WRITING TO ANALYZE

ANALYTICAL WRITING

SOURCE: HTTPS://WWW.SLIDESERVE.COM/KARLYN/ANALYTICAL-WRITING

▪ Writing that asks the questions “Why” and “How”

▪ Writing that challenges both its writer and its readers to look

beyond surface presentations and disassemble “complete things” to

examine their parts.

▪ Writing that proposes and expresses an informed and supported

point of view

LITERARY PERSPECTIVES

 Helps to explain why people interpret the same story in different ways
 Perspective is likened to a lens to which one can look to examine a text
 Using different perspectives/lenses in reading a literary text often helps one to discover
something new, intriguing, or unexpected

DIFFERENT LITERARY PERSPECTIVES/LENSESREADER-RESPONSE

Reader-Response asserts that a great deal of meaning in a

text lies with how the reader responds to it.

▪ Focuses on the act of reading and how it affects our perception

of meaning in a text (how we feel at the beginning vs. the end)

▪ Deals more with the process of creating meaning and

experiencing a text as we read. A text is an experience, not an

object.

▪ The text is a living thing that lives in the reader’s imagination.

READER + READING SITUATION + TEXT = MEANING

2 IMPORTANT IDEAS IN READER-RESPONSE

 An individual reader’s interpretation usually changes over time.

  Readers from different generations and different time periods interpret texts differently.

GUIDE QUESTIONS

What does the text have to do with you, personally?

How much does the text agree with your view of the

world?

What is your over-all reaction of the text?

FORMALIST

Formalist emphasizes the form of a literary work to determine its meaning, focusing on literary elements
and how they work to create meaning.

 Examines a text as independent from its time period, social setting, and author’s background. A text is
an independent entity.

 Focuses on close readings of texts and analysis of the effects of literary elements and techniques on
the text.

2 MAJOR PRINCIPLES OF FORMALISM

A literary text exists independent of any particular reader and, in a sense, has a fixed meaning.

The greatest literary texts are “timeless” and “universal.”

GUIDE QUESTIONS

How do various elements of the work reinforce its meaning?

What recurring patterns (repeated or related words, images and others) can you find?

What figures of speech are used?

PSYCHOLOGICAL/PSYCHOANALYTICAL

Psychological/Psychoanalyticalviews a text as a revelation of its author’s mind and personality. It is

based on the work of Sigmund Freud.

 Also focuses on the hidden motivations of literary characters

Looks at literary characters as a reflection of the writer

GUIDE QUESTIONS

What forces are motivating the character?

What conscious or unconscious conflicts exist between the characters?

Are the theories of Freud or other psychologists applicable to this

work? To what degree?

What do the characters’ emotions and behaviors reveal about their

psychological states?

MARXIST

Marxist emphasizes economic and social conditions. It

is based on the political theory of Karl Marx and

Friedrich Engels.

▪ Concerned with understanding the role of power, politics,

and money in literary texts

GUIDE QUESTIONS

What does the work say about economic or social power?

Does the story address issues of economic exploitation?

Does the work challenge or affirm the social order it depicts?

Can the protagonist’s struggle be seen as symbolic of a larger class

struggle?

FEMINIST

Feminist is concerned with the role, position, and influence of

women in a literary text.

▪ Asserts that most “literature” throughout time has been written by men,

for men.

▪ Examines the way that the female consciousness is depicted by both

male and female writers.

TAKE THIS RIDDLE…

A father and his son are in a car accident. The

father dies at the scene and the son is rushed to

the hospital. At the hospital the surgeon looks at

the boy and says "I can't operate on this boy;

he is my son" .... How can this be?

THE SURGEON IS THE CHILD’S MOTHER

What does this simple riddle reveal about our assumptions

regarding gender?

GUIDE QUESTIONS

How are women’s lives portrayed in the work?

Is the form and content of the work influenced by the writer’s gender?

How do the male and female characters relate to one another?

Does the work challenge or affirm traditional views of women?

HISTORICAL

▪ A branch of history which looked at literature of evidence about

economic and political events going on at the time at which the works

were produced, and that also looked at historical events to explain

the content of literary works.

▪insisted that to understand a literary piece, we need to understand

the author’s biography and social background, ideas circulating at

the time, and the cultural milieu

GUIDE QUESTIONS
What literary or historical influences helped to

shape the form and content of the work?

How does the story reflect the attitudes and beliefs

of the time in which it was written or set?

What historical events or movements might have

influenced this writer?

ARCHETYPAL/MYTH

▪Archetypal/myth assumes that there is a collection of symbols,

images, characters, and motifs (i.e. archetypes) that evokes

basically the same response in all people

▪identifies these patterns and discusses how they function in the

works

▪asserts that these archetypes are the source of much of

literature's power.

