Genetically Modified

organism
What is Genetic engineering?
 Genetic engineering

⋆ Genetic engineering, sometimes called genetic modification, is the

process of altering the DNA in an organism’s genome.

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 Steps In Genetic Engineering

⋆ Isolation of desired genes

⋆ Selection of vectors and insertion of genes
⋆ Transfer of rDNA vectors into host cells
⋆ Multiplication, Identification, isolation of recombinant gene cells.
⋆ Expression of cloned genes inside the host cells to get the product

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What are the advantage and
disadvantage of genetic
engineering?
 Advantage of Genetic Engineering
⋆ It allows for a faster growth rate
⋆ It can create an extended life
⋆ Specific traits can be developed
⋆ New products can be created
⋆ Greater yields can be produced
⋆ Risks to the local water supply are reduced
⋆ It is a scientific practice that has in place for millennia

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Disadvantage of Genetic Engineering
⋆ The nutritional value of foods can be less
⋆ Pathogens adapt to the new genetic profiles
⋆ There can be negative side effects that are unexpected
⋆ The amount of diversity developed can be less favorable
⋆ Copyrighted genetic engineering can have costly consequences
⋆ This knowledge and technology can be easily abused

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applications of genetic
engineering
 Bioremediation
⋆ Bioremediation is a waste management technique which introduces
GMOs whereas it is utilized to neutralize environmental contaminants
in which it breaks down substances that are hazardous into less toxic
or non-toxic compounds.
⋆

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 agriculture

⋆ In Agriculture, crops are genetically engineered to improve both yield

and its resistance to plant pests, and this is practiced in commercial
context in several countries. One example would be CGN-89564-2, the
genetically modified tomato which was the first commercially grown,
engineered crop licensed for human consumption.

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 Vaccines and Biopharmaceuticals

⋆ On Vaccines and Biopharmaceuticals, some agricultural products are

genetically modified to grow the attenuated bacteria or virus
necessary to create vaccines.

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 Biotechnology

⋆ On Biotechnology, one of the most known biotechnological success

and novel commercial application is the production of the genetically
modified fluorescent zebrafish, the Dania rerio,

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Genetic engineering: Cloning
 biotechnology
⋆ In relation to the topic of Cloning, Biotechnology is the technology
advancements that are used to modify the genetic makeup of living
organisms for the purpose of advancing the human condition

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 Biotechnology in agriculture
⋆ Also known as Agriculture Biotechnology, this particular field of
science modifies the products typically sold in modern markets for
better consumption.

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 Biotechnology in Medical Field
⋆ Biotechnology is defined as the field of science that studies the
modification of living organisms DNA for the purpose of development.

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 Cloning

⋆ Cloning is defined as the process of creating copies of living

organisms out of its genetic material. There are different methods in
terms of cloning, both within living organisms and nonliving.

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 Cloning in Nature
⋆ For Living Organisms, An example of cloning without the use of
technology is Reproductive Cloning, where two individuals' of any race
(animals,humans etc.) genetic makeup create a child together
through natural means, twins being the most prominent example of
this
⋆ In Asexual Reproduction, the need for another partner is nonexistent
and living organisms with this ability often just “split” from its
“parent” when the time comes.

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 Cloning in Economics

⋆ For Non-Living organisms.

⋆ Similar to other types of cloning, this type of cloning aims to further
the development of the world through making carbon copies of an
item, although this one focuses heavily on Economics, rather than the
medical field

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What is Genetically Modified
Organisms?
 Genetically Modified Organism
⋆ a plant, animal, microorganism or other organism whose genetic
makeup has been modified in a laboratory using genetic engineering
technology.
⋆ This creates combinations of plant, animal, bacterial and virus genes
that do not occur in nature or through traditional crossbreeding
methods.
⋆ It was developed in a way to help improve upon the science and
technology used in such industries as agriculture, medicine, and food

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Genetically Modified Organisms
in food and agriculture
industries
⋆ Agricultural plants are frequently cited examples of GMOs. A handful of
benefits from genetically engineering are increased crop yields, reduced
costs for food or drug production, reduced need for pesticides,
enhanced nutrient composition and food quality, resistance to pests
and disease, greater food security, and further medical benefits.

