ANTACID

An antacid is a substance which neutralizes stomach

acidity and is used to relieve heartburn, indigestion
or an upset stomach

INTRODUCTION
Digestion in the stomach results from the action of
gastric fluid, which includes secretions of digestive
enzymes, mucous, and hydrochloric acid. The acidic
environment of the stomach makes it possible for
inactive forms of digestive enzymes to be converted
into active forms (i.e. pepsinogen into pepsin),and
acid is also needed to dissolve minerals and kill
bacteria that may enter the stomach along with
food. However, excessive acid production
(hyperacidity) results in the unpleasant symptoms of
heartburn and may contribute to ulcer formation in
the stomach lining. Antacids are weak bases (most
commonly bicarbonates, hydroxides, and
carbonates) that neutralize excess stomach acid and
thus alleviate symptoms of heartburn.
The general neutralization reaction is:
  Antacid (weak base) + HCl (stomach acid)salts
+ H20 + C02

THEORY
1.STOMACH ACID Stomach acid is very
dangerous. Stomach acid is highly acidic and has a
pH of 1.6. Stomach acid is hydrochloric acid
produced by the stomach. If there is too much
stomach acid it can cause heartburn. One of the
symptoms of heartburn is a burning feeling in the
chest or abdomen.
2.ANTACID An antacid is any substance that can
neutralize an acid. All antacids are bases. The pH of
a base is 7.1-14. All antacids have chemical in them
called a buffer. When an antacid is mixed with an
acid the buffer tries to even out the acidity and that
is how stomach acid gets neutralized.

SOME COMMON ANTACID BRANDS

1. Alka-Seltzer – NaHCO3 and/or KHCO3
2. Equate – Al(OH)3 and Mg(OH)2
3. Gaviscon – Al(OH)3
4. Maalox (liquid) – Al(OH)3 and Mg(OH)2
5. Maalox (tablet) – CaCO3
6. Milk of Magnesia – Mg(OH)2
7. Pepto-Bismol – HOC6H4COO
8. Pepto-Bismol Children’s – CaCO3
9. Rolaids – CaCO3 and Mg(OH)2
10.Tums – CaCO3
11.Mylanta
SOME COMMON DRUG NAMES
1. Aluminum hydroxide
2. Magnesium hydroxide
3. Calcium carbonate
4. Sodium bicarbonate
5. Bismuth subsalicylate
6. Histamine
7. Cimetidine
8. Ranitidine

REACTION OF ANTACIDS antacids react with

HCl in the stomach.Some common antacid
reactions include:
 CaCO3 + 2 HCl CaCl2 + H2O+CO2
 NaHCO3 + HCl NaCl + H2O + CO2
 Al(OH)3 + 3 HCl  AlCl3 + 3 H2O
  MgO + 2 HCl  MgCl2 + H2O

RESULTS OF EXCESSIVE RELEASE OF

ACID IN STOMACH
• Excess stomach acid results in a state of
discomfort known as acid indigestion
• Acid indigestion may result form a variety of
factors including:
 Overeating
 Alcohol consumption
 Eating certain foods
 Anxiety
 Smoking
 Certain Drugs, i.e. Aspirin

USES OF ANTACID
 It bring down the percentage of Acidity in our Stomach and
prevent mucus lining in the stomach.
 It prevent from HEART BURN (acid from stomach rising into
esophagus) that can to our stomach lining.
 It also prevent from the ULCER(damage to lining of stomach
wall, resulting in loss of tissues and inflammation).
ACTION MECHANISM
Antacids perform neutralization reaction,
i.e. they buffer gastric acid, raising the pH
to reduce acidity in the stomach.
When gastric hydrochloric acid reaches
the nerves in gastrointestinal mucosa, they
signal pain to the central nervous system.
This happens when these nerves are
exposed, as in peptic ulcers. Antacids are
commonly used to help neutralize stomach
acid. The action of antacids is based on the
fact that a base reacts with acid to form
salt and water
SIDE EFFECTS(ANTACIDS)
Most people who take an antacid do not have any
side- effects. However, side-effects occur in a small
number of users. The most common are diarrhoea,
constipation and belching.
•Aluminium hydroxide: may lead tothe formation of
insoluble aluminium phosphate complexes,
hypophosphate and osteomalacia. Aluminium
containing drugs may cause constipation.
•Magnesium hydroxide has a laxative property.
Magnesium may accumulate in patients with renal
failure leading to hypo magnesemia with
cardiovascular and neurological complications.
•Calcium compounds containing calcium may
increase calcium output in the urine, which might
be associated to renal stones. Calcium salts may
cause constipation.
•Carbonate: regular high doses may cause alkalosis,
which in turn may result in altered excretion of
other drugs, and kidney stones.
EXPERIMENT
OBJECTIVE To analyse the given samples of
commercial antacids by determining the Amount of
hydrochloric acid they can neutralize.

MATERIALS REQUIRED Burettes, pipettes,

titration flasks, measuring flasks, beakers, weight
box, fractional weights, sodium hydroxide, sodium
carbonate, hydrochloric acid, phenolphthalein.

PROCEDURE 1) Prepare 1 liter of

approximately N/10 HCl solution by diluting 10 ml
of the concentrated acid for one liter.
2) Similarly, make 1 liter of approximately N/10
NaOH solution by dissolving 4.0g of NaOH to
prepare one litre of solution.
3) Prepare N/10 Na2CO3 solution by weighing
exactly 1.325 g of anhydrous sodium carbonate and
then dissolving it in water to prepare exactly 0.25
litres (250 ml) of solution.
4) Standardize the HCl solution by titrating it
against the standard Na2CO3 solution using methyl
orange as indicator.
5) Similarly, standardize NaOH solution by titrating
it against standardized HCl solution using
phenolphthalein as indicator.
6) Powder the various samples of antacid tablets
and weigh 1.0 g of each.
7) Add a specific volume of standardized HCl to each
of the weighed sample is taken in conical flasks. The
acid should be in slight excess, so that it can
neutralize all the alkaline component of the tablet.
8) Add 2 drops of phenolphthalein and warm the
flask till most of powder dissolves. Filter off the
insoluble material.
9) Titrate this solution against the standardized
NaOH solution, till a permanent pinkish tinge is
obtained. Repeat this experiment with different
antacids.
PRECAUTIONS
 All apparatus should be clean and washed
properly.
 Burette and pipette must be rinsed with the
respective solution to be put in them.
 Air bubbles must be removed from the
burette and jet.
 Last drop from the pipette should not be
removed by blowing.
 The flask should not be rinsed with any of
the solution, which are being titrated.