Pte Sm Elem olen an ac ee UU Ra Mo Hazes ele ulead Ecloy Pere Ma alte palgrave macmillanPalgrave Studies in Political Lea Series Editors Ladger Helms University of Innsbruck Tnnsbrck, Austria Robert Eajc School of Law and Government Dublin City University Dublin, Ireland Takashi Inoguchi University of Nigata Prefecture, KS Bui Tokyo, Japan Barbara Kellerman Harvard Kennedy School John F. Kennedy School of G ‘Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA Gillan Peele Department of Politics and International Relations University of Oxford (Oxford, United Kingdom Bere Rockman Department of Political Science ‘Purdue University West Lafitte, Indiana, USAAim of the Sves Palgrave Stas im Pla Leadership ses o gather some ofthe best ert epi ene bray ee, reign arcu ich at execute, leave and party Kade Yo undensabe imnifestaions of pot Iedctip Beyond the me. Edel by oo iteration! board of distinguished! eaderp scolar fs the Udied States, Earpe aa A, the series publishes cating cge Reser ae reach ot fo iba aden. More information shout ti series st up //onr sping com/ses/ 602 BinLioveca aggre Women Presidents and Prime Ministers in Post-Transition Democracies ASO bee palgrave macmillanSte Universi, Greer Allegheny ‘Tomy mati Noe 0 Nor, hr mater Sr ln earnedACKNOWLEDGMENTS “The eitor received very value comments fom Jane Jaquet, John Meft Daniel Remesber,Timcon Momtsincs,Sbron Walk, Lesie ‘Swear, Ana Bode, Goy Oskes, Nahi Asngiy and Mars ir kngses ermine ar, Mtanwscpe preparation sos helped by itra De Neg ouesanding workContents Women atthe Top: Leenhip, Isteutions andthe Quality of Democracy Janes aes Calera Explanations for Men's Dominance of National hnbeth A, Yates and Melnie M. Hughes Dima Roueeff (2011-2016): A Criss of Gove Foes Mactlay7 Michelle Buchelet: Bogenderig Chil’s Demexratiaton 8 Lala Dis Diogo: Gender and Poltial Leadership Famer and 9 Assessing Ben Johnson Sires Presidency: ets ‘on Substantive Representation a Liberia Meigs Adame 10 Coran Aquino: The Reluctant First Female President of the Philipines Diana} Mendoaa and Mars His Jaye Lao 11 Sheth Hasina of anges: Pls, Persnality and Polen ‘ba Hague Khondeer 12 vets Radiowe The Fist Female Prime Minister in Slovan Sharon Wale 13 Challenges of a Post-Communist Presidency: aia Vite Freberga and the Leadership of Latvia Daina Elis and Lara Arde Vert Montcinos 165 259 Nores on Contrisurors Melina Adams is Asocste Profesor of Polit Scinee at James Mbdson Unsenty Her research focses on women's poll son omen nd interstonal arenas. Her wock is cxamined sate eit “women’s human sigh and the exabhment of gender quot ‘Cameroon, Oter popes have focused on reioeal advocacy sete in Neca ad Wome polcal representation in exceutve and legate itstutons Herworks been publshlin Pati Gender, Gorman, Thuonational Fomine Journa of Pai and chewbete Laure Ardava bolisa PD. in Communication Sides nd ia caret inthe Deparmene of Communication Stade athe Univerity of Lat, Inter thers,’ MediaDicourre on the Socal Memory and Commemoration tthe Third Lavan Amaening (1988-2014). examines he mening the Lavan Naor! Avakering period (1946-1991) for rasa ie ty and how its bee armed sid muintiped by vous commemors tte tals and eda events in the pase dees. She also works a4 researcher atthe Socal Memory Reseuch Centre, University of Lavi Hier omit sewch iets bo he me of ean rey tne Deine S. Kaltes Neciate Profesor of Sxilogy and International ‘fiaies at George Wishagton Univer Shes the eo ahora the no ‘uctory text Dicoe Scclogy (2014 and 2016). Her publeaons sho lncade Imagining the Nacion: Hisar, Moderizy and Reveain in Torin (2002) ad sameroue articles and book shapers om ies ofEge lini shania hetero ory epimers a a ‘the Ine fee tn ‘Are ge Dentin Satan Te Eerie Jaan he, mate Tid he Hannah Ans Ewed Chara Pe tal Science at Okihona Sate Univers fete ane Women tonal leaders womenin agen era Ht wore Fim cena candidates. Ter fs tak en pe Fy Tae ies rf ba ert oe, Sir compris of ween ape rim Oh) for of women {ok Nome ond tears induase Fae {Ot2SH) Di Rouse rat) end Ses a : a Ch niin Feiner as ete eg Hsing Pero Pi and of Dp & Ind Latn America, she did er Ph.D at Corll Unive, Jagutte har ‘Stied seven books and mere than 80 articles on topics ranging om Perum polis to incon minim, with sped apc om Women's movements and democratization ia Lain Amencs have been pulse, Her edited andco edited Bookstncude Te Wine Morement ‘elatin Ameren: Fini and the Transsion te Demseray (1989), The omer Moeoment and Tatin Amarica: Partition ad Demeeracy (1990); omen and Demag Latin America and Cintra and Ester ‘aoe (1998), omen and Gader Eguity im Derdopment Theory amd ‘Prac (2006), ad FeminieAgeaas und Demray a [ain Amerie (Goon) Stes writings bok on power and czenhipn Machel nd Hote and, wath her has, braun F. Lowen colaborsing, ‘natook on US-Latn Ameri lations Maria Elna Jayme-Lao i a sian profesor at Ateica de Manila University where she Cha of the Department of oil Siene. She itso srecarch amocttc athe lnntute of Pilpine Cakure Of Anco ‘de Mia Unive She ota Vice Tresident the Pippi Poticl Ssence Asocnion. Hoalital Hague Kbondher, PD. (Dinsbuegh, 1988), is Profsce of Socologyat Zayed! Univer, Abu Dhb, Unit A Emirates, Fe theco-ttior of Globee at and Wee wth Byun Tarr (Londo 2010) and co-dtoe of Bt Cnrry Globalization Pepe frm the Gut, (th Jan. Nedereen Pete, 2010) and Asa and Earpe fe Gloatzainn Continents apis aid Nation (ith Gov, Thertons, 2006). Fiona Macenin is senior kre inthe Department of Pesce Stes, the Unvesty of Bradlrd.She the ator OF Gender plein Bras td Cli: Te ale of pla pares let and mation ply making (206 a has woten arcs and chapters the Brian Worker Bry pede: policy and the woes movemcatin Bes and on baman ‘ight cial jusic refomia Bra an Latin eric, Diana J. Mendez is Aion Poessor of Politi Scene and Program Decor of the Southeast Asan Studies Program a Ateneo de Mails Unie, The Philippines. Ste sthe Teeasre ofthe Erste Board of ‘he Pppine Poti Sener Meoaton ada member othe ReadDiectors of Atenco Canter for Aan Stic. Her interest im women's movements and the ntenecion of gener and ble poi Ted het PhD. dserttion, dled Engag the Satan Chaleoging tbe Chur The Women's Movemens and Policy Refoxsin the Phippines.” Virion Monteciner i Profesor of Sociology at Peaneyivania State Unies, GresterAleghory. She is the ator of Eemomay, Pliirend the Sine Chile 1958-1004 (1998) ard corer of Benoni ithe “Aner (2009, with John Marko). She ar wsten book choptes iu rice that ave apeed in such journal the Dnernainal Jimena of Poli, Caled Sciey, The Journal Econ Pepa, LetindimericanResrdh Revie and SeudlernComperatineIceraconal Dinipment, Hr cay. Woh Milsand Latin Amen’ published In The Anche Companion Wright ils (2016) Catherine Ree Honelder «PhD. cade at Cornell University's Dapurtment of Government. She rears prints, presidental gover, presentation, and gender, primary Lain Ameria. Her took chapters are m pes an she bas an artic io the Fall 2016 ise of Iinin American Paired Sey, ee Scrmin-Bayer is Nbr Tenas Chae al Asocate Profesor of Pte Science at Re Univers, She conduc esearch on a aay of topic fa comparative and Latin Amensan pltor-preidnts, ee tics cestons, representation, corruption and women and gener pol tis ta 2010, hee bok Plc Power nd Wc’ Represent asin America was patie ln 2012, she coauthored Te Grweed [fire Ecol Into orth Miki Klien) 0 ae has 3 for mang book, Clarif Reonaiiy, Accom, and Corrupt {Cambridge Univer Pres coauthored wit Marg Tas. She i work {gon project lated to women's representation n Latin Americ, ps, an ortgal and seach on how wore eprsenttion and poe ‘Glinstutions ond nents for democracies edace compton ‘Sharon 1. Wale Boker of Poll Sence and International ‘Meat George Washington University, wher sb weaces Central nd Et European pol Her rescarel atres hae ined women in pele in comnmunat and poxcommnnist count, citizen parc on shnic kau conpantive mass moizason and protest laa A Yate ie 2 doctoral candidate in Sociology st the University ‘ties. Her ders xmines che evoltion of he Tea Paty a Se panto ining onipesen betwen cof momen civ and Som avis sympathizer. She hae aso wien on white prema movements,Lisr oF FicuresList oF Tastes (Gom canis porte3015)Introduction Verénien Montecinas Women hie long been srt excuded from the high leek of cal pomey aad mont counts have never cected a woman lead The poise enderrepresenaion of women in executive poisons 1 problematic fr women and ao for democracy. Yet titer an nt 1990s, shiney unprecedental mame of women have served 2s resist al pins wicdncy i A Gre ange Coase oma the weed, most sn por ramon democracies, Generation how ver ae il encatveBecase i the al and highly dvenc wstene of ‘women leaders the emergence of ae ess teresting perth The tendered matare of exective power ha gained wily and proving Significance asap academic nae (Genovese and Stekenier 2013 Jaan 2013; hard 2014; Marin and Horch 2016). The iterate leaderip, bch remains a contested suject of stay (Hens 2012, lg 2018), with some important exceptions (Stevens 2013), hs largely Tet gender unexamined entry, ne An Mero oni amt psa © The Ahn) 2017 1In this took, th nteracon beeen insiionaland eura fetors i weed an cel to pend eacatve oles The cuptrs htf itwrimetigat the rising end ia nemen executhain te conte of the worden rn toward demain tat bgpn ine mi 1970s By Focaungon new democracea we bope that Sgefcat bot underted peat of women's ment © the exci vl cone fo Hp, inpihc prcnaly transormaine impact of wormed, not oni for capndeang democrteson bu aso for enocrting democraxy (Gorn and oct 3008) Ths tht Book sees (0 cvich cxsing ompantne chars on women executives and democratization, reriar ar have ot bon apcichedrogetber inane regional tena “The contemporary cj of democratization cotibuted 10 change the gendered charter of poles! and poly envtonments both ‘aioly nd tanstationalyy Women's activin intensified in the ‘oumtle/ undergoing poled Hberalsatlon;orpraed women claimed ghee of political eepeenation and ofa callenged the ger tired conequences of natkcirason and the seaming fate 0% prog, Forcusneiton amocrce were prtcay mace etd pewures asc i lobal aged for gender eal, Stich promoted the elmiaton of eal, economic and pole pra Tin tar dealvanape women, Democratizaton ws general wel ome, bit did ox sat expecaions tn many comet, partic ‘Shon ennins. The pursttpnder poles cel tional sad itu constrains imposed ty the Bid tare of tasition polity, the meal thor sd etc legacies of suthataran reins, ad ty sentcy tow lever of econnie development. Opportinies Fe omen, however, did pen trough consol clnges, electra {oes ind messes to improve conditions in education, employment, Zoleee and dcriminaon, sometimes, coords! by goverment eens specialized in womens tsves The numberof women ca {Tite niphed subway, changing the compotion of legis fhrerand cbt, despite reace In polite pais to sponsoring Sn fking won’ pica ampsigns. Although perch norms Galo rcmsned strong, ffcal incouse and pb gray feteced more cgasvan sda sod the eed comp wih ner Sion snd sepa proclson women’s ik Ini, women eae” super fr ener police od ove ces in goverment, pry tease eocreaton prose ier Sth etry and epic of pols snd poy