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Challenge Problems:: Click Here For Answers. Click Here For Solutions
Challenge Problems:: Click Here For Answers. Click Here For Solutions
CHALLENGE PROBLEMS:
CHAPTER 6
; 1. Three mathematics students have ordered a 14-inch pizza. Instead of slicing it in the traditional
way, they decide to slice it by parallel cuts, as shown in the figure. Being mathematics majors, they
are able to determine where to slice so that each gets the same amount of pizza. Where are the cuts
made?
1
2. Evaluate y dx.
x7 ⫺ x
The straightforward approach would be to start with partial fractions, but that would be brutal. Try
a substitution.
1
14 in 3. Evaluate y (s
3
1 ⫺ x7 ⫺ s
7
1 ⫺ x 3 ) dx.
0
FIGURE FOR PROBLEM 1 4. A man initially standing at the point O walks along a pier pulling a rowboat by a rope of length L.
The man keeps the rope straight and taut. The path followed by the boat is a curve called a tractrix
y and it has the property that the rope is always tangent to the curve (see the figure).
(a) Show that if the path followed by the boat is the graph of the function y 苷 f 共x兲, then
dy ⫺sL 2 ⫺ x 2
f ⬘共x兲 苷 苷
dx x
pier
L (x, y )
(b) Determine the function y 苷 f 共x兲.
(L, 0)
5. A function f is defined by
O x
f 共x兲 苷 y cos t cos共x ⫺ t兲 dt 0 艋 x 艋 2
0
FIGURE FOR PROBLEM 4
Find the minimum value of f .
6. If n is a positive integer, prove that
1
y 共ln x兲n dx 苷 共⫺1兲n n!
0
7. Show that
1 2 2n 共n!兲2
y 共1 ⫺ x 2 兲n dx 苷
0 共2n ⫹ 1兲!
Hint: Start by showing that if In denotes the integral, then
2k ⫹ 2
Ik⫹1 苷 Ik
2k ⫹ 3
; 8. Suppose that f is a positive function such that f ⬘ is continuous.
(a) How is the graph of y 苷 f 共x兲 sin nx related to the graph of y 苷 f 共x兲? What happens
as n l ⬁?
(b) Make a guess as to the value of the limit
1
lim y f 共x兲 sin nx dx
nl⬁ 0
; 10. Graph f 共x兲 苷 sin共e 兲 and use the graph to estimate the value of t such that xt f 共x兲 dx is a maxi-
x t⫹1
mum. Then find the exact value of t that maximizes this integral.
y
ⱍ ⱍ
11. The circle with radius 1 shown in the figure touches the curve y 苷 2x twice. Find the area of the
region that lies between the two curves.
12. A rocket is fired straight up, burning fuel at the constant rate of b kilograms per second. Let
v 苷 v共t兲 be the velocity of the rocket at time t and suppose that the velocity u of the exhaust gas is
constant. Let M 苷 M共t兲 be the mass of the rocket at time t and note that M decreases as the fuel
y=| 2x | burns. If we neglect air resistance, it follows from Newton’s Second Law that
dv
0 x F苷M ⫺ ub
dt
(j) Based on your graphs in parts (g) and (h), what can you say about x⫺1 1
Tn共x兲 dx when n is odd
and when n is even?
(k) Use the substitution u 苷 arccos x to evaluate the integral in part (j).
(l) The family of functions f 共x兲 苷 cos共c arccos x兲 are defined even when c is not an integer (but
then f is not a polynomial). Describe how the graph of f changes as c increases.
Thomson Brooks-Cole copyright 2007
CHALLENGE PROBLEMS ■ 3
ANSWERS
S Solutions 1. About 1.85 inches from the center 3. 0 5. f 共兲 苷 ⫺兾2 9. 共b ba⫺a 兲1兾共b⫺a兲e⫺1 11. 2 ⫺ sin⫺1 (2兾s5 )
Thomson Brooks-Cole copyright 2007
4 ■ CHALLENGE PROBLEMS
SOLUTIONS
E Exercises 1.
By symmetry, the problem can be reduced to finding the line x = c such that the shaded area is one-third of the area
√ c√
of the quarter-circle. The equation of the circle is y = 49 − x2 , so we require that 0 49 − x2 dx = 13 · 14 π(7)2
√ c √
⇔ 1
2
x 49 − x2 + 49
2
sin−1 (x/7) 0
= 49
12
π [by Formula 30] ⇔ 1
2
c 49 − c2 + 49
2
sin−1 (c/7) = 49
12
π.
