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Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS RELATED LITERATURE

Introduction

The K to 12 Philippine Basic Education Curriculum Framework is an

educational system for elementary and secondary education patterned after the United

States, Canada, and some parts of Australia. The Department of Education (DepEd)

explained that it is high time to embrace on the K to12 system to address the low

achievement scores of learners and the low quality of basic education program. [Use

Times New Roman 12 points in all parts]

Describe the problem-situation by considering global, national, and local

situation. Justify the existence of the problem situation by citing statistical data and
authoritative sources (laws, orders, ordinances, circulars, memoranda etc. as bases to
support the problem. Introduction must be at least three (3) pages. The researcher
may indicate what is wrong in the present system and explain his desire to discover
ways of enriching or improving something, thus the study. Finally, at the end of the
Introduction, the researcher should cite motives and justification which prompted him
to conduct such a study. Thus a clinching statement is made to relate a background to
the research problem.

Review of Related Literature

This section presents the summary local and foreign literatures that are

relevant and could be of help in providing a background for the present study. This

may also strengthen the belief that …

Problem-Solving. According to the National Council of Teachers of

Mathematics (NCTM), problem solving is among the most essential skills in which
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mathematical knowledge and skills are utilized at the highest level (Cai and Lester,

2010).

Graphic Organizer. A graphic organizer is a type of external visual

representation that is often used in mathematics. Graphic organizers come in different

forms and each has situations that they are best used for...

Review of Related Literature and Related Studies should be organized

thematically to conform to the specific problems. The sources of the literature must
be derived from books, magazines, newspaper articles, journal articles, seminar
paper, project studies, unpublished and published theses or dissertation and other
research papers either online or from the libraries at least for the past ten (10) years.
Be objective in discussing facts of the reviewed literature. Do not twist the facts.
Reviewed studies must be sufficient enough to give the researcher an insight,
conceptualization of his problem. Reviewed studies must highlight important
information such as FINDINGS and CONCLUSIONS and sometimes
RECOMMENDATIONS. The clinching statement showing how the reviewed
materials had assisted the researcher in the present study should be the last part. Only
the VARIABLES and FINDINGS that are related or have bearing to the present study
should be reviewed. Follow the correct thesis form and style in quoting long and short
paragraphs. For the MC thesis citation format, follow the latest APA format for the
said purpose.

Related Studies

This section presents the summary local and foreign studies that are relevant

and could be of help in providing a background for the present study. This may also

intensify the belief that using graphic organizer plays the vital role in improving the

problem-solving skills of the pupils.

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Graphic Organizer. According to Brown (2011), he believed that graphic

organizers are visual and graphic displays that spatially depict the relationship

between facts, terms, concepts and ideas within a learning task.

The study of Tavsanli, Kozakli, & Kaldirim, (2018) proved that graphic

organizers increased the problem-solving success …

Theoretical Framework

This study is guided by Constructivism Theoryof Jerome Brunner (1966)

who claims that the general framework for instruction is based upon the study of

cognition.

The idea of graphic organizer is based on Ausebel’s assimilation theory of

cognitive learning by Ausebel et al., (1978). According to them, the information is

organized by …

The theory also of metacognition are generally comprised of

multidimensional and generally define constructs. Flavell (1976)as cited in Gurat and

Medula (2016) defined metacognition as one’s knowledge regarding one’s own

cognitive processes and outcomes. Metacognition is also described as the active

monitoring and following regulation and orchestration of these processes relative …

Finally, this study is also supported by George Polya Model Theory in

solving word problems. George Polya once mentioned that comprehension,

planning,implementation, and follow-up are basic steps involved in problem-solving.

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This is the presentation of relevant theories that are essential in

explaining the relationship of one or more variables to other variables. It is an

attempt to develop a general explanation of phenomenon. It is primarily

concerned with the explanation and therefore focuses on determining cause-

effect relationship.

In using theoretical framework, always indicate the name of the theory or

theories including its author or proponent and discuss thoroughly the concept of

the theory, relevance and applicability with the study. As much as possible, map

out or illustrate the theory.

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GRADUATE STUDIES

Conceptual Framework

The research paradigm that guides this study is depicted in the form of a

schematic model shown in Figure 1.

OUTPUT

Survey
questionnaire

Feedback

(Sample paradigm)
Figure 2. Paradigm of the Study

As shown in the diagram, the INPUT of the study consists of

The PROCESS shows how the pretest and the posttest were conducted to both

experimental and control groups …

Lastly, the OUTPUT reflects the proposed training plan for teachers in Andres

Mariano Elementary School on the effectiveness on the use of graphic organizer.