imttondiaon (Gover ta 197) Poumon rep pone unpredatle h {eget ave move toward deny (Levi i Way 2010) ‘Wine some nomen in excetne ofc egencncd unexpected fovea In popular thes had to comer wih assination cmpe, coup plot tod copes, rch win tr own bine The ines Ef Preen Dis Rose in Bras el tany commentators to hi lige the pended ae ofthe cay snd me eed he es ‘Faecal cop In pos communi otc gene refs nay rere wesc as honed bythe ropes of European Union mer iSip In Ache end of cco pended unique oppor {Sr the exunsn of wns leks So donor pooner Set steno gnc ey eat ome a ee ‘Silt eat os eel tue esd epuning cron ‘Sis ad predenadsatenr forded song excuse erg Te Mia dynate pbc conus med women's accent tl te of ‘Secuive peas Ta Inga wine rt woman ae te fegjon Sete wns lo oa pia dh The Freremercboet of women ees os tanstion enexais sto exhib dasatne ssn Mat wer the fat woman occpy SXecutve oe sol were relied sl chieed cxceplond levee pubs spon Many hd to ded mh otonlied uty, Sime ptt coston, sowing Scent with conan an he rurgenc of repos conseraten. Mest of tee women ened ‘lal nalts unkrcreanmtmcn tn tpeared oot hae opr ‘he comenionaleiccuinecomende at nen compro tre, chocen ad promoted by the nse ner ot booed by hr Emies coed standing. Wah espns hey wee Mh competent roan, with cnmopdian too quel in eae Sradeos ng nics or nteon poly esere-Thy ee ‘com, monty ecw, spol sep ho world wa ene the stats qua Ther unequal gas we wlacd nso eat Alenated eto, parol women vt, prone the futon iSkering or ddl hs sm bene he oon image aed Tse outader son with inked or mek coectons to mec pole ewes, warconmen, So wast egg ond wir srw oenei. In the ice fries and iological polriaion, negative gender eveaiyp evuricedin cates, Ar women tyingrosecorelgimayina ‘hing pola emirnment, these port aston leaders had to basace ‘Soereane expectations yp eating both feminine and masclae tener recs, presenting tems tuning atonal cone and esate ‘Sirs ofdemocratning change They spay supported gender equality Spare of roar posses on poverty, edcation and amy fas rather than im expt en nguage Ia several ner (Chie, Bras and the Plies), woncls ephative rights Becme expecially contentions pradily brine the goverment war athe ads s woman. Although {heraonsl and intestonal symbolic ipac uf hes aders is ene tecopind, hc ender cout legacy scen abject o potent Unc. Pro-momen pace were not alae adequately funded or imple ‘mention was partly nd wme leis nia were not approved bythe lepnare n generl these lear dd ot have slows fist groupe and lhough thy appointed mare women to minted and ta igh cel pstors than tek predecaor hey avoided rein indvidl with emine cede Ae lenge, however, see ‘eeume mors vc sponsors of women’s ight in ftermainal aes ‘eluding Michel Rachel ad Vara Vike Fre “The icreed epetnraon of women a the highest level of pol ss pty doco the symbole inporanceofexecative ofc, potently ner the etiqo tha democracy tot ween pot dmx Yer women exectves hive not abways aocted for improvements tromen’s status and pocal sepeeaation or have they conser Srengthenel democrat rl "Th volume’ next wo copter: ace the Nistor, geoprophical and palit contours of exe feminiaion on the Dass of evo ile fens of ees (depending te ngth)-The ellowing tw chapters ‘pli he ae and perkaance of women ear drawing on theoreba {proaches from poi sence apd soiogy, respectively. The eight “unr tie deve onthe ape ereamsncessocated with wo fr excite leaden in Lain Aspens, Aiea A, and Cnt and Eaten Ewope To cet the esploaon of new themes ad aly tne the thos were naked fo fw si analytical Famewen “The commen foal ofthe ook 0 clay bow ela and instil ‘Smmcons hae ialenced omar acct exctive of ia os terion context the challenges ced in governing women ad the ruses of soca fr women, Ovnsview sinc 1960, nore than 70 women ve ocopiel exci ofc, begin fing wih he plone Srimavo Bandra, widow fs pope xl Sab rer wrote: Sn tenon Lats ie wit (assy Thu cabin sug in 931) (Rea 1981s Gand, Colds Waa! Mrgact Taichung the cates ond bs know Some ey ron ower before the mi. 198, en he ens [anal momentum, The Women tn Pls 2015 Map cited by the fiterPrmenary Union snd UN Worn, shows the vant gba tropiny ofthe Keio of poles eect, gists aed Sighce (UN Worcn 2015), i te Women Hacines mae etn {Fs Ld end 13)stonrce the pee online of phvemeton, ih tictapese tiger erin Sandia sd the tion of women eae imeevealtantbondemocacss Tal borers; roma eal ery inppsining 7 por ofc sine por ibid ny 10 moses vn Lode fee ovement cry 20163 The over autber hr ter gone yond 19, ‘Sinsifing reason pasadena In gence ev women Compe fo pu off, nen inne detec: Wane ecopy 22 pero of pemceny se, tka to th aepon of chor Sr gona la ny counter ond the word br improvement a rome roescton at this ee! hse no very cots Yo ‘Reakelocatwonmn tothe ecae® “cece 1090, women cascies hie served in moat contin he Akan snc in see post comma counties? The nur of women Iedern South far enced the ast Asan reco Several Caan Cours a hve al women evn exceve poss Abo in South Skt Kien se pce of dnge hr been metas’ women ran in ‘Bouton thi of presenta conten Beech 2000 and 209, sad ES oem Siew ded pein 208 Cy ny the ‘Aes and Pale reg he a no ween othe gia er of ol ces Ade twat worn in pobre Chge mined ra ‘hat donoonrted ding he mane png of 2011-2012 inthe “Mile Earth ra Spng an che pl aby womens Cegunisingrached unexpected high een Yee wee oll ep ‘Sanwa purty ow (ton sd ashe S014». 