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 Virus Resistance
⋆ Papaya Ringspot Virus
§ Genetically engineered plant viruses induce two different forms
of resistance and one of the methods may use two different
approaches.
⋆

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 Herbicide Tolerance
⋆ Herbicide tolerant crops are designed to tolerate specific broad
spectrum herbicides which terminate the surrounding weeds but leave
the cultivated crop intact.
⋆ These crops are now commonly called Roundup Ready

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 Fortification
⋆ Golden rice was developed in the early 1990s with a grant from the
Rockefeller Foundation with the goal of creating rice that had beta-
carotene. Beta-carotene is a vitamin A precursor within the rice grain.

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 Cosmetic Prevention
⋆ Arctic apples are genetically modified to suppress browning when
bruised from jostling or when exposed flesh oxidizes.

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 Increase Growth Rate

⋆ Aqua vantage Salmon is a fast-growing, genetically modified

salmon that grows to market size in half the time as a
conventional Atlantic salmon.

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Genetically Modified Organisms in
non-food crops and
microorganisms
⋆ Flower and Plant Production ⋆ Enzyme and Drug Production
Ø Blue Roses Ø CGTase
Ø Moonseries Ø Artemisinic Acid

⋆ Paper Production
Ø Poplar Trees

⋆ Bioremediation

⋆ Pharmaceutical Production
Ø Periwinkle Plants

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What are the benefits of
Genetically Modified
Organisms?
 AGRICULTURE

⋆ Faster growing plants and animals

⋆ More resistant to diseases and droughts
⋆ Lesser use of pesticides and fertilizers
⋆ Control in fertility
⋆ Overall more efficiency in farming

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 FOOD

⋆ Increased nutritional value

⋆ More flavorful
⋆ Increased processing and supply
⋆ Longer expiration date

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 Medicine

⋆ Foods that could be used for vaccines and other

medicines
⋆ Pharmaceutical Enhancement

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What are Potential risk of
Genetically modified
organisms
 Genetic engineering

⋆ Inadequate studies
⋆ Mutation in organism
⋆ Long term effect is still unknown

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 Human consumption

⋆ Allergic Reaction
⋆ Gene Mutation
⋆ Antibiotic Resistance

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 Direct environmental risk

⋆ Interfere with the natural communities and

biochemical cycles
⋆ Negative impacts to the GMO product consumers

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 indirect environmental risk

⋆ Impact to biodiversity

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 Human health risk

⋆ Production of toxins may be detrimental to human

health
⋆ Human Genome Project
⋆ Mutation of genetically engineered microorganisms
⋆ Cloning

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What is Biosafety on
genetically modified
organisms?
 Biosafety
⋆ Biosafety is “the discipline addressing the safe handling
and containment of infectious microorganisms and
hazardous biological materials”
⋆ In 1990, the first biosafety system in the developing
world was established in the Philippines by Executive
Order No. 430

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 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF
BIOSAFETY IN THE PHILIPPINES
 Biosafety
⋆ In the Philippines, interest in biosafety started
when researchers at the University of the
Philippines Los Baños (UPLB) and at the
International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) started
to require the use of modern biotechnology tools
and the scientists themselves raised issues of
concerns.

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 BIOSAFETY ORGANIZATIONAL
STRUCTER IN THE PHILIPPINES
 NATIONAL COMITTE ON
BIOSAFETY OF THE
PHILIPPINES

DISTRICT SECRETARIAT
ATTORNEY

Department of
Environment and
Natural Resources SCIENTIFIC AND
TECHNICAL REVIEW

DEPARTMENT OF PANEL

HEALTH

INSTITUTIONAL BIOSAFETY
COMITTEES
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SCOPE OF BIOSAFETY
 BIOSAFETY

Human Health Agriculture Environment Research

(Epidemiology, (Crop Production, Crop (Environmental health, (Human and animal health,

Diagnostics, Protection, Animal Pollution Control, environmental toxicology,

Pharmaceuticals) husbandry, Vet Medicine) biodiversity biodiversity conservation,

Conservation) invasive species etc.

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Genetically Modified Organisms
in the Philippines
⋆ Introduction of GMOs in our country created issues and
controversies similar to other countries with GMOs
⋆ The GMO concern started in the 1990s with creation of the
national committee on biosafety of the Philippines (NCBP)
⋆ In 2002, the department of agriculture released administrative
order no. 8, the guideline for the importation and release into the
environment of GM plants and plant products. In that same year,
the entry of GMO importation started. The Philippines was
marked to be the first country in Asia to approved commercial
cultivation of GMOs

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Group members
⋆ Asuncion
⋆ Balagso
⋆ David
⋆ Delizo
⋆ Espino
⋆ Eugenio
⋆ Gajito
⋆ Quibael
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