This equation would be difficult to solve exactly, so we plot the left-hand side as a function of c, and find that the
equation holds for c ≈ 1.85. So the cuts should be made at distances of about 1.85 inches from the center of the
pizza.
3. The given integral represents the difference of the shaded areas, which appears
to be 0. It can be calculated by integrating with respect to either x or y, so we
√
find x in terms of y for each curve: y = 3 1 − x7 ⇒ x = 7 1 − y 3 and
√
y = 7 1 − x3 ⇒ x = 3 1 − y 7 , so
1 1 √ √
0
3
1 − y7 − 7
1 − y 3 dy = 0
7
1 − x3 − 3 1 − x7 dx. But this
1 √ √
equation is of the form z = −z. So 0
3
1 − x7 − 7 1 − x3 dx = 0.
π 1 π 1 π
f (x) = 0
cos t cos(x − t) dt = 2 0
[cos(t + x − t) + cos(t − x + t)] dt = 2 0
[cos x + cos(2t − x)] dt
1 1 π π 1 1
= 2
t cos x + 2 sin(2t − x) 0
= 2 cos x + 4 sin(2π − x) − 4 sin(−x)
π 1 1 π
= 2 cos x + 4 sin(−x) − 4 sin(−x) = 2 cos x
The minimum of cos x on this domain is −1, so the minimum value of f (x) is f (π) = − π2 .
1 k
7. In accordance with the hint, we let Ik = 0
1 − x2 dx, and we find an expression for Ik+1 in terms of Ik . We
k+1 k
integrate Ik+1 by parts with u = 1 − x2 ⇒ du = (k + 1) 1 − x2 (−2x), dv = dx ⇒ v = x, and
1
1
Ik+1 = x(1 − x2 )k+1 + 2(k + 1) 0
x2(1 − x2 )k dx
0
1 k
= (2k + 2) 0
1 − x2 1 − 1 − x2 dx = (2k + 2)(Ik − Ik+1 )
CHALLENGE PROBLEMS ■ 5
2k + 2
So Ik+1 [1 + (2k + 2)] = (2k + 2)Ik ⇒ Ik+1 = Ik . Now to complete the proof, we use induction:
2k + 3
20 (0!)2
I0 = 1 = , so the formula holds for n = 0. Now suppose it holds for n = k. Then
1!
√
x2 = 4(1 − x2 ) ⇒ 5x2 = 4 ⇒ x2 = 4
5
⇒ x= 2
5
5
√ √
and so y = 2 5 = 45 5. The slope of the perpendicular line segment is − 12 , so an equation of the line
2
5
√ √ √ √ √ √
segment is y − 45 5 = − 12 x − 25 5 ⇔ y = − 12 x + 15 5 + 45 5 ⇔ y = − 12 x + 5, so c = 5 and
√ √
an equation of the lower semicircle is y = 5 − 1 − x2 . Thus, the shaded area is
√ √
(2/5) 5 (2/5) 5
√ √ 30 √ x√ 1
2 5 − 1 − x2 − 2x dx = 2 5 x − 1 − x2 − sin−1 x − x2
0 2 2 0
√
5 1 1 2 4
=2 2− · √ − sin−1 √ − − 2(0)
5 5 2 5 5
1 2 2
= 2 1 − sin−1 √ = 2 − sin−1 √
2 5 5
Thomson Brooks-Cole copyright 2007
6 ■ CHALLENGE PROBLEMS
1 −1
13. We integrate by parts with u = , dv = sin t dt, so du = and
ln(1 + x + t) (1 + x + t)[ln(1 + x + t)]2
v = − cos t. The integral becomes
⎛ b
⎞
∞ b
sin t dt − cos t cos t dt
I= = lim ⎝ − ⎠
0 ln(1 + x + t) b→∞ ln(1 + x + t) 0 (1 + x + t)[ln(1 + x + t)]2
0
∞
− cos b 1 − cos t dt 1
= lim + + = +J
b→∞ ln(1 + x + b) ln(1 + x) (1 + x + t)[ln(1 + x + t)]2 ln(1 + x)
0
∞
− cos t dt
where J = . Now −1 ≤ − cos t ≤ 1 for all t; in fact, the inequality is strict
0 (1 + x + t)[ln(1 + x + t)]2
∞ ∞
dt dt
except at isolated points. So − <J < ⇔
0 (1 + x + t)[ln(1 + x + t)]2 0 (1 + x + t)[ln(1 + x + t)]2
1 1 2
− <J < ⇔ 0<I < .
ln(1 + x) ln(1 + x) ln(1 + x)
Thomson Brooks-Cole copyright 2007