816) The ro demarcation Tol Kaman ca mothe [tte realon? wa etgnnt withthe Noel Pec ie a2Ody, despite cura changes and rebate strong democrat tavons, the soars of the developed “Nor” outside of Sead Ive age cb. Many counts ne no hada woman rete a ‘nly in 2016 war the US a the pit of cecing 2 womans pol andthe ‘imps showed a persistent gender bas against et. The Je 2016 {sneral lens a Spain sired complans that there were no women fn the ball fr present espe pty Iw paid 2 decade her (ens 2016)" The UN tall ar Pours ealing ten othe Consequences of gender discrimination, ced sry for never having 2 The inceing ner of women io high office, the enlarged poo of spolifed commen snd ceperntore i more comics wi ect ‘tome may len ane verte end of mle executive Jovan and {he perception tha women candidates aed to downplay mera goa tisand eter goer cated sts oe judge userspace rently ger oay Doorn lan ofa minty, resocing the peti to protect leat by ferentiing pba eden om the ca Aidates womahood.™ Melinda Adams (2016) suggest th reactions to women’s ecetve candice may fer when incumbents ron fr fedlecton 2 the mess andthe pubic focus more om the eed apd les om their gnder Our chapter on Bangladesh, Bras, Cie, Ltn fd Liberia sce to coin the. Some cea declining impoct of gender in US politic campaigns {Hayes and Lawes 2016). Hilary Citon's Teahatrongh to become the fet woman tn repre a wr prt it Joly 2016, nacre withoue much five A CNN seve of tered yes ely 2016 found ea 80 percent believed the countrys "Yad fora female resident? (CNN 2018)" The, epeord teed in women's empowerment utile entousged and celebatel—consnucs fo expose unrecgizedinsitaonl fs in demowane representation, ot onli terms ofthe dearth of women Policia but kon te awarenes, Roowledg ad capacity of deaion Making tore eo nes concer tha septic onto women's experience, The complet of women's representation (vers oie ‘stor, venues and polices adopted and implemented ncesngy fecognizad inthe academic Merture (Escobar Lemmon and Tale Robinwon 2014), snd societies an poliictans themselves dpa new le ‘kof sarencm Miogynat studs and behavior in vb eda pi Partce and ceted semble are being pubicy censured, and fenders Toning thclong eld latte nl pepe, The eign of Deni ain the deputy spear of pament in France on sexual arsine hares and other recent aes xempity wore pbc new willing eset speak out agant manrestment bed om thee gene (Keck sd ewe Sain 2016; Penk 2016, Miler 201 CCrtavoin Ivrexnationat Noss The iratonal enoament began to change considers with dhe UN Decade foe Women (1985-1995) and the 1979 Convention on the mination of All Form of Disrminaion agaist Women, ratified by [ot of 194 counts When the Decade began mont sone were Sil under autocratic and even temo ele. By 1996, denvocratzason| fh advnced around de world. The Bejing Raton for Aevon ealed| fer emoving bares to eqs paripution,enpaszing the conchsions| ‘tthe 1992 UN Conference on fTuman igh that women’s gts were hima gh. The Deel nd Bejing speed women ean tig contac, exchange of infrmation aod wastes vo Claim args pil role in partes and government. Region malisteraltentes tho sought to advance womens rights" The gol of wornes poles ferticpation was again pone ote 2000 Nien Sumit the Erpean Union made gender equity menue condition of member. LUN Gener Asem elution noted the optics that pli temion provided to ciminatestuacle o wenea’s pool pope on ging member wats to ecourge pial presto erbre that women hae fir and equal opportunity 1 cmpee forall lective pub Ie poston" Ms reenth im September 2013, se UN Saute Development Summit reaficned the comnstment to gee lance in poli decision-making, which i conaere cuenta tothe ahire ‘ea of satanabe development, peace an democracy. Graal ths, ‘hal gender representation in pois has icone inenatonal oom tna ease ofthe quay oF emery ‘At the world community rekerated pledges to women’s equality and ‘noreinclovedecaon mating with citer tamparency and acount ithe fundamental inconsistency between the ively of democrat femciles athe pois ssetinng of women has become moe vise Male democracy Vine Moghadary (2008) has, sompletc ander bined" By 2014, equalty betwen men and women wag ‘med ithe constiions OF 143 counts (53 had mo ae ti ep)(ON Women 2016). Progress, however, if uneven Inthe past decade, the gener gop in ely econ, obs and pois clos by only percent, scoring tothe World Economic From Global Gender Gap Repor (Wort! Economie Foro 2016)" tn an ianowtive atenpt to incase the slow pact of change, in 2014 dhe UN launched Hef, 2 inenatiooal impugn 0 encourage men and boys to contbute £0 ‘ener equality and tothe promotion of women's igus. The iniative ets cas bor gained mv enon "We should be aad of the word emis sd Camas Prime Miniter Jasin Teens 22 ss Sion on ope Toward Pay daring the 2016 Annual Mecting ofthe Word omens Forum in Davos Heme eadnes when he pointed 1 pty cabier pon hx een, a mens he ase by simpy sting ‘pecnes 201 (ted in Paser 2016). ‘Men wil comings to have the advantage of iscumbency, bu as more ome st recedes vey aren of the word, masculine heey in lective ole seems increas a of ep. Hertloe the lee Fike is male occopant—was betel gentle ™ But cet Presiden {a pols arom gener neutral and gender dyamics in pola language coverage at vote pressions are now watched more ‘deni (Datr 2016) Doss Hisronr Provins Moves? There ae mamerous historic example of women poli leaders (Wfason xa 2003) Agi the od women shaped the core of erly Eobalzaton, with Elabeth 1 calnging Spins impenal hegemony Evabnied under kabel of Cale, Other queens of early modernity Sterenable eformers: Deas scl to adie the unconventional san of Sweden, Vole an Dero ponte guidance vo Catering the Grea These women were ofen stacked fo suing male aster {ty umpesing gender boundaries spuning marrage