SOME ARCHETYPES

archetypal women - the Good Wife/Mother, the Terrible Mother, the Virgin (often a Damsel in Distress),
and the Fallen Woman.

water - creation, birth-death-resurrection, purification, redemption, fertility, growth

garden - paradise (Eden), innocence, fertility

desert - spiritual emptiness, death, hopelessness

red - blood, sacrifice, passion, disorder

green - growth, fertility

black - chaos, death, evil

serpent - evil, sensuality, mystery, wisdom, destruction

seven - perfection

hero archetype - The hero is involved in a quest (in which he overcomes obstacles). He experiences
initiation (involving a separation,
transformation, and return), and finally he serves as a scapegoat, that is, he dies to atone.

GUIDE QUESTIONS

How does this story resemble other stories in plot,

character, setting, or symbolism?

What universal experiences are depicted?

How and why are these archetypes embodied in the

works?

SOURCES

Lim, Hamada, Alata , (2019). A Course Module for Purposive Communication

Literary Theories www.wsfcs.k12.nc.us

Critical Approaches to Literature, dinus.ac.id

WRITING TO INVESTIGATE

INVESTIGATIVE WRITING DEFINED

 Investigative writing sets out to investigate a topic and report the findings to the reader.
 It is a document that sparks some sort of action based on the official findings it presents.
 The investigation report is also a record of the steps of the investigation. It can be used to prove
that your investigation was timely, complete and fair.

RESEARCH

 is careful, systematic study in a field of knowledge, undertaken to discover or establish facts or

principle (Webster in David, 2002; Garcia, 2008)
 finding new truths about specific discipline (Javier, 2004)
 A systematic process of collecting and analyzing data to find an answer to a question or a
solution to a problem to validate or test an existing theory; a process that follows systematic
procedures, ask appropriate questions and use reliable & valid instruments (David, 2002)
 The collection of data in a rigorously controlled situation for the purpose of prediction &
explanation (Quinton,2006)

CRITERIA OBSERVED BY THE RESEARCHER

  ACCURACY
 PRECISION
 RELIABILITY
 REPLICABILITY
 VALIDITY
 BEING SYSTEMATIC

CRITERIA OBSERVED BY THE RESEARCHER

ACCURACY

 the correctness or truthfulness of something

 ability to avoid errors
 the ability to be precise and avoid errors

PRECISION - exactness or accuracy

CRITERIA OBSERVED BY THE RESEARCHER

REPLICABILITY

 faithful copy of something: an accurate reproduction of an object

 faithful copy of artwork: a scrupulous copy of a work of art, especially one made, authorized, or
supervised by the original artist

VALIDITY

 effective: bringing about the results or ends intended

 justifiable: reasonable or justifiable in the circumstances

RELIABILITY (RELIABLE)

 trustworthy
 able to be relied on

BEING` SYSTEMATIC

 Done```` methodically: carried out in a methodical and organized manner

 well organized: habitually using a method or system for organization
 Base d on system: constituting, based on, or resembling a system

GENERAL CLASSIFICATIONS OF RESEACH

ACCORDING TO WHO DOES THE RESEARCH

Academic Research - ex. Term paper, reports, theses, dissertations, seminar paper, etc.

Professional Research – ex. Proposals, feasibility studies

Government Research - ex proposals, feasibility studies

Private Research – ex. Position paper

ACCORDING TO USE

BASIC/PURE RESEARCH

✓If it answers questions with theory

✓This is done purely to verify the acceptability of a given theory or to know more about a certain
concept.

APPLIED RESEARCH

is conducted when a decision must be made about a specific real-life problem

ACCORDING TO DISCIPLINE

 SCIENCE, APPLIED SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY

 SOCIAL SCIENCE, HEALTH, EDUCATION, PSYCHOLOGY
 HUMANITIES, HISTORY, PHILOSOPHY

ACCORDING TO RESEARCH GOALS

Descriptive - describes phenomenon/na includes case study, survey, field, library, documentary
Exploratory - uncovers data not previously or fully known to answer research

Explanatory - tests & predicts causal relationships, effects of intervention

Pilot Studies - research on new systems, new setups or intervention

Evaluative - comes up with impact results, effects, outcomes & assessment research

Policy Analysis - generates information relevant to policy-making & its impact

Feasibility Studies - decide the factors for viability or success of any plan or course of action

ACCORDING TO RESEARCH DESIGN

Case study - having a detailed study about one person’s situation within a considerable unit of time
Survey - gathering relatively limited data from a relatively large number

Library research - making use of a working bibliography available in the library

Field Research

Documentary - gathering information by examining records and documents

Participatory - the people themselves who develop their own theories participate in the research for
solutions to problems

WRITING A RESEARCH REPORT

RESEARCH REPORT

A research report is a completed study that reports an investigation or exploration of a problem,

identifies questions to be addressed, and includes data collected, analyzed, and interpreted by the
researcher.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN RESEARCH REPORT & RESEARCH PROPOSAL

RESEARCH REPORT

✓is prepared after a study is completed.

✓communicates what was actually done in a study, and what resulted.

RESEARCH PROPOSAL

✓is prepared before a study begins.

✓communicates a researcher's plan for a study.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN RESEARCH REPORT & ARTICLE

RESEARCH REPORT

✓is a primary source

✓it reports the methods and results of an original study performed by the researcher.

