unused (HCl)
1 Digene 2.6 mL
2 Ocid 20 9.5 mL
3 Eno lemon 4.1 mL
4 Pantocid 9.8 mL
Conclusion
Antacid plays a very important role in relieving many patients suffering from
gastric hyperacidity, commonly referred to as gastritis. This project was
undertaken to analyze the best commercially available antacid according to the
amount of hydrochloric acid they would neutralize.
The project were helpful in deciding the amount of HCl that each antacid could
neutralize.
Precautions
 Avoid touching the antacid with your finger.
 Be careful not to lose any solid when crushing the antacid.
 Burner should be used carefully.
 Dilute HCl and NaOH are corrosive and can damage eyes and cause skin
irritation.
 The burette must be rinsed with out with NaOH before use to present
dilution of solution.
 It should be made sure that there is no air bubble inside the burette tip.
 Rinse all apparatus thoroughly using distilled water.
 Pipette out all the solutions carefully as it is possible to accidently ingest the
solution.
Bibliography
 NCERT and Comprehensive Chemistry Lab Manual for class XII
 NCERT Chemistry Textbook Part – 2
 https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000198.htm
 Research Paper:
https://www.bc.edu/content/dam/bc1/schools/mcas/Chemistry/pdf/undergrad
/lab-courses/gen/fall/Titration.pdf