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Conceptual Framework is also known as Conceptual Mapping that includes

the systems of concept, assumptions, expectations, and beliefs that support a research

study. A concept is in the mind of the person and therefore it is not known by any

other person. Thus, it cannot be tested just like a theory. Concept must therefore be

expressed out in a diagram or illustration by identifying the key factors, concepts, or

variables of the study. This illustration serves as a guide in conducting the study.

Statement of the Problem

The general problem of the study is, “How may the training plan for the

teachers in Andres Mariano Elementary School in Valenzuela City during the school

year 2020-2021 be proposed based on the effectiveness on the use of graphic

organizer in enhancing the problem solving skills of the pupils in Mathematics?”

Specifically, it sought answers to the following questions:

1.

2.

3.

4.

Hypotheses of the Study

The study posited the following hypotheses to determine the significant

difference/relationship between variables, stated as follows:

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1.

2.

Significance of the study

This study expounded the use of graphic organizers as an aid in enhancing

problem-solving skills of pupils at Andres Mariano Elementary School. Thus,

findings from this study would benefit the following. (example of introductory lines)

Pupils. The study will provide opportunity for the learners to

Teachers. They will be given strategic intervention to be used in teaching

Mathematics concepts.

Administrators. They will realize about the value of using graphic …

Future Researchers. They will be able to use this study as a basis for their

future research output taking …

State here the practical values and use of the study. The study is directed to
whom the study will be most useful (beneficiaries/end –users) and why the study
would be useful to them.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

The study will be delimited to the grade 5 pupils of Andres Mariano

Elementary School in the City Division of Valenzuela for the school year 2018-2019.

It will involve… two groups of respondents which were determined by pairing on the

basis of the classes

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The study should indicate the coverage of the study (scope) and the variables
excluded (delimitation). Limitation of the study indicates the variables that are to be
contained/studied in the research study; while delimitation of the study are those
which are not part (excluded) of the study. In writing this section, the first paragraph
should contain the SCOPE and the second paragraph should contain the
DELIMITATION.

Definition of Terms

To provide common, accurate, and clear, understanding of the terms used in

the study, the following terms are operationally and conceptually defined based on

how they are used in the study.

Control group. This refers to the group of learners who were subjected to the

traditional way of teaching word problem.

Experimental group. This refers to the group of learners who …

Graphic Organizers. These are diagrammatic illustration designed to …

Terms must be arranged alphabetically. Always indent the terms and

emphasized in boldface. Don not capitalize the terms; only the first letter is
capitalized.
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Chapter 2

METHODS AND PROCEDURE

This chapter presents the research method and design of the study, the

respondents and setting, sample of the study, the research instruments, the data

collection procedure, and the data processing and statistical treatment.

Research Method and Design

To determine the use of graphic organizers in problem-solving skills in

mathematics 5 during the third grading period of the academic year 2018-2019, quasi-

experimental research design …

The word “quasi” in Latin means as if, almost … Researchers using a

nonequivalent groups design can take steps to assure … (Kutner, 2004)

Graphic
organizers

compare

Figure 2. Quasi-experimental Design with Two Groups

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State the type of research, its meaning, and how it is applicable to the study. If
a certain research method is used (descriptive, historical, experimental, or any other
type), the particular type of research must be indicated.
Respondents and Setting of the Study

The respondents of the study are the grade five pupils of Andres Mariano

Elementary School. Purposive random sampling technique…Four out of the eight

sections will be chosen as the respondents…

Instrumentation and Validation

The research instrument used in this study was a researcher’s developed 10-

item pretest and posttest which is equivalent to forty points. Rubric was prepared in

evaluating the answers of the pupils while the test was …

Data Gathering Procedure

The researcher wrote a letter of intent requesting the Deans’ Office of the

Graduate School Program in Meycauayan College… The lesson plans were given to

the expert in content for the validation and improvement of the content and grammar.

Then, the researcher constructed a ten-item test which is equivalent to forty

points for the pretest and posttest …Those items that were considered very difficult

and very easy during the pilot testing were changed and improved.

After which, a pretest was given to both groups of respondents. The results

were checked, verified, tabulated and recorded. The teacher researcher herself …then

analyzed and interpreted.

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Statistical Treatment of Data

The following statistical tools were used to analyze the data of the study.

To determine the number of pupils who belong to each performance level, …

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Chapter 3

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter presents the analysis and presentation of data substantial in the

use of _____________________________________________.

For better understanding, the results are presented according to the sequence

of the specific problems stated in Chapter 1.