Article
✓is a secondary source

✓ it does not report original research by the author.

STRUCTURE OF A RESEARCH REPORT

The research report format mainly consists of three main sections:

1) The Introductory Section

2) The Main Body Of The Report

3) The Reference Section

THE INTRODUCTORY SECTION

a) Title Page

b) Acknowledgments (if any)

c) Table of Contents

d) List of Tables (if any)

e) List of Figures (if any)

f) Abstract

THE BODY OF THE REPORT

2.1. Introduction

a) Statement of the Problem

b) Significance of the Problem

c) Purpose

d) Statement of Hypothesis

e) Assumptions

f) Limitations

g) Definition of important Terms

THE BODY OF THE REPORT

2.2. Review of Related Literature (analysis of previous research)

2.3. Design of the Study

▪ Description of Research Design and Sources of Data

▪ Sampling Procedures

▪ Methods and Instruments of Data Gathering

▪ Statistical Treatment

THE BODY…

2.4. Analysis of Data text with appropriate

▪ Tables

▪ Figures

2.5. Results and Discussion

▪ Major Findings (reject or fail to reject Ho)

2.6. Summary and Conclusions

▪ Conclusions

▪ Recommendations for Further Investigation

3. THE REFERENCE SECTION

References/ Bibliography

Appendices

THE INTRODUCTORY SECTION

Title page

▪ Identifies the title of the report, the name of the researcher, the name of the guide, institution, month
and year of submission.

▪ The title should communicate what the study is about. A well constructed title makes it easy for the
reader to understand and determine the nature of the topic .

Acknowledgments

▪ This page permits the writer to express appreciation to persons who have contributed significantly to
the research
THE INTRODUCTORY SECTION

Table of Contents

▪ The table of contents is an outline of the report that indicates the page number on which each major
section and subsection begins List of Tables

▪ A list of all the tables included in the report along with the page numbers should be provided. List of
Figures

▪ A list of all the figure included in the report along with the page numbers should be provided.

THE INTRODUCTORY SECTION

Abstract

▪ The abstract is a brief but comprehensive summary of the research report

▪ It includes a concise statement of the goal of the research, the type of participants and instruments,
outlines the methods, major results and conclusions.

▪ Abstract must be limited to a specific number of words, usually between 100 and 500 words.

THE BODY OF A REPORT Introduction

▪ The Introduction section provides the theoretical framework of the study within which the research
has been conducted, background information of the topic as well as the need for and rationale for the
research, to make the material more logical, useful and interesting for readers.

▪ The introduction begins with a description of the research problem or topic and includes objectives,
significance of the problem, research questions, statement of hypothesis(if any)

▪ It also includes the assumptions of the study(if any), definition of important terms, limitations and
delimitations of the study.

THE BODY OF THE REPORT Review of Literature

▪ The Review of Related Literature indicates what is known about the problem or topic.

▪ Its function is to educate the reader about the area under study.

▪ Design of the Study

▪ This section provides a detailed description of the methodology used in the study. e.g. population,
sample size and sampling techniques and tools used in the study.
▪ The purpose of this section is to describe in detail how a researcher performed the study so that
someone should be able to replicate the study based on the information that a researcher provide in
this section.

THE BODY OF THE REPORT

▪ For a qualitative study, this section may also include a detailed description of the nature and length of
interactions with the participants. The description of participants includes information about how they
were selected and mainly representative of the population.

▪ The description indicate the purpose of the instrument and the validity and reliability of the
instrument.

THE BODY… Analysis of Data

• This section describes the statistical techniques or the inferential interpretations that were applied to
the data and the result of these analyses.

• Tables and figures are used to present findings or graphic form which add clarity in findings for a
reader

THE BODY… Results and Discussion

• The Results section is to tell the reader what was found in the study. It includes the descriptive
statistics for the relevant variables (e.g mean, standard deviation).Then tell the reader what statistical
test you used to test your hypothesis and what you found.

• The Discussion section is where the researcher interprets and evaluates the results. The discussion of a
research report section presents the theoretical and practical implications of the findings and make
recommendation for the future research.

THE BODY…

▪ Discuss the results of the current study, explaining exactly what was found.

▪ Account for the research findings, relate back to the previous research and theories highlighted in the
introduction

▪ Discuss the limitations of the current study and provide ideas for future research.

▪ End with a conclusion

THE BODY… Summary and Conclusions

• Conclusions is a summary of the main ideas that come out from the discussion.

• It draws all arguments and findings together.

• It indicates whether hypothesis were accepted or rejected.

• It summarizes major findings of the study.

• The purpose of this section is to evaluate interpret the result, especially with respect to the original
research question.

THE REFERENCE SECTION REFERENCES/ BIBLIOGRAPHY

The Reference Section - provides the reader with all the information needed to seek out and obtain all
original sources used in the research. it is written in the alphabetical order.

Appendices - provides a place for important information.it includes tools prepared by the researcher
and used in the study.it may be lettered, interview, names, raw data and data analysis sheets