Second Quarter

Living things qnd Their Environment

The human body is an ecosystem. It is composed of many microorganisms that are directly or indirectly
exposed to the external environment and are modulated by interaction of multiple systems like
immune,. endocrine,.and nervous ssysty ls. Bacteria thrive throughout our bodies like in our mouth and
lungs, on our skin and teeth, and especially in our intestines.

Our planet through the aid of the sun as its ultimate source of energy, serves as a home for a plethora of
organisms

Each of organisms have their own sets of characteristics. For instance, the human body is composed of
different kinds of cell which then form tissues grouped accordingly to form organs which will then work
together to form different organ sysy. Such us biological organisation will then translate into an
organism having different body systems that work and coordinate together to make the entire body
function

Lesson 1

Musculoskeletal System

Composed of different organs of the skeletal and muscular system s. Their organs work together to
allow us to perform locomotion. The bones serve as the framework of the body, whereas the muscles
contract and relaxthat lead to movement. Muscles are clasy into three kinds. Their structures differ but
they perform the same functions.

Functions of Musculoskeletal System

Our musculoskeletal system is composed mainly of the skeleton and the different types of muscles such
as smooth, skeletal, and cardiac muscle.

Found in specific parts of the body and they play impoy roles in the body to allow us to perform vital
functions.

Our skeleton serves as the framework of our body and it provides protey to our vital organs.

The smooth muscles present in out digestive tract allow the passage of the chewed food from the
mouth to the stomach through a process which is referred to as peristalsis of the wave-like contraction
of the esophageal muscles.
The blood vessels such as the arteries, veins and capillaries that carry blood are also made from smooth
muscles. Contraction of the smooth muscles is not controlled by our will; such is known to be
involuntary.

The functions of the musculoskeletal system are the following:

1. It gives the body ita much needed support

2. It protects the internal organs in the body

3. It makes body movements possible through the muscles attached to the skeleton

4. It stores important minerals like calcium

5. The bone marrow is where hematopoiesis happens. It is the process by which blood cells are
produced.

6. The cardiac muscles present in the heart help by the heart beat by producing electrical impulses.

7. The muscles that compose the blood vessels and the digestive tract are made up of smooth muscles.

The Structure of the Skeleton

Our Skeleton is composed of two divisions: the Axia Skeleton and the Appendicular Skeleton.

The skull, vertebral column, ribs and chest bone or sternum are the components of Axial Skeleton

The clavicle, scapula, hip bones, and bones of the appendages form the Appendicular Skeleton.

The human bones can also classified as Long, short, flat and irregular in shape.

Long bones- found in limbs such as arms and legs.

Short bones- are found in the palm of the hands, and soles of feet.

Irregular bones- found in wrists and knees and ankles. Also found in some regions of the face as well as
the vertebral column.

Flat bones- situated in the shoulder blades, and skull.

The structure of the Bones

Bones are made up of collagen fibers embedded in mineral salts and calcium and phosphorus. Both
minerals are essential for bone growth and strengthen.

The bone is composed of an outer layer of compact bine which provides strength and protection and a
less dense spongy bone inner layer which contains a jellylike, yeklowish substances called bone marrow.
The bone marrow- plays an essential role in hematopoiesis. Bone marrows classified into red bone
marrow which found in the humerus, femur, pelvis, and vertebral column

Yellow bone marrow- which is found in many others bones.

Joints