oF moterhood. IMlspente of ter sccomylshnents thir seal mas equeny ques towel or dfamed and thir endings rom peace In Chia, Li 2 Su Wa Zen wee lied To th day, powerl queens of ani, ke ‘enon cl Paya, Egypt Flatahept sd bes n Ain, Per and ewe, ay badly misjudged or xgoten. Tinor euccats the suatepe advantages and aval of conempor rary women execs Te lec of women rls ofthe past hasbeen Incnoned in stiles ofthe puri number of women execs it ‘Asa (Desc 2 Thompson 2013, pp. 12,18). They seem een a ‘optional gues; South Korean peedent Park Gun he ced Ques $nrath {a er role mode! (Choe 2012), but they als oe warning (zanples of hah wetment nd gendered ala” ‘Wowen axp Leapensit i Posr-Traxsiiow Dimoceactes Since the mi1970 the contemporary warstons fom autora Sctin tion hora eta nvggratel women to lan ety a2 ‘lc und witha force eversen (eg Akaer 1990, Jaquet snd Waki Tope, Crake an Malneus 2016) Women were policed bytes inthe opposiion by experience of een counties with ce frist Imovemena, and res of tteratonl and repona won’ om rence. Foreign donors pve sistant support wore pup fart of their misono syppore democrat chnge, and fn iid by in global har ight pram put gener ites onthe agenda Bu thi id ot happen veer Erm Brat Sots Afi, and fom Indoneis o Utsine, nc group famed sd new leaders ppd They demanded the replacement of ditinintory tvs, change! nob, pul serce cho! cuca and pth nections ecg {Gr From Chr to Bocnos Aes and Dorcas Prac, women nae fn the re charg the name f thn tinned by ae tor ane Shalenged the impunity of trae “Tuth and reconciaion commisions cently fois cn women, revealing the event of gender violence andthe indents of gendered imprionment—rap, forced pregnancy, fred abortion and other forms ‘pyres (Busy Zl a Stanley 2012 BackcyZaee2018) Tn tome css, won ede were inprboed apd trtred by the repet they oppor (Chops. 6 and 7), Women's poli invent wa sl 2 putea for tort, a wold tadkonal pender comerons shih were gloria by regime autores ‘Democratization was not ee om gendered constraints eve if xe onsain difeed scoring to place and pbey sue (Wien 2007, 2010), Despite women’s active roles in democrtetion, sche ond Crpszators tht mesred the quality of democracy in por nsion ‘egime hardly menoned sender Eling ares Rada anc ‘Son of politcal quality Either inherited obtacks or new contacted hres ted te daenchannee, a women's demands were teredto agendas st by male dominate poll ites, Democrat iberalia Ternticr cre was accmpnied by ecosonicHbrazation under the ‘Slime othe“ Watungn Conran fcc conic growth ‘iti op economic Poaeaion, and eating ovement 9. Free fal des wn gh nation. La Lap Aerie and sera erat ope, he oicaly npopular aie took precedence we anceraimy of ighg mora wars ove abortion, lence gait oe oe gence dscnmintin, Women died eer rey 290 Toga in sate turencrcies trying wo mamatream” gender ce Jee Mbtttonlned ade networks, whl aes defended 200 tn parc a key Go to grasvot comments (Berl and ea aha}, Acrou the wor call indigeton ad te eal of seer faosemene and lous fundamental aso dbiiate Pe optimam thar eel inthe 1990e dimmed 2 economic ier artes id not brig mpl economic growth ae counties ith og, sihotrean and partial watons dd nt devdop the fl ange of eter adel to plat democracy—an indepen odciry veya wd merc cl service. Aiy programs weakened al wexceien ted tence egulitory sae sts, we partes aa re scnaly ddepmced by eglte competence ard sida Multan erle pound for cerrypon al compete pe tea ill hearcael ens of experi shied politcal desire ‘foveeconomic poses fom public examination, cling with he pr OES ome of demartization.™ Techmoeras and eit, he Tey guna pola visby Sn Tau Ameri, promised Fae eshte awe forthe consldatn of pst-authontran eae Sr done who el on the premises of caoomic sw no teed ‘eet ponder ames admins ised hae women's tee be ernie the core of amnoraiation (Momesins 2001) On the tet PERS Chaps 8 and 9,on Monambigue’s La Diogo and Libera len Hinson Sle respecte, tow how pot ranaion women leaks seine waleng economics sad capes as formers Gomer were Sched pve or sting now avexments and adjsiog ‘Be tcatie cconome wile making imprormen or women. Sune anion proces provoked fucih apis feminist ‘oanes whale oe eet poltcal opportanis or women a wid ca tseton, Moy pltcl pasties were nevi formed he SRC change mds Gvcraty of were’ pris emerged fr ample, np communist cou (jana 2003), wie women sare det fem pei ing tat they had rei Tee clin” une corm lea al ot et et re pre rene day cr es of pec Wh tt icc more permesic fo groupe Some pars sopted ‘oe ty gan ots, bot oe, won’ sccer 0 lente post ‘me Ec pwen ih ck fia democrat ales ad proce Son Nel eae o poe gender ety (atone sa gs 201; Tate 2018) Te spegaon of women win ‘ay str, the cont of empelging,caniaterecrutment and cfm and nna pra sleep womens ple voces ott tn the pola ambos snd weaken the eae repre iron of ones interes Trea paps tel wn f democracy as gen wa, a alts ine of tanationa feneenszston oan suboriaan ete St 205)_ An mcroewernid he aomtng quot the Fels te Netonal Enna fr Democry 2015. Tay Pre Leng tt femora nae eve wo reverie Were Te then mat sq (Gare Myboress 3018)" Severe economic "2 iiJtrcnerdp of sterenatan hate prompeet now debates on the oa deeferon of democr (Fuansc 2013, Dimond and Fuper 2015; Damon ct a 201) The mia clase proce of dnocrteion tune more 20 in nics ive poly tment Fagen, wetetrea torte ue pates cont to cose? denclaion snd tal ay det clr seo. The waon prim Weis aid hae ‘ouned mln ar aboot 100 commis {Sppresinacl 20 Lain Ameri 5p Earn Etrope a emer Shee atm 30m sb Shaan Ae, 10 A aod ce Mae Eas) wee tow a the cons por of the amon puri? {aoe 200,99 2). The impecen Dna Rows Wastes how qui he conver zn prosunofs weak economy ad weak pics pure deed 30 ‘ear of nats emocracconiny Tab to cond crop Lr daping for women lads they te scen a ns 97 “Fpennal an petal spuy sing tye higher es {Eki and pat commlanet woe cofmon pond: Voc sper t uh womca mor aly han men b ss Bee nd Schwinger {rote} eee sumed aon between women's representation ti ceo fos not aby BadGanpen Tuaceny aNd Execurve Power _A country’s first female president or pie miter unguctonaly pro ‘lose tnd eye-catching. This hives atracts multiple adie, teats he play iad She becomes an important fas {Ten caerunery ipous sabes and ther wh jue te fe ‘pthc ncongratan and te clay site eoaferaton of yor Frootof dyed je “The wanser ef excctve power to woman signs inpening oc colt change t goes beyond poll represen to amphi the ‘Sree furctine of excve poles, ith onbequences for ana Si woup tem. snes Sng ftings nd dep ressene: A stone perormingexecthe functions srnded iy the splendor of {Kor he formal of roca and the gine of her fe i a ura by demuntng democracy shortcomings. Execute ofce bas Reenpecnouly reserve brs diften engin of ine, and ber ara shows how lng tock tose fader wo leks and sounds iene Foal predeccors Andy f oar, ings questions wl she ‘teceal or at Wl i experinent be repeated? Cote the collective nntre of panes, he excote ifocued on 2 sng dial Pesos tts, tustwothnss, orton ad thr ‘icrons of cay edesp ar enn ptt erormanee ‘Te pres pled ccs of women pana endear re the mural os female body king comer sage in dhe orate pes of ‘neue power, whee pots are fal of iui cbreoprapny sous hdl poy ag Bowers nd rr esc esters wee is teal cricd om bya eceaey le cmb, fe Kabul hee, ‘Tomer peers pie mie are fen deed in jolie ‘oun and info! Gvenaton sre presen the Dare, dever im at uur dpsed be about ender ower and lade ‘Teme wernan wb aks the ence pola meld Sscoves tat inthis aghy vile role pesocly sa ye infsed wih spec falc an exe ruin otra pos an {fe plies ducoune (Coupland and Gore 3003) The leaders male ‘os proded ant pled os he hah bt peal ed Sy the fat devahaton eftwomen, Her bay spe i often showed Sn vied in ways tht se the misogyny of onventonal pois and dhe meta, The gener langage of pol eves erie wet fre ‘Geman cane, Gor! Sire, adn 2006 tht Angela Mesa fala hear but ms pat fen didn scr efipes (Caen 2016). -Ascebotinest ofthe mation, the mma adr ree he pended strc afpoer Detar Graco tow how te by angage Sper le we of ace sd pete, tong ther semen) ee Segpale when wed by women (Hang tl 2011). Auboateness ‘Stoner Ladentipquaes ae secon sociated with nen wile ‘Tomen ac tel to noturing qualities he war an inne. Thee oder show tht women wi diply competency ek bi ded. ‘Men o not ce this ade off The ance of these ite added Chaps 6,779.1, and 13 ‘Wace ce wipmircnn i posal of se pic conse tc tl dineon foot rag Ts th se fhe cnioaion of noc sened llc fo nde an senor: of ‘cal imgiyng nore open commonsation and wus amen eae Sines at untrety of coting vo lng apie, sc symbole sslofeccut tise more open tottering (Camper 2019, p89). US mitary que pees ‘Madam Present” a the ‘Bp frm fares, we the pres amow everyubere gee ll apr yen women ear by thc fot sumes. Wome pi Elta thecal of meary parades ac il nancy. The No Korean fuifory thet out the venomous sit of incoming Present Pak {eure ir, And male lender fees cem at sin teree four wth mle countrpars (be inter, Venercas Hugo Che ioc the had ofthe new pcen Balt with epg allay, tn George W. Bs ve Chanclor Mets back ev dng he C8 ‘mt in 206) “he abence of lady ao ous prosoca fin Hic, they were the ely prominent aes within excae uate sng 2 fonucs, wold goodwil amtumados, avoctes for dlren and ‘Sic cote ates (and ew egy the cmb tte) Power bastands or abou sons are precede Bess pokocly por lf lacing tan he pe Stay nt pn {cnn to forgo thei on puss fran ilrdened, demanding bat ‘shordine we theme political powe oe apes o wid ie tac inbencew te pin of underaaang be cernevowm cre, icgincy and pesige a sorme sgn tec of Arpaia ‘nice de acon Page 010) The cao iguicane of women leider is apie by te grter renomination of contemporary poles and the nereaing eno ‘Sosenen between ender an zeny ate mei end depots(decy 2012). tn thee of continuous end core, high eve pl tisiemore and more spectacle fll of wel choreographed dramas di ‘ips (Moff 2010) The my the mesa open selon to hegemonic fol contacts ad gendered norna hone of te mest invested Spec in the ere: Comparative us show pervasive gender se ‘eeping in mela coverage of women compen fr or holding xe the ofc (Mura 2010, Campus 2013) “Tata! peer ses maybe strengthen cred at a ea of| ‘ween’ ensnced pital vali, Ba nthe shor cern, sere ‘enforce generalized vent atitiden arn the cre of Ausakan Pine Miniter Juli Gil, wh faced stacks on her appearance her date, herhi her ee (Gils 2012; Samones 2014) Tn Jane 2013, Gill actptd er ecto deft wth these wot "The reac to Bn he fe fale prime minister docs not explain everything about ey pine Iniitrnpy nor does cplin nothing aboot ry me riot. [ro] Whe am absoltly confident of twill be ease For the ne ‘onan and che wom ater that and the woman after that And Pn ‘roed ofthat” (ABC 2013). Prom ultra penpetne the acent of women tothe highest oil ‘fer porticay ang when ochre ndcpendeny Rom yas Sites As pole omc erectile Bly fobe ores ee Inge boundaries of cepabe behavior The emalenes of dae | ‘rons of steamed patel leaders ses more easly “orgie when ‘Sed to sre inthe ber’ place The Melo oantations of gender nd poll Kiecis appear ls thread when terbus of mae in hiheoimo poi sls, even bis cases are succes tuned to km relive, a2 mentioned in Chap. 10 and 11 ah ‘En, ofcouse, woes perornance seated leon thee heaped teercon be tity o marae conlons asad the centclacacof ‘aon hat mann popaar spor or dyes pris. Powe tanita democass some abot in taumsized soci Ite by the meron lox st mach by hela of memory. Bee ney citzem, the tamiscn fam muthoriafan cle toward dene ‘ay parle personal recovery om living under srerenive regime itrolevelreitenc eben ander with the Now of oes endurance tnd lures. The importance sttibted to Truth and Reconsiiion ‘Clintons in secon tanion demexraces eles hs power Imeeng ofthe vocal and the personal. By emering the strlen ting 3 formal, ceremonial character tote recounting Of bore, te etionic ovine and perpetrator are thought 10 lve the pate {Sfto, Ofended and shocked y the wim of uncontoid ome, soc ‘XcSreohed wo ebuild thei rls and cai the community of tons Setpmctanstion women leaders penoniy the confuence of com Bix erent tha go om peor ekogs to socal and pola sare sand commie, cling the trannational ks tat eaey policy aan eomacv Ides from pet place "A the couney chapters show these pial executives experienced in wus depes the uncertain boueht by family death, separation lh exes thr beds are mater evidence of wha lak of demowracy in men: tnt, fear and andetineecape. blanc the string {teen sl expectations reste to ther gener and the exigencies of ther psy they mere equ ocomincingy dpi. on smalane ‘ly the maken of misty and mein a ehalenge common #0 ‘omen apace snd in ther mle dominated ld: These women mi Tox mull ents in ways tat re an t their mle counterparts (tho ely pve the cemalty of ther gener or conront peared Judgment a the pte! pertormanc, “Tre fae’ gender gues am coggeratdly vii price when woman parfems the functions of power. Her body, other and mare tren remind the public they ae being ed by a mony ented pola Fur poor aking the fords tribored o modes of tare hi mer such At the mee, woman peroring mace ‘ahare ote role may be seca a pmptom of propenivenet, bt she ‘ksteng toed upon fr tanereing gender abi, form ose {EP tending” (Lorber 1994) Women mos sant conventional gender ‘pects, bt eminsty tpl deme ese in ths most fea, retort regulated poston. “The anegence of a woman av poi execute generates a daa cination shllenge, clrraly and insitonally grounded The trcropolis of executive Eman sso problema: ber empathy Ind power might eh cizery hungry ie ang, ye in mcs ‘cas tha leadership seamed or not Being tough and esave “ough. Given the many challenges of pst suthortrian democracies, ‘Semen re parieatary Vlocalle to atcks he bing 000 emt, Inerpeined or incompetent Deaxcay Hae pve desazed, not lyin the eyes ofthe oppetion Genera crams may stesiy wth sonar vowing never fo support another woman. Ara consequence of Tks, potenl candidates may reesamine Uni plpospect andhei wings to eter electoral content (Hayes and Lawless 2016) {Leatcshp ls stsbuid to the gender Of Women excaies, h ‘er unjustified may th reduce the possbty ofa more Balanced gender ompostionafexctves inte fre Wonen'ssymbelic resentation (thin 1967) was soposed vo promote spect and leitimacy or women fenders inca itm ave de oppste ee, expecially in ime ori, The question complied bower, for the syimbac pact oF ‘women fonts ot neces felt i he short ter, not even within [TNs eeneaon, sat certainty not tin the boundaries of ingle County, Women ier, pecially ner democracies, eye come te pomer pesoniing wansformatve pros with ehetonal appeal to ‘tonal uty a ecoeiaon. Thy emphasize empathy and tons Sts more parkpsoy responsive government and senton (reds tribution that hae toa pe a hey at people's personales and families: Gender dierence supposedly ips softer politcal se 80- ‘Sned with mater images im he evs of tizens and pola ates Sten scone cy ths intentional elelted 1 minimize the rk of ing ele mii’ (Chasse 2016p. 18) The dearth of women ences arta several of them imo es iy recoil nernatonal cere, ans of courage ad wen, Mare fr th extnoninaryaecompaents apd even te ence. Tm city have experience fig ole or denen, thy may be cea competent reproentates ofthc counrys nee, ‘tlc encourgng the partition of women in peace notions and Tfereasing te mater women nthe matic corp, carer hat has dons ipesl eet sakes to wens aces and adherent (McCarthy 201%), The reondl an gla poliation of sume met Anesennaces threw neato prominence. Worse excuesofen fom nano nership ta serve internal organotins, op Entimiciony ss members lee group of rmee lars (te Cb Sf Madd or he Group of Eder) and high evel accor tans tional ei soc crazations* Wemen presidents and rine miner tho iets memes ofthe Counc of Women Leades. Created in 1996 and loote in Wathingzon, the Couns son wo promot good governance and nde qty andere the number, ffcenes end ‘Sit of ween atonal ead. Many ave received highly pesos Inve a, appearing i various wos rankings of teal women Tis tiny my tuve st mich or geste iaence afer thy eve Utes internal oly makers role adel and mentor. Got suiiences seem to fad women Kader in ether counties 19 te a source of ingpng vot o¢ ws lone, hep by the elective Srenton ofthe intematona mia, The trpc death of Renae Bato Cnlged ee world sanding, aldough noc ace her support win Fon; the asassinaon Of Agathe Uniingmaae of Rn let tows, Many observers the simoltancois press of he Sth [Amercan women as an atoning ndeor of pial change. Spec Cis oF inomertous dexions as rae the profile of women lends wer hey at accordance with conventional ent or dsepand Tae convenons.Jobneon Sa faced the dangers fx pean ola ‘treat Wis, who was Vice Premier ofthe State Cnn (ofr Chine’ Nighetanking woman polican,recedintersinl prise for her Intervention the weal of SARS, casi ars word eal thes.” Instrrurtons: Access 10 Powen xp Gene POLICYMAKING Curent, about an even numberof women executes art heads of {gvemmeat and heads of state, although some lender are both Their tpctoes, tenure in offce and poly performance wiry gst The erative io vary (ltt 3013), though it ofen requires deta ‘enc to determine the lade’ inuence ever Bags, elton and ‘ppoinimens (Forsn 2013), There are diferences among presintal ‘prem and also among pome minister! offs (Ele 2012) Tn mixed Sten, the poner of the presden my shift tote pie inser or vce ‘esa and the elatioaship beween the two ie dynamic nd ty change Spending on wether one ofthe leaders parts sue elstolfoses (cea adtion, infra meshansi may undermine the eases snttony: By contrat, the poners may be sstende for example by {suing seve elite eridonr silanol, ‘Since he executive has bizoncaly been a masclie donne nr ce of worn execubes is comingznt on intonl contr, Real 28 wel informal, Tei autos ikely wo be quetoned without an uemive network of lea! spp, expel when ender equality ‘sot rsogized ae 4 desirable a. A lender gtumsey and elors wo Support gender lepton are Sth weakened withou an acne wore’ Imotement pres authors to act on behalf hi nee, bat those movement wl xpet ets at even a comied eit leadercannot de. potve iteration mie slp othe ene cat ‘ealteim sndard become more tha jae convemen winow dering, ‘Eiht level" The inane gender composition ofthe poi Sytem iny oot be altered nt ther neil changes ae ade. Whose pbc fnancingof polit empans, poli parts may con Tine oon me ca tact ote eaources than potential women ‘indies The abuence of tr ie reduces the desor cance of ‘women dito the advantage fincumbent. New cletoral sens ay Ue near ofa the eleton of women t laa sere 2 proparel representa and matinee ditt ae moe ely to let women Quotas have bee tive in man exe depending on how they are designed and inplemerted (Keook 2009) Women leaders ‘nay helt eno elec on oer messres of women's enpewermen, iF prints oorstons he courte sol ser flevane poy acto donot ‘nowy esritnea paces ad proces In 2015, with + gener ‘Salty lew fing several ime in he National Asem, Sou Korea ake ony Sin the Gener Gap Ider of he Wort Econo For, {lope hefog 2 woman preset. The global iffson of grernmene cect ding with gear emt (gender shachinrc) wary im hee ihadget, busoyre tur and efcenes, although higher lvls of| tlemectneton ae lso importa (McBide aat Mszor 2011). Tn pal entry ens, minster are pel seected among members of par tment, comeing the gener make-up of dhe cabinet to the salty ft warn nthe sembly. I presidental tens, de presen points ‘he minster aie comaaton ath pres which hes the exe wea attade to ape gre potential women cndites. Sint 2000, ger parity cabinets hte been adopted Spi, Che ad Canada Switzerland, women aceyped the majoay of ebine posts in 2010 In eay 2015, howene women represented oni 177 pent Of {ovement minster and since 208 the proportion Re oy erased Sperentaecording to the Ine Paramentary Union PU 2015). Women crstves ifr iologaly The pola ths been tion. «ly merely to vance women in oi, but ight pares heathy ‘Sapper wes candice, Thar fi, women leaders in ai Ameich nds dorm Aa have been ascited pemany wh ee, whe a ‘Au ad th nr Eastern eat Wenern Europe) ey were man Inked wt pla right nd he eter (Sea 2014 9.47). Electoral Competes few waren te tote common scm eee | ‘gen, Beal and Cie, but on Taw, Pra at eevee ‘Women leader my be rewarded for sting the most contovesal| specs of gender pbeyaaking when doing iit deemed» threat to poli haa or sable allances. Others may Be panied fr wasting Sle enraonnary hol chance toate the ender sats quo And yeuiany ofthe Bev irlved in policy oucomes ais toe forte Ie coanterpaets my eet beyond the contol of the leader intepen. ‘Eniy ofthe ails an commitment (Rockman and Water 2008). ‘Women exectver who encourage songs dams or pender equity ecrly count onthe apport of orginiaed women. Avotdng Beac ‘orm postions ay el ststepcclsiton, not necessary ck of Concern forthe suc fed In pet tamion coment tt Common fe gmvernmens to fe the gency of her pres (economic ses icon) oameing pti usin cuca The fies category wih iene preptos oft pints nd iret ‘proaches to Reni proposals (Dalierap 2014) Lenders may change the policy comments ver time, o ne gener police spt tesader efforts to ral poner uncmploymem an lence: Womens {poops may ako aker thie postions rpaing the nee to tobias For of specie pleas cooperate witha rogram or pivlege te dese Of cas rec quality over pend The letmey of gender “uaty in the cleo scones the ng and arian ef iy, pecially when contin ce conficing merges from pal dscgiow lien Anton to speci isa change depending on ‘eal pola creunsance, making pore toro what in he pst ‘a consdered too skye unacceptable orev ee ror, The inrodction of gender plan or fener uns no gharanee of equate implementation. Budgetary cosas may rove effective Sisoring ofl poy satements or slowing the pce of change The tne apart cntis restelysutonomoat sce a cn ts et ‘ly policy outcomes. Alo, the exceutne tox unified The gener pobcy peterences of resent o rie ministers il ot be succes Implemented when othermembers of her tum conse dierent ews ot sep had eeu. nm he gener poly prime {a woman ear wl avast balance bewee expectations ofr {nd the pols a pay trent at her dapon : "The chapter summary presented the et pages pit 10 many recat findings. The figs sugges, however hat ore rch iS needed o's dcp onderstanding of gender in executive polis