Level of Performance of the Experimental and Control Groups in Problem

Solving
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Table 1

Level of performance of the experimental and control groups in problem solving

(See Ms Excel generated result in Appendix H)

Pretest Posttest
Level of Experimental Experimental
Control Group Control Group
Performance Group Group
f % f % f % f %
Closely
Approximating 0 0 0 0 0 0 58 72.5
Mastery (CAM)

Moving Towards 0 0 2 2 28 35 22 27.5

Mastery (MTM)

Average Mastery 48 60 47 59 52 65 0 0
(AM)
32 40 31 39 0 0 0 0
Low Mastery (LM)

Total Mean/Mastery 19.28 48.19 19.46 48.66 23.61 59.03 30.05 75.13
Level
Closely
Average Average
Description Average Mastery Approximating
Mastery Mastery
Mastery
Legend:
35.1-40= Mastered (M); 28.1 -35 =Closely Approximating Mastery (CAM); 24.1-28 =Moving
Towards Mastery (MTM); 18.1-24=Average Mastery (AM); 12.1-18= Low Mastery (LM); 5.1-
12=Very Low Mastery (VLM); 0-5=Absolutely No Mastery (ANM)
*from the National Achievement Test Standards

Table 1 presents the level of performance in problem-solving of the control

and experimental group based on their pretest mean score. The performance level of

the control group in pretest got a mean score of 19.28 with mastery level of 48.18%

described as average mastery while the performance level of the experimental group
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Chapter 4

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the summary of the research work undertaken, the

conclusions drawn and the recommendations made as an outgrowth of this study.

Summary

The study sought the effect on the use of graphic organizers in enhancing the

problem-solving skills of the pupils in Mathematics. This is also a basis for a

proposed training plan for teachers in Andres Mariano Elementary School,

Valenzuela City during the school year 2018-2019.

Specifically, it sought answers to the following problems: 1) determine the

level of performance in problem-solving of the experimental and control groups

based on their pretest and posttest mean scores 2) determine if there is a significant

difference between the pretest and posttest mean scores of the two groups of

respondents 3) determine if there is a significant difference between the posttest mean

score of the control and experimental groups of respondents 4) proposed a training

plan for teachers to improve skills development of pupils in the use of graphic

organizer.

Findings
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From the foregoing analysis and interpretations, the following findings are

drawn and presented.

1. Most of the respondents improved their performance level whether they

were taught using the graphic organizer or the traditional way of teaching problem-

solving. However, a great increment was shown by the experimental group who were

taught using the graphic organizer from average mastery as their pretest performance

to Moving towards mastery as their posttest.

2. The control group revealed a difference between the pretest and posttest

mean score of 4.65.

3. The experimental group got a posttest mean score of 30.18 which is higher

than the posttest mean score of control group …

Conclusions

Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions were drawn:

1.

2.

3.

4.

Recommendations

In light of the foregoing significant findings and conclusions of the study, the

following recommendations are proposed:

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1. It is recommended that Mathematics teachers should be encouraged to utilize

graphic organizer in teaching and learning of mathematics concepts to boost

the problem-solving skills of learners.

2.

3.

4.

5. Since, graphic organizers can be used across learning areas, it is therefore

suggested that other teachers may adopt and use in teaching.

6. School Heads are encouraged to conduct training for mathematics teachers on

the use of graphic organizer and may use the proposed training plan to enhance

the problem-solving skills of teachers.

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References

Ajournalarticle, R. H., &Seabreeze, R. M. (2002). Title of article goes here and I’ll

add that only the volume number (22) is recorded after the journal title:

Regardless of what some sources say, the edition number and download

information is unnecessary in Paul Rose’s classes. Journal of Research in

Personality, 22, 236-252.B’Onlinesourcesareconfusing, S. O. (2010). Search

for answers at www.apastyle.org. Journal of Check Apastyledotorg, 127, 816-

826.doi: 10.1016/0022-006X.56.6.893*

Cmagazinearticle, B. E. (1999, July). Note that names on this page also identify what

kind of source it is: Each source type has to be formatted in a different way.

[Special issue].Prose Magazine, 126 (5), 96-134.

Donlinemagazineornewsletterarticle, B. E. (1999, July). Did you notice alphabetical

references.[Special issue].Hot Prose, 126 (5). Retrieved from

http://www.hotprose.com

Gbookreference, S. M., Orman, T. P., & Carey, R. (1967).Writers’ book. New York:

Lu Publishing.

O’encyclopedia, S. E. (1993). Words.In The new encyclopedia Britannica (vol. 38,

pp. 745-758).Chicago: Forty-One Publishing.

Qchapter, P. R., &Inaneditedvolume, J. C. (2001). Scientific research papers. In

Stewart, J. H. (Ed.), Research papers are hard work but boy, are they good

for you(pp. 123-256). New York: Lucerne Publishing.

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Follow APA 7TH Edition formatting for the TITLES (heads/subheads/etc), FIGURES,

TABLES, REFERENCES, AND CITATION. The rest of the formats are MC

Graduate School style and preference.

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Appendix A

RESEARCH SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE