ffi mmmm mffi 0s ffsqTwrfl rs{rnsr-$T

'l,uJnu,

GERTIHGITIOil GOUR$E TOR

UffiTR IIPTRATORS
FOREWORD

VL'ATER TREATTdENT trnn of chap tt - "water suppty, pD ss6)

Treatment is necessary so as to render water supply potable. The

degree and manner of treatment will depend on the quality of raw water,
however, the bacteriological quality shall be used as the main criterion.
No water supplier shall be allowed to operate water system for public
use unless necessary treatment has been provided.

Tneatmemt requEreememt:

g.Group t. Water Requiring Disinfection Only. Water from

underground or surface sources subject to a low degree of 1111

contamination, and having a MPN of coliform organisms not exceeding

50 per 100 ml.

1 l.Group ll. Water Requiring Complete Treatment Water from

underground or surface sources having a MPN of coliform organisms S0

per 100 ml. to not more than 5,000 per 100 ml.

Crarmplete Treatrulemt (lRR of PD 856): a series or combination of

water treatment processes which shall include coagulation,
adsorption, sedimentation, slow and rapid sand flltration, aeration and
chlorination.
i

Fotahfle Water/Safe Dnfirsklrrg VUater'(lRR of PD 856): water that is

free of microorganisms or disease-producing bacteria (pathdgens). ln
addition, the water should not possess undesirable taste, odor, color,
levels of radioactivity, turbidity or chemicals and should pass the
standards of the PNSDW.
l.l

Follluted Water (lRR of PD 856): water whose physical, chemical,

bacteriological, biological and radioactive properties have been
altered due to the presence of domestic sewage, industrial waste or
other substances in water that are possibly objectionable or harmful to l

human lives.

*Trealnent"
NOTE: and "Puification" had been used interchangeably in this mantual. By
treaiment, it neans the traditional and conventional treatnent methods and purification
is the application of the advanced and modern water purification technologies.

ti
 Sanitary Sulnvey (SIRR of PD 856): conducted by the tocal health WUaten QualEty [Woutttontmg CIon'orrrsEttce
office Sanitary Engineer as a prerequisite in the issuance of the
Drinking water site clearance, lt will incrude the evaluation of the site Chairman - City/Municipal Mayor
location, type of water supply source, type of water use, slope of Members - CHO/MHO
ground surface, depth of water table (max. drawdown), Water DiskicUPrivate Water Supplier
nature of soir
and underlying porous strata, etc. Sanggunian Panlunsod/Pambayan
City/Municipal Engineer
Local DENR
NGO & Professional Group (PSSEI, PWWA, PWAD)
DOH Rep to Local Health Board
Provincial /City Sanitary Engineer

Funet0oms arnd Responsibi0tty otthe Gomnmittee l

1 5. Regular collection/analysis of water samples

l6.Evaluating laboratory results as to their compliance to standards
lT.Regular or immediate sanitary survey during the existence of a potential
cause of contamination
lS.lnstitute remedial measures to correct the deficiency of the water system
l9.lnforming the public of the latest quality of the drinking water in the locality
20.Other water quality assurance functions

Oentlrfieate of Fotabi0tty of Dnlmking Watar (SIRR of PD 856): a

certification issued by the Secretary (of Health) or his duly authorized
representative certifying the potability and safeness of source drinking
water for human consumption based on the PNSDW.
NWRB Wrter
Permit required
for rrteruorks
/*\Mdrm.
beforc applicrdon l{+l
\ '- ,,/ ermrinrdnmirffimffi-enm
for Siae Cluntrcc
<lf
no Sq request CE,RTII'ICATE OF POTAIILITY
from PHO/for
ffbbequ&d*rrrl*&tu
l*re tual*H
tru&r-dh
b&H
Bh@dt&li*ll6jl!!dr'ffi*-h
cddq+ilr#G@-fud.&#t
Hl#d'd#d,
M6E@@_lErt
W
Q{rffi*l:lre@wqrqkbd& tud*&
FOR
bi@r b.1& I
Rf,VISION
or Docx.
I
ETC

til$f,crloN
or
COMTLf,TET'
v/
dd&.:_
---6w;BFrrm

lYoRt$ Md:-
Ot N!'_
&hr_
M.:1. fr@ldrDeq&&*-ed
r.d{fuJilt
2. ryd&ddL@.fudLldbuH
d&rrIrl!6ddrE

" Revised byBSE [rC 2C33.13

 SCHEMES OF WATER
TREATMENT
un'tor.d ftlordld
*{" \ P(tr}EilaleBmonl ft.emffinWtmemt

A eoarse screen $0 to tCI@

rnesh (305 to 140) rricrons
to rermove large partlcurlate
Aardoo mafterto protect
Clil{cdoddrthn
horcllrlgo downstream equipment
Sa&na0lrtion Ctumlcel
FtCp'hiin
.ee&tg
from clogging, fouling, or
. n*rit[ GaikC befirrg darmaged whene the
t 0ocqdatpn corgrfrtiort
o rdtirg . dodtg
Ir.'lbn
$ueter source ls fromn
hn erdnnge . tnbdtg
. frocqia0o.' Chfiicdofislirn
ldlorD0ort
surface water.
. t tUing
FdHsr hr6alion
omalirn
O*riudm

Dtuthg s,rter

SCHEMES OF WATER

U,Uri4ptyrssh CoNxuldie-trr(nildio bsin TREATMENT

RNDinmi$ngtnl:

Roughing filters are used

i! primarily as pretreatment for
-.*.-----**
$tuc
AtliHim of or*rrl$i
-..1
filter systems that may not be
able to tolerate high turbidity UCbir4rhriltr

Glwlrulhdd
or suspended solids in the
rtnmgplimal)
source water.
' Remove sand arrd silt (settleable
solids)
. ,
Remove 50% to B0% turbidity Itrs.
(cloudiness) l*n
Typical surf*ce
. Pre-treatment for slow sand
C1' R
Io i[rtihdimrptatr
water trestment *ystern filters
Typical rouqhlmg fiilter comflguratlons

.,
 SCHEMES OF WATER
SCHEMES OF WATER
TREATMENT
TREATMENT
FryFn$ffisffiisffihnce:

Off-stream storage refers to a storage reservoir that direcfly or indirectly feeds

Microstrainers are fabric meshes woven of stainless steel or polyester wires,
with apertures ranging from 1b to 45 pm (usually 30-35 pm). such meshes are
useful for removing algal cells and large protozoa (e.g. Batantidium coti), but
have no significant impact on bacteria or viruses. Microstrainers grneriity
remove about 40-70% of algae and, at the same time, about $-20% of turbidityThe
performance of microstrainers for specific applications varies, depenoing
on the
type of algae present. aller species or reproductive forms of algae.
eenh$ b&hiliJr
$iy
a potable water intake. The effects of off-stream storage are difficqlt to
generalize because important physical, biological and chemical processes are
influenced by hydrological and limnological characteristics of the reservoir.
The major factors that influence these processes are the degree of
compartmentalization, the hydraulic residence time, the shape and flow
through the reservoir, and the quality of the source water.
W.:

Removal Processes
Purification Processes that lmprove off.stream reservoir water quality
Perfomance of Mierostrainer for varlous Algae
0rgonisnr i Physical Equalization of peali concentrations (e.9. chenricals. nricrobes)
Drtonrs Exchange ofoxygen and carbon dioxide witli the atnrosphere
Ct'<ltttlht Llnicellular l0-70 Evaporation of volatile substaoces 1e.g. solvents)
St(?l(rrx,.iil(?.\ Llnir,-ellular l(}{0 Settling of suspended solids and adsorbed subst$n(res (e.g.
lttelosinr Filan.prr tous 80-90 turbidity. heor,y metalst
S\nt,r/rrr Unicr'llulilr J0-90 Biological Biodegradation of or-eoflic substances
lsrcriluellt Cokrnill T5-lm Die-off of taecal bmteria and r.iruses
liutltltrit I:ihnrnious 8.r-lu) Nitrification of ammonium to oitmte
Chli,n\tlntarc Denitrifi cation of nitrate to nitrogen
(ltl,ut'lkt Llnicellulr Phosphorus elinrinttion by phltoplankton uptaLt 1in pre-
t0-50
.i (,1(,(L,J,nL\ Cenobia ({{i cells) 1,5-60 reservoirr)
I'tditttriut Crrrobin (.1-64 ctrlls ) E0-95 Cheniical O$dation of divslent iron utd mangaruse
8lu!.-gf(.eo nlgae tlydrollsis of polyphosphates rnd orstnic esrers (8.g.
Ox'illtt!oritt Filanrntous J0-50 phthalstes)
.,1ilt!wltrtt Filan^-nttrus 50-70 Plrotolysis of humic substances and polynuclear arornatic
hldrocarbons

i
I

l
 SCHEMES OF WATER
TREATMENT

BgarmTnmflmemt

Bank infiltration refers to the prccess of surface

water seeping from the bank or bed of a river or
lake to the production wells of a water treatment
plant. During the wate/s passage through the
ground, its quality changes due h microbial,
chemical and physical processes, and due to
mixing with groundwater. The process can also
be described as 'induced infiltration,' because th
well-field pumping lowers the water table,
causing surface water to flow into the aquifer
under a hydraulic gradient. Bank infilkation can
be accomplished through natural seepage into
receiving ponds, shallow vertical or horizontal
wells placed in alluvialsand and graveldeposits
adjacent to surface waters, and infiltration
galleries.

COI$VENT0ONALW,AT'ER
SCHEMES OF WATER TREATMENT TREATIHENT:

FFe * Tneatmemt What is the conventional method to

treatwater?
AERATIO}.!:
Many watertreatment plants use a
VUater trs brroiqlht lrotlnrate s@ntaqt wtrth
firrli,'o
combination of coagulation,
air by waterfali aeratqrr r"rr tru,bble
sedimentation, fi ltration and
€lgs'ottor to:
disinfection to provide clean, safe
':l) hrerease tfte o;lygerr 6€,frt?rl.i
drinking water to the public.
2) Reduae th,a riarrb.onldlei;r{,c}a eorl,ierr,t
3) nar.nove mdetfriat,itg, hryolrogenr sr.llfi,cla arndl
Worlciwide, a combination of
otf rar vollaiiie rargarrie e,oirnprou rlrls
coagulation, sedimentation and
resporuslhla fon{taste anrol edor
filtration is the most lvidely applied
4) Trca',inrent o'f uvater uvf,ili hlgh inon arlcl
water treatment technology,
r,flangar',es.a corltefl,t, i,i uvai,ur clues ,riot
and has been used since the early
c,clrt.Eiln iliglh ongarrle nla,ffrer.,D urlnig
20th century. Typical Drinking Water Treatment Pmcess
,A?refiio,fl, rrJt:yg)&',n i.o brou.gflijatO iifuu yyatgr
vyhlch c;arrnyenistfte dlXs$c,lyagl'ferrarus anei
rilamg1arrb:us cornpzorulrudls iniio itrgoll,uh[e
$h:ffjc al,r,lJ nuarugartio firvclro;<ridjeE.'rltlese .ja,fl
 SCHEMES OF WATER
&RffifuT${ffiNT
,,\ rnu,itl-u,iap ptoye$'i,t T,-tiuse :turbtrlitty -'rtlrJ lt rspended,rlaiiar.
nr,rulludes,itre ad,elltiorr of n;teer.niaa{ ,roag,ulairurio o,r rpr#l+r,i$usffruerrt
etrenrleals that neaot ta forffr fJoo.
Tihe floe setilcs hy l3navity irr settllru,g tsrrr'tr.s c,r'Is ,re,r,rr,,r"/4.,J aE'itJe water
peir,oo[ates tLu"rou,gh a gnavity fllte'r"
' :t'iiha elartfieatilon p,roue$e affieettrv,ely trsffioyes paritrelas larger t[,ran ],9
itrn[,rroras.
' The clarittrcatlo,n tr reBe$s [s nst 'd{ttJ% e'fil,clent; t}reneione, water
tneateol tflrotagh cla,riftreatlorr nrray stilil uon'tarlrr $effoe suspendetl
Sedimentation rilraterla!s"
Easio

Flow Diagram of a conventionar water Treatment ptant

0hinfcction

[.npfUow Gflanfif'rien
 W0tat [s aoagu0artrfiom?
SCHEMES OF WATER TREATMENT
Tlre coagudation procass involves;rdding ironr or aiurnirrurn s;rlts, sr,tch es
FLOGGUTATMN: fenic sulphate, feni.r ciiloride or polyrners, to the
erh-rrninutn sulptrarte,
,rvarier"
The pneraess by wFofish emna00 pant[ofles o$ffimre sa,fifls amd ' firesa slrernicals
ara calleri coagulants, arrd haye et po*ii-i,'te clarge.'f're
sedlisrueruts aggnegate imto flargen flurmnps" pouii[ve Lha{g? of the coag'rlant neurtralizes the negative ,:fwrge li
qlissolved anclsuspanded partk,le:t irr the warter.

Ra'fl trEter (pond) Flocculation

'Wh'en this reerction occur$, the particles bhd tog*ther, or coergulaie (thir
Precipitation
process is sometines also called tkcculation).

ffir ''ftre krrger perrticlei, or floc, errelteavy errrd clurickly seiila to tle boltprn al
tire uvalier supply. [trii setiling l)$rryet):J is called sedirnerrtaiiorr.

oo i g.
rF + "oo"ooil**
o r
il& il'
r

il
o o ' .8 [ u ii
ffi C6[ll3tifl Flccolrtion
s
SediHt tim

Fnocess of F[oacqlflatiom Process of Coagulation, Floaculation ahd Sedimentation

Coagulation'tlo(culation
tu,s&il

sludge
GOAGU!.AT!OhI:
hydrocyclone
Polymer, ',"*01 micro.
sand
+fl clarified
water
oo0000000oooooo

precipitale and
co;7;3n .w""?1ff',ilil
----- ..'.
trapped impurities
, trapping impuritigs senle to bottom
-*
*. #!..*
COAGULATIOH MATURANON 6"f
aE
E.
r..S.
i*-t +1re
ur4
sETTLTNG */ scRIHgS .*
P'+!'{ *es

Tfypfleafl Bafl flasted F[oa

 WBtat Es nemooved olun[mg eoag atfiom?
What [s addedl?
C..guLil

/ fl*cCadon l.it l,ev1gt1l',1i.ir1g1cafl sucrJa:sfully Erilov? a large arnot-lrri. ol o,rgarfu; clirrpgvvlr)'o,

irrcludirig solne cliiisolved rj7r7;1:ti9 rrrsi-etrierl, ,u,ihich i; re'ierred io as l,lai'Jral
Orgarir; lt/latter {IJOM) or Dissolved Orrtranic r:arbon IDQC:).

"Coagulation can also rerflove susperrded pariicles, including irrorgarric

preripitates, such ag irorr, A large arnount of DOC can give waier an urrpleasani
tarsie aild odot, as wall as a br..r',vn diccoloraiic'rr.

SdtEnt taoE* 'Wirile coagulaiion catr tarnrr'F- pzrti-iclz'; rtrtd iorfiz dissofued rrr:rttar, itre watar
ofiitrcfi.il rrrzry siiil ryrnatin pai.lfiger$
ard +
nualebtr
'l'i was found thai coagulatiorr and sedirnarriatiorr cern orriy renrove betvueen ?7
arrd 84 percent of virrces arrd betwaen il2anr)87 percani of Lracieria.

ffiJ
Usually, ihe pathogens i-ln!are r?rnov?d'irrtrnllp v'tzliar rtrc rilnov'cdbet:au$e
io iire dissc,lvad lub:iiarncas 'tai. are runaved by r:r1qE1l'di.ign,
i.hey eve arri;rched

GQAGULATIO[S:

Process of Coagulation, Flocculation and Sedimenbtion The coagulants have been added to the water, and the particles are starting
to bind together and settle to the bottom.
The chan belorv shows ttre length of time that is required for particles
0f different sizes to setue
hroLuh tfE v,,ater,

ln a water trcatinent facility, the coagulant ls added to

the water and it is
lrrdu mlxed, eo that the coagulent rs crrcuhted thmughout the water.
The corgulated water can erther be ftrtered dlrecily thro-ugrr
a meoiun,
filter(such as sand and gravet), e mlcroftltra$on oi uttrallttretion
membnne, or lt can be mowd to a sct0lng tanlq ln a seHing
tank, or
clariffer, the heavy parficros seftre to the bottom and arc rem-oveo,
ano
the water moves on to the filtration step otthe treatmcnt process.
COAGULATION JAR TEST IN A WATER TREATMENT PLANT
 SCHEMES OF WATER TREATMENT
[-[rinrfi'tatilorus of rr;oagrur [at[onr

A:; r:oagulaiktrr doei not retneye zll

rsi i"ht virr-tge;; anr)barLeiairr ihe
cannot prorJuce sale drirhing watsr.
li.is,lpw"-ver, art irnprtrtzni. prirnary :itep irr ffre vy;rier tre alinzri prcne.t;,
be,;aute r;r121gglnl.isv1 ernrrves matry oi i-te parliclet, ljuch as rlisgrJlverl
r:arbon,l-lnfi-nal..e'ryatsrdif fi .J'-tltiarJiurier;i..
Because coagr;laiion rernoves sonre of the dissolverj slrbstarces, less chlorine
rnust be addad to dislnfeci the w:_rtar.
A rcrter irsatrnent plerrri cctil sav'e rrrtney by using less chloririe, arrrJ the waier
will be saler, bec:rusa irihalcrmet-ltztre=; (Ti-lMl,1 are :7 r)-47yserr.sui by-prorJLrct
tes;uli.slrornlllsyg-"r;i.ir111rtir:hlorircwiihf ,lOM.
Ftre * Tneatmemt
vyzrter, jt
SEDIMENTAIION:
rtrrJarti,:
' A physicaluaterlreatmenl process used to settle out
suspended sollds in water under the influence of graviU such
as suspended solid particles of a size not lower than lOpm.
' However, colloids of a slze between 0.5 nm and l00nm arc not
likely to sottle naturally due to electrostatic forces balanclng
the gravi$.
thai
' ln settling process, a partlcle will settle: in a vertlcal ascendlng
flowwhere the waterveloclty is lowerthan the limit
sedlmsnhtlon veloclty; and ln a longltudinal flow, the ratlo of
the length of the tank to the height of the tank Is higher than the
ratlo of the vrater yeloci$ to the lirnit sedimentation velocl$.

SCHEMES OF WATER TREATMENT

Suspended Floc
Dissolved airflotation is a furm of coagulation.flocculation Par$chs settle
teehrrologly that is used as a pretreatmtent Emp|ogr.rg thls out durlng
teehrrrique before water filtraton u€du6e$ t0le elogglr,rg tFoat sedlmentation
gflius,es frmaIriterrali,se prob0am$
of downotrream fiiltrattoru.

pailicles particles
su spen ded settled
in waler on bottom
 SCHEMES OF WATER TREATMENT
SCHEMES OF WATER TREATMENT
r#3OdTI$IMENT: I

TTIALWATE R$Qf,
I N TENtr N G :
' pFl adiusted to a pH of approxinnately 7.5 to 8.0 to prevent
conoslon of water plpes, partlcularly to prevent dlEsolutlon
" The addlltflom of 0[rute (Ga] arod sodrr ashr fi:il
of lead into the water suPPlY.
(NarCIQ) reduoes the 0eveB of eaUc[u.rryo iiiillr
and magmesEurm arad
"fl[me softenlmg.o'
is nefenred to as
' ln the case of excessive alkalini$, the p[l may be reduced by
the addition of GO*

hyciroxides {taandmess} amd threm e0aniff

t0ee water'.

T'hre process is lmexpenrsflve but omfiy

nnargfina[try effieetfive, usua[ty produelrug

hardruess"

SCHEMES OF WATER PURIFICATION

SCHEMES OF WATER PURIFICATION
il[il atifi ,r,o,eds of tf.} rl " S ilt cl}l}Jar'te n F,H nil',fi''sal'til on
. PRIMARY WAIER
GHEIWOOAL AffiEOTII@N:
DECONTAMINANON T

OISINEEGTION: pH ADIJUSTIIflENIT

" Ghlerfirre Is fud trrots, tihre srupBly aften Cel"iarincharnical'J,ff Ernbrrtres,irtne;'.clarrJere';in'i"trd'Lihzr

the wabr heerl c&arfifded arrdlon
erras ffraterials arre sengiiiYe kt spet;iitr; p'rl ';ordii-irtrn l\n e,latrrlple of ihis is
sofrierrredl. Thoe et flr.,nfirue kiilfls baoterla. to pravent acid conosiorl irrtank'r.

' lrl oneler tc, roafilttaErx tll're "k0[8

p@t@ritia0*, &re exe@ss of e[ulonirue ie
fud firrto, thre supp0y to nratrltalm a
nes0etrua|"

" Th:e qFuflearflrue

lleve[ nusrst ba oorastantly
I

nromritarad lio trgsu.lre'tf,rari no tlammfrail

$evefls erf efri0onarnln,res or a;flrrilon'[mateEl
Fuydnosarbon,rs dravellop.
 SCHEMES OF WATER TREATMENT
SCHEMES OF WATER TREATMENT
iUJettrosl'E aii Oru-$f,te''-V{fal'gen Trr'aariinueil'iril
ct,ilocls,sf ,gn
IJJ "igl.,ie ytr/,zr rrc r T tea:,tnr,rcrrft
6fi4H[Ifl TIGAL ADDTTil@I\J
GHE[lifl OGE\L ADE[T{I@O\I
OXODIZ8NG AGENT'$:
@ISF€R$ANIS:
@xldiztng agents have two distEmet funetionE: as a btoclde, on to
Dirpeensanrts arre aeidled urhrcn seail[ragl nnay he,expestedl,.tjl,ue te, neutrallee reducing agents.
eorlegrrtrrariign ai s,pea1tilra ienrs fifl thle streanr.
'" '-'i,------_l
r
Dlisprarsaruta olisnuptithre seaile fonnertirrrr, pnevenrrttmg gr,erwtiil o'f
p'r+eiBritate ar'ysta ils
L{i** irL.**ss
tEltHtEI BI'E
r6mm
"

skr
FMner I I
'
I
Tesl R8n0s
:--fl'-s! .-=
-*-
Slability J Carcrum
' Chemiiallml ln
I Akatinity l"---^ -._ , 0rganc I Q--t
{.J-3.0 I
?00.500ppm 1200-500ppm
500-800ppm ,l 500.600ppm
phosphonale

h*g+- ,::_,
?_g
I ", ..-
4orppm .l o-8nom
+.1)+

Ohflon[me [u$eetiom

SCHEMES OF WATER TREATMENT

SCHEMES OF WATER TREATMENT
il.\jlletfr'rods of Oril€fi'te tfUer",ser Tnea"tnreruE
ilVJ,e'iflrra,cls,e# On..Sii:te Wer.te r "f,neatrmerrt
O[j4H[M8CAL ADBITfl@IS
GHEMOGAL ADDOTI@NI
F@TTASIIJiIII FERFSANGA0TATE:
$EAQjESTERSfr\IG (CIHELAT|fl-lG)
AGENTST PctaEsi utn pel il fitlgar nie
(litJnOn) ls a stren! s;)r-idizin!
Sequestering agents are used to rrg:n'! iroacl fut ruany'deaciittg
prevent the negative ef&cts of arppJlca,iiorrs.
hardness, preventing the
deposltion of Ga, Mg, Fe, ffin and Ii lvlll c,r.:tidize tno;'i urgat,tiv
At. coaprtunds artd is ofieri u:.erl iD
Eli,dize ie'rra,qr; itan ltL lerrtc'ie,t
1"r
r'a c i p italli,c,rl ral,l iilitt zt tirL n"
 BASIC TYPE OF SAND FILTMTION:
SCHEMES OF WATER TREATMENT
IVJ ettr e sls,of LOn -5 I,l a VVarte,r Trecr,,l,r,neroir 3.Slow Sarrd is a biological process, because it uses
ffi0trarufioru:-

bacteria to treat the water. The bacteria establish a community on the

CIHEfifl [CA[- A\DDfl Tfl 0][\l top layer of sand and clean the water as it passes through, by digesting
the contaminants in the water. The layer of microbes is called a

REEIJCIIITG AGENITS: schumtzdecke (or biofilm), and requires cleaning every couple of
months, when it gets too thick and the flow rate declines. After the
i{edutcjrr g agerf s, Iiiie s r/Eilurlr schumEdecke is removed, the bacteria must be allowed several days
ne tabis uliilz lila,3, O u), a r e to reestablish a community before filtering can resume.

ztdilzd lc ttulalize o;tidilng

2. Rap[d Samd Fi[tratton - Rapid sand filtration is a physical process
agarls suclt as a!il,rrinz,rr
trltttt)
that removes suspended solids from the water. Rapid sand filtration is
much more common than flow sand filtration, because rapid sand filters
have fairly high flow rates and require relatively little space to operate.
ln tnettbrarrc and ictn eLclrungz
In fact, during rapid sand filtration, the water flows at a rate up to 20
ler rJ,'tl ey p r e v z r l!' ti n
'Jy J
meters per hour. The filters are generally cleaned twice per day with
dz gtadalio n ei,ra rliti r t
yvlich ate backwashing filters and are put back into operation immediately'
fit?rilbtin?'J ctt tz'tilt,
t t t t;ti't|v e i,L,: ;tl dizi t t,-1 a {r fi tJ,

Severr paramet@rs rssed hy saut[tary @rtgtmeens f@r a

SCHEIVIES OF WATER PURIFICATION dnEruk[mg water flfltnat0om dlesfigm?

FJLT|{/YIJOi\ '1,Flow nate

2, Filter surhce area
'A conventional water treatment system which removes particulate 3. Fressure drop across the filter (dlfferential pressure or d/p)
matter from water by forcing the water to pass through porous media. 4. Fluid visctsity (resistance to flow)
'The filtration system consists of filters with varying sizes of pores, 5. Farticle size
,6. Gornpressibili$ otthe cake
and is often made up of sand, gravel and charcoal.
'The diameter of a grain of fine sand is approximately 0.1 millimetre, 7. l\mount of pariicles preserrt irr Sre irrlet waier
so only particles with diameters less than 0.1 millimetre would pass
through the fine sand layer. .The system flow nate is determined by the needs of the community'

'This fitter would not be able to produce

safe drinking water, because many . viscosity is a measure of the fluid's resistance to flow. Viscosity is

contaminants are much smaller than importantbecause as a fluid is more resistant to flow, it will take more
0.1 millimeter (such as viruses, whiclr pressure (energy)to force the fluid through a filter media.
can be as small as 0.000001 I

in di .The viscosity of water is relatively constant. However, as water

becomes colder, it becomes more dense and will cause a larger
pressure drop across the filter media. The viscosity of water is a
function of the climate where the source water is located.
 . when this happens, that filter is not available for use and the flow rate
. The concentration of particles in the inlet water to a drinking water filter of the system is reduced.
is important because a higher concentration of particles will increase
the rate of crrke burild-up and consequently, d/p.
. Therefore, the total filter surface area should be determined based on
an acceptable backwash frequency (normally once per eight hours) at
' ln most surface water treatment plants, a coagulation-flocculation the system flow rate and accumulation rate of particles (cake build-up).
basin is located upstream of the filters, so the concentration of solid
particles in the filter inlet is very low. The concentration of particles is
determined by a simple laboratory experiment called Total Suspended
Solids (TSS).

' Particle size and compressibility typically of drinking water sources

usually fall within ranges that are published in various references. ln
most cases, these values are determined based on past experience by
researchers (tabulated results).

SLOW SAND FILTRATION

' Since most of the particles removed from source water collect at the
surface of a filter, one of the most important design parameters is the Ra,r'Water

filter surhce area.

.As water is passed through a filter, the surface of the filter

becomes
clogged as the czrNie fonns. lf that same water were passed through a
filter with double the surface area, it will essentially clog half as fast. Backfilling

'When a filter becomes clogged, the filter d/p increases and the flow
rate decrcases. Support Gravel Connol Valve

'When this happens, the filter must be backwashed, whereby fiow in the
Advamtages of $$F
filter is reversed and the eake is washed away to a waste slream.
. lt is a lovu energy corrsurnirrg proc?;s
.As the total area of filhation is reduced, the number
, lt tras gr*i ziderpi;rbiliiy in r;ornponerrts anr,l applic;ttions
of times a filter must rrrarirr'ierrarrca is lrtinirnal
be backwashed is increased. , Systen$ caifi bD brlil'i arnd init:-rlled by laryrrtert
, Co;is of bLrilclittg ;rnrJ rurrning signifi*rnily lo'rver th:rrr olher
tli'sinfestations rnethocl s
l"low $SF works Typi ua il na,a 6l { cJ'G ra v[',iY F i'J ue r Fl.cr,vu O,peirart{ o ru

3.The filter bed is constructed of a medium with high surface area which
can be colonized by suppressive micro-organisms.
4.This fine media also presents a physical banier to the passage of
spores of plant pathogens.
S.Bacteria, such as representatives of the genus Pseudomonas and
Tridpderma have been demonstrated as biological contml agents
affactively controlling plant pathogens in hydroponics systems.
6.ln a SSF, plant pathogens recirculating in the inigation water are
captured in the filter media, and at slow rates of water filtration (100-
200 lth/m2 surhce area of filter), are acted upon by the antagonistic
micro organisms that colonized the filter bed.
7.The efficiency of SSF depends on the particle size distribution of the
sand, the ratio of surface area of the filter to depth and the flow rate of
watar through the filter.
8.The finest grade sand tactions and granulated rockwool have been
shown to be most efficient in mntrolling diseases such as Phytophthora,
Pythium and Fusarium oxysporum, the most widespread rrursery
diseases.

MrmgmNe fltrenrtoru
P$P] D J}\ilij D FI LTT,F,/\.iIII CI I\ tuFendil?trmrhhffi
*ruDn!-'d!ffiloddd

trrhlitsn gnd f,idbi kfihd{.n uffiffit ltffiffi wim[

ad@
:il<dmrn 'tr.lrlt r$rrs lFlrvi
h(kbrlrh tF,lF,r( ,d$..6ffiffi
ddtB'ltrlt hdnM 'iffi 'nddffi
UiEtrM ffiq ffirydm I66trlst rmnq, Mqodd)
nnrnd.,r diltd rrddCo nriM.& o.gdllfutr lmtrs
dHct, dr[,q ,uirDntsd t6'r$IF P4:.rqrdu[
rMBEld ftd€ri'ht 6 !m$m6 Dr 4{x mkut

The ability of conventional treatment, such as sedimentation and sand filtration, is compared above with
different lypes of nrembrane filtralion, including microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration and reverse
greater
osmosis. A membrane liltration system may also be callod a particle filter. Particles wilh a diameler
than one millimeter, such as gravel and sand, are removed through the sedimentation process. Parlicles
with a diameter greater than 100 microns (or 0.1 millimetre), such as fine sand' are removed through sand
filtration. AS the pore size decreases, a greater proportion of material is retained as the water passes
through the filter. Onen, a combination of several sizes of filters is used, so that large panides do nol clog
up too quickly. By using finer material, such as sand or expanded clay, or applying a coBgulant, it is
possible to remove small particies botlveen one and 100 microns in size
 Sfr.I4EIVIES OF WATER PI,f R[FIfiATIOF{

lVJe iit c,, d s o'i 0r - $ j i e \lV'a te r P vtti'ii u-ati o r t

USE OF TANK WPE PRES$IJRE

F!LTERS

NEIJTRALIZONG FILTERS:

t{eutraltzing friters rasually eonsist of a

calaiunn carbonate caleite medluml
(crushed iitmestonc or marb[e) to
neuatralEee low pF0 waten.

SCHHMHS OF WATEH FURIFICA.TI#N

$CHEMES CIF WATER FURIFICATION

riir ods of On-$ii e \tY

tr le r P yt riii,Jztli
JVleiirc.rds oi On.Sii e \Yulet Pr.rrifjsailirn
tVJ ort

[N$E OFTANK WPE FRES$I"'RE

IJSE OF TANK WPE PRES$URE
FItTER$
FBLTER$

OKIDIZING FOI"TERS:
$AND E\ND D]I'HER FI{-T'ER$:

Sand sr other fiFtration media (e.9.

Oxidizlng filterc use a mediunn treated
crushcd glass) are used to rcmove with oxides of manganese as a source
tt rDldtty' oxygen to oxldhe and precipltate lron'
inenganeser hydrogen sulfide, and
others.
Howcwr, the location of the fine medla
en top ofthe eo&lEe medit causos the
sand filter to clog quite qreickly and the
cosFenss$ of sand allows many snnaller
irmpurities to pass tluough.
 j'1,\,:1.
j .i ,..' -

$e HEFdHS #F WATffiK: F'[*FreEFEtrATtffif,#

Adsorption l. '-. l

"tJnlike filtration which is a mechanical proeess, adsorption is rnore

lVJeiit o;); oi Ol-$iia VVaiar Puriricaiic,,n related ts chemical parameters such as solubili$'
USE OF TANK WPE PRE$$URE Adsorptiart shauld nat be confused vr'tfh

FILTERS a&sorpffon,
AbsorpEiom is a process whereblt a solufe is
framsferred inta a separate phase (i'e' liquid, gas ar salid)' The
AGTIVATEE} GARBON AESORBER FILTERS:
solcite is campletety surrounded by solvent molecules. ln fhfs
ca.qe, fhe solvent could be solid, liquid or gaseous.
" Activated carbon (AC)is similarto ion ' Adsorption is verY difierent'
ex$ange resin in density and porosity.
"Adsorption occurs when the solute collects at tre interface of two
lirsb?irtrbitktvtnrtler:llzuweiglrcrtrgztrtic-;anr)
phases.
rerJ,sce'; r:hlsrine or oilp.r lalogerr; irorn :For example, if a solution was placed in a glass baaker and the solute
Vlafl.ef ,bUi-rlg23 ryji_ r?ffp\te a1r1 lZliS.
was attracted to ttre glass surface, the solute would adsorb onto the
" These filters must be chrrnged periodically to
glass and collect at the waterglass (liquid'solid) interface.
avoid bactarialgrowth, but are not easily ;Ttris actually occurs with chemicals that are highly insoluble
reactivated in the field.
(hydnophobic or non-polar clremicals). Water is a very polar molecule'
/\ccu rn ulaied solirJs r e qJit e i p-r-y:e r i blass surfaces are polar too but not as polar as water' As a result, a
's4r;l,,yy21sl1inrsoftie'filierurile-,::irr:ialler-l
'af i.errever';er..1';qy1';i';ortliraiili.rzriion.
hlghty non-polar chernical will like being in contact with glass much
mrore than being in contact with water-

Adsorption
.ln essenc€, adsorption takes place because the interaction between
the solute and the solid surface is more favorable tran the interactions
between the solute and water. ln the end (at equilibrium)there will be a
certain amount in the liquid phase and a certain amount at the liquid-
t t\ solid interface.
i. t-r-Contaninants
collect at the surface "Adsorption is used in dninking water treatmerrt rnostly to remove
: organic contaminanrts (i"e. pesticides)that have a low sglubility in water'
The chemicalcontamirrant is called the sorbate.
.The extent of acrumulation of he contaminant at the surface of the
media (sorbent) depends on the chemical chanacteristics of the sorbate
and the type ofsorbent used.
(trydrophobic) are
"usually,-chemicals that have a low solubiii$ in water
effectively removed by adsorption because the irrteractions between
lluiiiulLti,rrii.s diff.rrl uitr 1i rrts
threse chernicals and water ane nrrt favorable'

ii \qr"
i-I lt:ord, *
Stnu,qstur@ @ff f#4;:ii$
i,i,s:t$
Ki(, :'.
Actilvated Gharo@afl cl
-
 SEI,{HMtr$ trF W&TffiR FUffi[FICAT[trru
Adsorption
JVJ e iir e cjs oi O,-Si ie VVader ? yt riii,Jzt tiet t
'The most common type of sorbent used in drinking watertreatment is
U$E OF TANK WPE PRESSURE
activated charcoal.
'Activated charcoal is approximately 90% carbon (a hydrophobic FqI.TERS
surhce). lt is commonly used because it has a hydnophobic surlace
which is favonable for removal of both hydrophobic chemicals as well as FRE 604TFILTERS:
more solubility chemicals.
'Activated charcoal is very porcus, so it has a large surhce area. Since Usua!0y with a rnrtad0a of d0atsmaeeous
adsorption is a surhce interaction, it is important to use a sorbent vrith a earth, pre+oat fiflrerc mem@ve very smafl0
large surface area. panticulate nrat&er, ino0ud0rlg som-e
"When the sorbate comes into contact with a solid (i.e. activaied lbaetenila"
charcoal), it will adsorb onto the solid's surface until it reaches
equilibrium. They arc Bnaottreafl orr0y for flfirrufited
'lf the solid sorbent is porous, the sorbate will continue to dift.rse into vsfluo'n,e app0[eatflorus but are g@fiasro@ru
the solid. sma[0 0nsta[flatEoms"

$OT.[EfuTE$ SF WATER FURIFIEB-TION

SCHHFL4E$ #F WATER FURIFICATIOru
lYleiirc,,ds oi O,-$iie VVaier pLrrificeriierr
llJetired.i of On-$iie , Vater Putiiita,tiort
[,SE @F TANK WPE PRE$SI'RE
U$E @F TANK WPE PR,ES$I'RE FOLTERS
FflLTERS
BEADS FIL]IER$:
DIJ.A[. @R [ViI!,}LT[ ISEDOA FilLTERS;
Bead filters are generally classified as expandable
granular biofilters and are distinguished
by the use
Dual"medla filters nernove suspended cf buoyant granular rnedia.
solids to as low as Z{Lrmierons ln size,
but no dlssolved sollds. The top layer ls The packed bed of plastic beads, through which
coaft$e anthraclte followed by fine send. water from the tank passes, captures solid waste
(100% of particles >S0 microns and 4g%
of
particles 10-50 microns).

Simultaneously the beads provide 400 ft2l ft3 of

surface area for the attachment of niirifying
bacteria, which metabolize dissolved niiroienous
waste.
 Bead filters are often referred lo as bioclaifiers for their ability to perform both
biological and mechanicalfiltration in a single unit. Bead filters operate very A Bagfilter works by the principle of
much like submerged rock beds or undergravelfilters, with the added advantage microfiitration. The liquid is purified in bags by
of easy cleaning.
passing smali permeable pores. Bagfilters can
be used for large amounts of water,

The sizei of these pores are between the 1-200

micron
The capacity depends on the surface area from
the bags. Bigger systems can clean up to more
than 500 m3 /h (multi bagfilters)
There are special bags for varic.rus chemicals

The liquid flows from the top of the filter house (manufactured in either
stainless or epoxy coated carbon steel) and is distributed equally
amongst the bags. The liquid comes out at the bottom leaving the dirt
behind.

Since the bag is locked in atthe top of the vessel allthe dirt is trapped
inside the bag. The filter vessel never requires cleaning after use.

SCHHME$ OF WIATER PURIFICATION

SGHEftflIES OF WATER PUREFEGATBON
JVJaiirc.rsi; cf gn-Jii e \Ytler '/ytriiica'uon IVJ e lir e d -, cr i On-3i r e \Y itte t P u ti'ii c.,t;,ti ort

[,SE OF TANK WPH PRES$URE {,ISE OF GP\RT'F]IIDGE FIII=TER$

F[LTERS
DEFTTO GARTRIEGE FIE"TERS:

BAG F[["TER$:
h zt lepilt nrlriLlge iilitr, lip yvttet ilcyu: titottgit iirc lific't yuzil ,-ti
(a&lrlE
m.m ihe iiltet yvhere litt pztttidx arc ltztppe,-l lirougiu.t,.ti titz v,Lrnp)e;t
o p e ningi: ir t'tj D t t te dia.

The filter may be constructed of cotton, cellulose, symthetic yanms

PnfiGtrt[ or I,o8ttil0 0t cycloNf, cgtr 6ao fllTEi
otr "blown" micrcfibers such as polypropylene. The best depth
fihers have lower densi$ on the oeltside and progressively h[ghen
dens!$ toward the inside wall.
'fltz ziizc! ci litis "gr''tdet dzn':ity" i: t,L ttztp ceirJet p',trticlzt
ieyv,'ttl'the *l!sid.: ,i !ir. wzill ztttl tie ikrcr par,-i,le'; r-c\,t'zvcl iire
iupr ,,uztll. Deplit carlri,)ge iillers are us,.tzilly di;;ltoi::ztbl.e, ucsi-
tiizt:live, and atz in lie parli,l2 ,:at)92 ei 'l le 'lUt) rnicrrrl.
Generally, they are not an absolute method of purlfication stnee a
srnal! amount of partieles within the micrcn range may pass into
tha flhrals
 *#i r SCfr{EMfi E$ OF WUATER PURBFIGATfl@O\!
f
F.

t
Jlle'iir ugJ: ai 0n-Ji'ie VVar:ier Purificzrjiol
t
USE OF GARTRODGE FOLTERS

ULTRAFITTMTION CARTRIDGE
FILTERS:

Foint-of-use ultrafi ltration cartridges are

used to remove pyrogens and other
Single open end Slngle operr end Dguble open end
with single o-Riflg Double open end macromolecular compounds from ultrapure
with d0uble GRing wrtlr Crush seal yrih GaskeE

,i
& bayonet lock & bayonet lock water.
r_ r++.. r---l
lr*!
tl&{ il
i-*r'
Code z
C} Crush-Seal
ll
t.r
Flat Gasket Seals
They are built in a spiral-wound
crnfiguration.
Code 9
This allows a crossflow mode of operation
to help keep the surface clean.

SG$,flE$WE$ @F WATER PI'RAFf,GATSOru

JVJaiirods oi On-riii e \Viler ?y,ui'iiczttinn SGHEflWES @F WATER PUREFgGATflOhfl

IIJg,E OF CiARIIRODGE FiIfl-TER$ IVJ e lir od s oi On- J i'i e tlV.a::!.e

t' P yt ti ii cztli o r t
jSYS1IE
. il 0 rr\l,Er(6 ii{4\h\l iG E Ml
$URFAGE FOLTERS PTEATED
GARTROEGE FOO-TER$:
Aul Ess! exeharage systenr conslsts of a tank eomta[mimg smoa[fi
I
heaols of symth,ret[e res0n.
P)ea!2,-) cztl1dgz iiltet: lypicztly -,tc! a:
pzttticlz iiltet:t, Ltting -.t il-ai slnet
zt'vscJ,-ttz
heads are tneated to sefleot[vef,y adsorb either eat$oms on
Tlhre
nedizt, ziiier a rtprtsbnrrc at sper,iilly
amfiomE amdexehautge eertaim ions based on thein rclaffive aot[vfity
lrzated t)!r:-\ylv.cr) rnlzfial, tr.t ltap
eomnpened to the resto!.
partiLlz:;.
Tlie lne cJier Js prlea'terf it t lrni:Tea$re usalbriJe
Th[s proeess of fiomr exehange wE[[ conttnue unt6[ a[[avalilabf,e
St)tfiAqie Adi?t!1,
exehange sites are ffi![ed, at whieh point the resirr is exhausted
'? l'ea te,-) t t t't t t tb ta t e iil tt t s :t e rv t,ry e I Ias
and must be regenenatcd by suitab[e ehemlea0s"
.:,-t':t - t t ti,: t u r t r bzt,: i z t't l
pzt r ti cl e,L ijl !.t r
-t ir t

the U,') lc'),t) ti,:,ren finge,

r\eriyer aanrnirdg,es rrilso prerfonru In trira
Lr itrerfiilu,r.arti orl i.Eitrdg@ ;,0.005 ts,l;t. il 5 nulerorr.
 sclJ{EfiIfl ES OF \fu,ATffi R PIJ RilFHGP\TIION

JVI a iir c.r d : oi O r t-Siie \l\l'a!er P ytriii u?t li Dt)

i.l *g cti r.e ly C ho rger,r Pcsii r'.'el 1' r. hir r1q r.d

Anolyre {Cotic,ni iloil\J IEXGI}{Ah{GE 1SY$"f,HIIJI

Anolle lAnion]
Attrocted lo
Negolive Sur{oce WATER $OFIENflNG:.

exehange waten softee,rer [s ome of the most c@nom@n t@@[s

Thre iout
of watertreatunent, lts functlsn Is to remove scaie"$onr.fing ea0a[urnu
and nnagnesium lons torn hard waten.
Xrl rrearuy &ases sori'Llblle lrorl (ferrouts) uaro ailso ibe :ter[fitv'e,-] ttti:,tit

softerterE.
A stundand water so&erren has four mrajor eompomemts: a resimt
tantk. rcsirr, a brdne tamk, and a valve or oontnoller.
iflowtrven, uvater so'fitemlirrg [a ,cl{sare{varutagJaaeurs wfiren liulgir vlutiliiy
rvater is requfiraci siulee s'eielluna fiorus vv[f,tr Ere pncsent affterllthe iir.t't
ex,uiharnge procacg.
[t [s thenefore neeessary that the desEgm of the systeno shaoru[,0] he
done by a negistened san0tary eungdmeer.

HARD WATER
Softener
Rosln Tank

f 'e"
s9lt0ltlng
...*#lfBifffd H
t
$
6
7 '('riP: l t
Chafoed d I
Rosin Egadsrr..
ltl fd..'cf
' (
a a,,
t-Erolisse t ,',.r,f*j:
- m a a
f
a

++m fiir0rGtu[ lfll irnemrutlon

++v cddun lotr

+ 6.dl{m lonc

SOFT WATER
 Chemical Regeneration
$iafit-Fnec Waten $offiemEmg Goradfitfi emcn

T',hfls systemn advarrraed eenamic nnedia that eflreet[vely

uses asx

alitnaeis arod rreutna[laes hard water propenties withtout the nece!

fon regemenattrosr, baehmasirDmg, on eiectn[city"
CO,
removal
ffi i
1

when water comes lnto contact with the catalytic surface of the
medla, hard water agents catclum (GaCO3) and magnesium
become attached to the ce,ramlc granules and are lnstantly
converted lnto a scale rtsistant crystalllne form.

These erytals ane hamn0ess, neuttrai,

heat resistant, and cornp[etely stable
amd wi[[ nst attach to anY surfaces
BBpes and heaters to ol f(iluonr

deposits"

2009 Georg Fischer Srgnel LtC

$G$JJHMES OF WAT'ffiR PURBFNOATH@N SGH{EI}fiffi$ @F WATER P{JR6FOGATE@N

lll a iir r.r cl s of Orl*Si'iie'Water P u ri ii'cziil erl lVl e iir od s oi On-$i i a \tY
ztier p yuiii c,ali
I
s rt

$Y$TEiUJ
:

l,0r! E}(G**J,F\X\{I,GE ilON EXE,I-IA!\IGiE SYSTEIII]

DEffi iNERALIZATIONIDEIOI'IIZA,TION : T'VIIO"BED arod [tfl0XED EED DE0ONIZERS:

lon exeheutge defionfaers (E[] use symtflnetrle nes[ms sflmmflflar to,throee The two basic configura$ons of delonieers are two-bed
acxd
ueed in waten softemerrs. Typ[oaflly used sm water thrat has ortready mlxed.bed. l

heeut preftltered'
Two&ed deioniecrs have separate tanks of cation and anlon
s! a two-stage process to nemsve v[ntua00y 40fl [omlo nnatenial
c,nses reslns. ln mixed"bed delonhers, he anlon and cation reslns
are
nemoa[mimg ist water. h0ended into a single tank or vessel.

pos[rr[vefly
Two types of synthetle resims ar,e used: ome to nefrnove Generatly, nnixed&ed systems wilr produce higher quality
waten
elrarged Eoms (cat[oms] amd another to nemnov'e megat[vefly eh,rangledl with a lowertota! capacity than troted systems.
Eoms (am[ons].
Deionlzatlon can pnoduce
extrernely highquality water in terms @f
Res$r0s hrave limnrEted eapae[tles and must he negemerated uporu dissolved ions sr minerals, but they donot generalty remove -"
-
exhau,tstIorn. orgarrics and can become a breeding ground for baiteria.
 ,i

$GHE&ffE$ OF WATHR PURUFOSATffOO$

! $GHffiffiES OF WATER PURBFECAT'flOO$
lYl ; iir cr cl g ef Orr-$lt e VVir tar iP rr rifi czrll crrr
IVJ a iir cicls of On-Ji Ia'VVzlier ? u ti'iicztlio,r t
l.0 r\ E
j(.e'iJ,r\li{ :fr'E SYST'E iU
l

CI@: $ I,$ flEflJJS:

Grossflow (also called tangentialflow) filtration ls the pressurlzed flow of

Orqartic scaveltpls, o,t i$age,a'ra ioft -e;txtta'l:ge resjrts ttEtt the faedwater, or lnfluent, acrcss a membrane, with a poilion of the feed
,:,Liti-ain:.,-r,Lrlg.pase arltjort reslrr reEenenfted ryi:iiL rr.,diuln ,uisl'oti,-)e permeatlng the membrane and the balance of he feed sweeplng
rtrire. tangentially along the membrane to exit the system without being filtered.
TLhe fi0tenoslstrsarn is ealled thc "penrrcete", bagatlee [i has pernreaieid] tfire

Jirrce rfibst pattrrally acrruTrittl!) orga'nics ?rdtte a sillghtJy !re!:a:liv'a rruenlhrarre. Thue secorad strealt! [s eaU[ed the ,torlcetrrtrats* e,tr u,fi.ej€r'c1i,,,
c,irtrgz,'litey'a{e absorhed by rlha arjien re'slru. he,cause [t eanrlres siff thue eoneeroiinated eomtamlnamts na-jeate d uuy tt[e
nruernhrame.

itigi: Because the feed and concentrate flow parallel to lhe membrane instead of
,t\iiar the rcsin i:, l'ozrd'eel,iitp ,erg:rniss 'cafi be tlispilauaC !1'y
prrpendicular to it, the prooess is called "cro$sf,ow" or "tangehtial flow."
c,L t r: z N tit:t zl d,:trts cr',i C I tl,Ll rf'rlg rege rleratic]rl,
Eeparu,,clirog orr ttue gfize of 't,],rre pones errg[meered lrrto ttre ruernb,rarle,

'srogsflow filters are e'ffuctiuo fimr ilhe narrga of reverse esffuosls,

maruofi{tratiorrr, tr,llltnerffif,tratisru and nuerre neeemt[y rlrleroffifltnatlsn,
Crossflow membrane fi ltration allows con$nuous ramoraal of
contamlnants, which under normalliltration would "blind" (cover up) or
plug the membrane por€s very rapldly.
 Heverse Osmosis
Applied Pr6$$uro Pure Walor

Dir€ction of
Water Flow

SGffiEME$ OF WATER PURSFBOATfl@N

iYl:;iircrds oi On,$ite VVa'ier Pitriflczrilerr FROM TAP WATER TO PURE WATER
REVERSESSMQ$IS:

Reverse osmros[s (RO] removes vintuarx[y alil ongaru0a aomropo'undls TAP

arrql 90 to 99% of a[[ ioms. WATER
(rN.cNuG)

I-/,0 oan lneat,r,nest lya'igr s"jan,clards l,vitll a sing,le-pass systerrl

zild
iha hlghesi stiln{lalr'sls ll/lth a sl'eubla"pr;r;u ;ys'iertL ttleals
gt1,t)"rt/u ui vl'tuses, batltet't't allcl pyrog'art;.
"il!:
Fare$$une, on t[re order of &00 to 1"000 pslg (13"8 to 68.9
bar'], [s'tlfoe ADVANTAGES:

purlfflcat[ort prooess. [t ie nnulch m@re emwgy

drlvlmg fonee of the R0 . lmproves laste, odor and appearance

effi$sle-nt uomrpaned to treat"drEvem purtflEaatfiom (d[sti[tat$on] srndl.6r'ronc t Highly efieclive purification process.
Wll ,emove the pollutants listed
estflalerrt than tlre strorrg ehemteafls:requ[u^ed fo,r io,n exohangle"
NJo IMPURITIES
above. and more!
touroouN)
errengy4ntenstve pftase ehamge ls requircd. . Consumes no energy
,t.he
liJrnJst zrJl of systalr,r in 'UVater ftefilling 3ii;riiorrt otr]y
fJ..:o. . Very convenient
nttili'zestha lFt".0. Ilteltlloralle .b,uti arfl'Plt yirlg'r lo'iver 'prassur'e d 15t') . Flushes away poUutants, does not

p;ig:rr;d beilqw,arlcl t*Erzittteit,:,Liltsi,-lzTe1l tranuiitrilzt'ti'crtl artd ilt collecl them

r Easy to keep clean
s a !il e ua:J'd:;,Lr ltrafi.l lrer"il'gn, ;trt cl Itot ain i{.;0. ijy J'ier'rJ'
. Low Eoduction cost . gives you rvater
of a gruaranleed qualily for pennies
per gallon
$OHHruflffi$ @F WATHR PURUFflGATION Sc${E&flffiS OF WATHR PURBFIGATflON
\t\l
lVl a iiL c., d s oi Orr' J ii e -a
te r P rt ilii':zvti rt r t t\tl e li t o c) s o i j
O ri - rj lie
\r\l
zt te t P yt'tiii cztli o rt

NANO FOLTRATION: ULTRA FILTRATICIN:

j\jirrrr,,fjlir-.lijon (r,JF) erlUipr r)'.t)! t'jrr)ulet ,Lr'}ariu c'Ltttputn')s itt Llte
0Jiltirraffiltratlourr (UF] [s a sfimrrf,Uan p'rc,CIess to F?rO ar1is1 iNF, liru'i [s c]o,iirieel
"jt)t) to 1 ,'r)t)t) fitolzcul?tt'ueigh! tztnge, tejzc'iirrS ;de'Jiec) ti.ztl\;
ers aoressflow procass that doas rrrot rrejeot tror,rs" ltlF r,ajeots
lttypicail;y'J!valarri), zrlrd
pa;slrrg r!)rrt'c w'.|!e! il lsw?t pt2fiLtte
aomtamoimramts Em the ra,ng;e of 1100'0 dlaltonr ({fi angrstnono}to 0t"qt
o pzraiia r s tir ran F'.O :Ys"ierrts.
mEorom PantfleUes.

t\F aconufli'cally :,oilens vv:rt'er vviiitoirt lli: polltriig n oi s'al!'

Beeauase of thre flarger prone sfize [m the memhrar,re, UF r,eelufines
r egene ra'ied syuierns and pro vj cl:l urll ue o r 1anlY des:rJ'i)n
q I nnureh florwcn openat[rug p]ressure: n0 tq, nCI(} psEg ($1"7 to 6"9 harr)"
ar

,;apabililizs.
tl,!F rernrarves orgar,ries, bactenia, arud pynogerrs whrlle aUlovulnrg rnros'r
Ue;ms autdl smnall[ orgamfiGg, srJrohl as g;rluoose, to penimrea&a ttre ponoirLrrc
strueturre"
$Gffi EtrIfl ffi$ @F' WATHR PUROFfl GATIIO$N
l
$Gff4EMfdES @F WATER PUREFOGATII@N
lllaiirods of On-$lta VVelier Putliic-'rtic.,n
ih o ll s i On"i \L\l'a'!,e
r P yt riii
W, IVJ e

cR0$sFLow
c i'i

[ffifieBo|Fl
E

T[
szrli o r )

Mllenof,i0tnatiom {[uF] mennbrames are abso[ute flltere typfieauty naterd

im the 0.f to ? mrlenoru ranoe. Crossflow nicrofiltntion substantialty reduces the frequency of
filter media replacement required in normalflow MF, because of the
Ava[[ahle in potymer sn metafl ntembpame dfiscs on p[eated eantrrfito],.ge contlnuous self+leanlng feature.
fBlters, mficnoftrfltratiom.is now atso averi0abfle im
qnossflow
uomffigunatioms. Typically, crossflow MF systems have a higher capital cost than MF
cartridge lilter systems. Howeyer, operatlng costs are substantially
OperatEmg pnessures of t to 25 ps$g {0.07 to'1.? ban} ane h7pfiaaf" lower.
 '

Sffi[4E[Uffi$ MF WATffiR PUF{IIFflGATUON

I

SGhlEftS E$ @F WUATER PU Rfl FIOATII@fr*{

lVieiir ,-.tcl; oi Orr-$irj,: VV;riar Pv:riiis'atirtrt

llj e rh o ds oi Orr-:ii ia \tV ate r ? yuiiicirli o rt

MACIRO FIB-TRATIONr
MAeeaf,.lLn'RA[leNi
Macro-ftltration can be classified into three distinct mechanisms'
Contact Filtration: Filters utilizing granular media represent contact
l?ltration. Suspended solids in the fluid stream are held within the media
Klnetlc Flltration: The cyolonic type separator best exempliftes kinotic
pttysical by impingement and adhesion on the surface of media granules and
nmratron (or separation). This mechanlsm utilizes the dynamic
entrapment between media granules. The long-standing sand filter is a
forcts of anguiar acceleration, linear velocity, and specific gravity
classic example of a contact filter.
difierentials io remove a percentage of the vadous macro{articles
present in tre raw fluid stream. This type of separation requires the solid
particles to have a specinc gravity appreciably greater than that of the
fluid.
Tuk nay contail V-Noth Weir

S0ffiffif[fdH$ OF WATffiR PUR$FHOATSON

$CIHEMES @F WATER PURIFEGATU@N
IVJ a ih c.r cls oi On'$i ie VVa'iar P tt ttiiczt:tia n
J\ll e'ttr cr cjs ef On- Ji i e \Y'rltet P yrriiiv,ati cti t
MAERO FILTRATION: g@N SEg-F:
AUTOrmATT MAGRO:St tsM@tEG[rLAR
surface Filtration: surface flftrration is a srbvrng process utti2ing a . 6LEAN[F,8G FBLTRATI@TT $YSTEffi :
physical
meaumsuch as a screen element to present a two dimensional
banier to particles too large to pass through its holes or openings'
Horr ll \,\iorks
IlE unl (ffiish of twg rtige o{ filtnlio, .r
ioare p.'$lhr od a *ainlsr del lire gen.
Ihe unuarterl rclidr xcumdue m tle irw
sdke olrlE lirc sm, buildire W a filer
c*e. *hi$ film ut em tiu prtido. e'
@ atir6 a pwe rlifiomtial. Orce l}r pwe
drop ec{n a pera le,el, .r time qrle ir acti .
rded [, tln iuoy rupplittlco{rol 1cern.
'Ifie slids .va mmd l'm the lim *m
!!iB i +d lrrhtrhilg rnthod, ntrich
aggeirely swlr tln dirt off the smr, rim-

ffi
ilar lo a varum cham, rnd re oried to
thedruin tia lherime rrleTIF did colldor
MnE5. enqrilBthe ediE srm ir clcared
erch ntle.
Ttn puerslakes a mader oi rconrh, nith-
out interruplion of syrlm ilor\:
SGE{HIIf,IES @F WATER PURflFOGATfl@fiU
$GHEMfiES OF WATER PUffiBFHGATNON
lYlriir od:; oi On.Siie lVzriarr P!tiiiczlii erl
JYl e tir c.r ds oi 9n-$ite VVa,ier P u tiii czrli o n

Efl$TILLATffiN; Waler Supply

lnlet

' Distillation is the collection of condensed

steam produced by boiling water. Most
contaminants do not vaporize and,
therefore, do not pass to the condensate
(also called distirlate).
. With a properly designed still, rernoval of
both organic and inorganic contaminants,
including biological impurities and
pyrogens, is attained.
. Distillation invclves a phasd change which, when properly carried out,
removes all impurities down to the range of 10 parts per trillion, producing
water of extremely high purity.
' Careful temperature monitoring is required to ensure purity and avoid
contamination of the purified water. Organics with a boiling point near that of
water are very difficult to remove Cue to carry over into the vapor. ln these
situations a double distillation system is often required for complete pyrogen
removal.
I

SGHE[ffiffi$ OF WATER PURBFf,GATEON

illaiirods of On-Si"ie Water Purifi'cit'iiotl
MEMBRANE EIORFAGTOR FILTRATION $Y$TEM:
l.Removes biodegradable organics, suspended
sotids, ancl inorgatlic nutrients (such as nitrogen
and phosphonus)
4.MBRs retain particulate and slow'
growing organisms (thereby treating
more slowly biodegraded organics)
and remove a very high
of pathogens
3. They also require less space than
conventional fi ltration sYstems
because less hydraulic resid
(HRT)is needed to achiev
given solids retention time (SRT)' :
3. MBRs are more automated, making them idealfor
decentralized treatment because they are simpler to operate.
$GHETWE$ OF WVATER TREATMENT
-l
lVJelirc.rd; of On-Ui'ie VVzt'ler tezttrrrarr
EOBLONG:
Boiling is used to disinfect water from microorganisms. When clone
conectly, it can kill most bacteria, but not all. Bacteria and protozoa
are killed at the lirst bubble, and it takes about three minutes to kill the
rest.
Disadvantage:
5.lt can require lots of fuel and cooking equipment.
6.Water cannot be then used immediately, as it needs to cool down.
T.Since it is so hot, some of the water may evaporate before its use.
B.The water can still contain particles; so further filtering could be
necessary.
9.Does not eliminate chemical pollutants(including chlorine), poor
taste of foul odors, and in fact can leave a stale taste.
$Gfi{EfiWffi$ @F WATER PUMIFISATH@N
a

iVlarirods of On.$ite VVa'ier' PiLri,fis?r'ilorl

OESONTAMBNATI@N d DOS$NFEGTION

The tmaetfivatlom of mterobflotog[eart eontamfiroattom [s usua[0y ome of

the flmatglgpr te nedluoe pathogerrlc mrrloroongan[sms iru dnlmk[ng
water.
e,rrfirlrirla'tlonc O'f vyatar PUriiir,itlitrttt s'iep; cattse clri,rriltl4g vvatet'io
be safu after prroeluatiotr"
As arr extra measutre, a seeond dlsinfection step at the end of the
waten purrlfication process, in order to pnotect the waten from
nttereb[o[egtealcontam[nat[om ln the water distrthutlott system6 or [f
galaaed lm oontatners is ampfloyed.
-f|e saesr:{lerrf ollisir1lunr,er1 irfl}aikeg sure ,illat hel'rterla tt7llltl ngt
rnnltiply lnTke wu'ler 'dur[''rlgt tllistriiirurt[on on irl 'strrrtail'ler$'
Baeter{a ean rermaEm in the water after the ftrst d[slnfection step on
cam end up in the water durtng backflush[mg of eomtamlmated waten. in water temperatrre affects lhe solubility of iodine. Adjustments in the bypass rate are needed if
.desonta,rninarru,cl'iuirlfuE'tant1iihtrtt lrliill ,be ernple.ryar{ l,vitrlj .$.re zrE
The water temperalure changes.
Chemical injection pumps can also be irsed to inject iodine sclutions for individual 'flater treatment.
clasi,gneel hy rttre uar',nitary cng$neer.
These are the same iniection systems that are used for chlorine.
Iodinators are in-line systems that are sized to keat all the water used in a facility.

S0fi4ffiffiE$ OF WATHR PURf,FSGATB@N

lOdine kills bacteria and disease-causing organisms. lodine is,
tllaiirosis of On'3ii e \lY'd!et Purl'iicuriiort however, ineffective as an algicide.

E}HSONTAMENATION I DI$INFECT$EN
In its natural state, iodine is a solid black crystal. lodine crystals will
dissolve in water, dependent on the water temperature. The higher the
GH E NJI fl 6AL DEG@$$TA[U fl NATfl @N fl DBSX fi{I F E6TII Ohq
temperature, the more will dissolve.

3)Chlorine (Clr) The simplest method of disinfecting water with iodine is by dissolving
4)lodine iodine in water to form a saturated solution and then injecting the iodine
2) ehbnirre Dioxide (Gl0r) solution inio a water system.
3) Hypo chlorite (OCl')
4) Ozone (Q) lodine does not kill bacteria on contact; a holding time of at least 20
5) Flalogens: Bnonrine (Brr), lodine (l) minutes is needed depending on the iodine concentration.
6) Erornine chloride (BrCl)
7) lVletals: Copper (Cuz.), Silver An iodine residual of 0.5 to 1.0 mg/l should be maintained and iodine at
8) Kaliumpen'rranganate (KMinQ) this level gives the water little or no iodide taste or odor.

9) Fenolo
'10) Alcohols lodine can be removed from water with a carbon filter just before
'l1) Kwartair arnmoniurn Salts drinking.

tr2) l'lydrogen Peroxlde

$GffiHMIffiS ffiF WATHR PUROFHGATSON

iYl atircrclr'of On-3i'ia VVater Purlficerilon

E}HGONTAIffi INATION I DI$INFEGTflON

PHVSICAL DEO@NTAIWENATI@fi{I / Ef,SINFEGTTON

1) Uttraviolet Light (UV)

2) Electronlc Radiatlon
3) Gamma Rays
1) Sounds
5) Solar Rays

Careful Use of UV

Since the ultraviolet light must reach the bacteria in order to kill them, the
Iight source musl be kept clean. Cleaning solutions are available for
rinsing the unit to remove any films on the light source. Both sodium
hydrosulfite solutions (0.15%)and citric acid solutions (0.15%)are
effective in removing films from UV units with an overnight cleaning.
ULTRAVIOLET LIGFIT Some units are also equipped with wipers to aid in the cleaning process.

tr/-
T-r"fi,"d] warN I lwen'r _.
--x..El-[v,.iur. Ey.::] _jl_ti_
Bacteria could be shielded in cloudy water or water that is contaminated
r"i"-. m, ,ililr:oli-,Id',-rorli
I
lilr," ilh.llli
..
tofii-i[-.lol'r6' li' by large numbers of bacteria. An upper limit of the use of UV for
i '\
11 Wavelength disinfection is 1 000 total coliforms/100 ml or 100 fecal coliforms/1 00 ml.
'':.-.
,./
Pretreatment may be needed for UV units. A prefilter is needed to
remove discoloraticn, turbidity and organic particles. The water must be
clear in order for the light to penetrate to kill the microorganisms. Water
+ - i-+++rt+]+f+++---+L- -+u--'-' -r--+'-l+! containing high mineral levels will cause a coating on the lamp sleeve,
100nm 'l!m 10Pm 'l00pm lmm
reducing the effectiveness of the treatment. Water softeners or
phosphate injectors may be needed to prevent coating of the lamp.
ELECTRONIC RADIATION
 \fUhrat fis SoEan tffaten Dfisimrfcatfiom?

0{ow does S@80$ work? SODIS, Solar water disinfection is a simple method to
improve the quality of drinking water by using sunlight to inactivate pathogens
causing diarrhea.

contaminated water is filled into transparent plastic bottles and exposed to the
full sunlight for 6 hours or up to 50% cloudy sky for 2 consecutive days.

During the exposure, the UV-A radiation (wavelength 320-400nm) of the sunlight
destroys the pathogens. A synergy of UV-And temperature occurs, if the watei
temperature rises above 45"C.

\ft/hat ane the [fimn0tat[omE tro Solan E[simfeefisar?

SODIS does not change the chemical water quality

SODIS does not increase the water quantity or reduce
shortages
SODIS requires relatively clear water (turbidity less than
30 NTU)
SODIS is not useful to treat large volumes of water
GAMMARAYS
SODIS requires suitable climate and weather conditions.

SGffiEf,ffiES OF WATER P{JROFIGATfl@N

lVlathosls oi Orr,Jit e \l\lztlet ?uniicztliort

E["8CIT'CIDUALYS!S

Electrodialysls (ED) and electrodialysis rcversal (EDR) employ

specially prepared membranes which are semipermeaOte to lins
based on thelr charge, and they emptoy electrical cunent to reduce
the ionic content of water.
'l,tvc
lai *t'tz! ttszrtitrrllt-cJ, er)-t tltlt! preierutiiilly ptrrneitle;
ACOUSTIC SOUND DISINFECTION caticrr; and tirc u,tlpr atfittts, arc stactizd altzrrrrldy y'iiit ilttyv
' cirarlrrgls bzlleett'!len. czrittdz arr) anodz dzctrrrdet atz p)acit,)
9n ?'r,tth sirle ,Ji tiz '.-tlternaiing .,ztc,,< tti rtettbrznzs,irL clray't rtrL:r
i,ttt; lirouAlt tll netilltrzras.
This leaves much lower concentrations of lons in the water of the
altemate channels.
'lin naw wr.ttat lltzt! ierrrt'r iu !fui cztlhaclz (negtlt,te tbdrodz) i;
,:illed "ailciitrc rzducing \yalet," -lirc neyv waiet !!n! iotrn,
ztt lie
,-trp,-la
kt,-t';iLi'te zIectr,rcle) i-: ,:ztIItc) ztcicli,: c;tidizetl yyztlzr.
 Sor,nre $fWater @uxarflf,ry Fnobflcmos @Fud TIheEn

Methods; of Tneatmremt
Guide in determining the cause of problems using the senses.

.O hIIBI
@Mr
toffiM', SENSE OF FEELI$OG
rml4) lmpurity or Symptom Cause Health Efrects teans of
Contamlnent Troatmcnt
.sr* nRAflS +SUAllreE Hard lVater
(M(.) ffi(o)
Soap curd, and Calcium Aesthetic only. Cation
scum in wash (limestone) and However if exchange water
MMSA basins & magnesium consumed, softener or
bathtub. Whitish salts. could lead to reverse
scale deposits kidney/ bladder
in pipes, water stones
heater & tea
kettle.
Grittiness Abrasive texture Excessively fine Various sand - Sand trap in
to water when sand, silt in could trap ultra-filtration.
washing or water. contaminants
residual left in
sink.

$CIfi{EfiMffi$ OF WATHR PURSFBGATS@N

SENSE OF SMELL
lVleihods c.,f Ort-$i,!e VVlrler P'urificatiorl
mpurlty or )ause lleelth Efiects [eans of
]ontamlnant

ffi
lreatflent
lOdor 3enerally, Aeslhetic only Activated carbon
r) Pyrarnid Quanturn Phi rarmless organk rilter.

W
nafter.
2) Scalar lAlave Energizen
Chlorine smell. EXCeSSMe ]ould occur from )echlorinate with
3) Coriol[s $piral Erlerglaer lhlorination. brmation of lctivated carbon
4) Far lmfra Red iisinfection ilter.

@
)yoroducts
Rotten egg odor Dissolved Various effects 1. Manganese
tarnished hydrogen greensand
silverware. sulfide gas. filter - constant

il
chlorination
followed by
filtration/
{'
,r_

\-t 3. Presence ol
dechlorination
2. Constant
sulfate chlorination
i I

\.i*9;;-
:.,** =if
reducing
bacteria in
followed by
activated
raw water. carbon filter.
 SENSE OF TASTE

mpurlty or Symptom Cause lealth Effects Heans of

ious Effects
lontamlnenl lraalmenl
Taste Salty or High sodium Aesthetic only 1. Deionize
brackish. content. drinking watr:r
only with
)ent odor, 1. Locate and disposable
foams discharge eliminate mixed bed -
drawn, underground be present source of anion/catiorr
seepage - then resins; or
heavily 2. Reverse
chlorinate well. osmosis: or
Activated 3. Distillation
carbon filler system.
will adsorb
limited amount
Alkali taste. High dissolved Aesthetic only Reduce by
mineral reverse
containing osmosis.
alkalinity.
(Stained
aluminum
cookware,)

SET'OSE OF SffiELt
SENSE OF TASTE

mpudtyor iymptom )ause lealth Efracts ilerns of

Leak in fuel Fuel No residential ]anlemlrrrlnt lmatmant
oil tank or components treatment.
gasoline tank may be toxic Locate and
Taste Metallic tasle. '1. Very
low pH Various - 1. Correct with
water (3.0- depends on calcite type
seeping into or eliminate 5.5). cause filter (see
water supply. carcinogenic seepage. 2. Heavy iron Acid Water).
concentration 2. (See lron
Methane gas.
in water Water).
above 3.0
ppm Fe.
3. Leaching of
lead and
copper
Phenol smell lndustrial I Various -
(chemical waste compounds I
odor). seeping into i may be
surface or carcinogenic
I
ground water
supplies.
SENSE OF SIG!"IT
SENSE OF SIGHT
mpurtty or iymptom lause {ealth Eftcts lleans of
]ontamlnant lmltmanl mpurlty or ]ymptom Cause lleal$ Effects lleans of
Turbidig Dirt, salt, ciay Suspended Turbid water 'Calcite" or lontamlnant
lreatment
matter in may contain Neutraiize Acid water Green stains Water which
surface water disease causing (media)type I Could lead to
on sinks and has high I health effects if
pond, stream or microorganisms lilter - up to 50 I eutralizing
silver, porcelain carbon dioxide
lake. pprn lacid water I
calcite filter
bathroom content (pH I causes leaching down to pH of
fixtures. Blue- below 6.8) I of lead and 5.5. or
Sand grit, silt or Well sand from Turbid water Sand trap green cast to reacting with c0pper
clay new well or may contain and/or new well water. brass and alcite/ Magnesia
substances. defective well disease causing screen copper pipes - oxide mix (5 lo
screen. microorganisms and fittings. 1) for higher
flow rate and lo
Rust in water. Acid water Turbid water Neutralizing
correct very low
causing iron may contain calcite filter to
pH water,
"pick-up," disease causing conect low pH
microorganisms acidity and
. Soda ash
remove
chemical feed
precipitated iron

fllkatlon

$ENSE OF SIGHT
$ENSE OF SOGI{T
lmpurlty or )ymptom ]ause leallh Effech Heansof
n6nirmlnrnl fmrlmonl or Symptom )ause Eftcts lMeans of Trcatment
fHealh
t_---_
I
Turbidity Gray string- Organic Turbid water Constant
I Discolored Brown+ed '1. Dissolved
Various
like fiber. ma'ter in raw may contain chlorination I 1. Can remove o s
I water red, stains on iron in influent effects ppm of Fe+ for
water algae, disease foilowed by | "lron" water sinks and (more than 0.3 every grain/gal oI
etc. causing activated other PPm Fe+) hardness to 10
microorganism carbon filter to porcelain water appears ppm with water
S dechlorinate. bathroom clear when flrst softener and
fixtures. drawn at cold minimum pH of
Water turns water faucet. 6.7.
brown-red in Above 0.3 ppm 2. Over'10 ppm Fe+
cooking or Fe causes chlorination with
upon heating. staining. sufficient retention
Clothing
tank time for full
becomes
oxidation followed
discolored.
by filtration/
dechlorination.
3. ln warm climates
residual aerator
and filtration will
substantially
reduce iron
content.
 SEN$E OF SIGHT $HNSE OF SIGFIT
mpudty or tymptom ]ause {ealth Eftucts of Treatment mpurlty or iynptom Sause tealth Ellbcts Means ofTreatment
lantamlnanl ]ontamlnent
Discolored Brown+ed 2. Precipitate Various 1 . Up to 10 ppm iron Yellow water Yellowish Tannins (humic Various 1. Adsorption via special
water red, stains on sinks iron (water effects removed by cast to water acids) irr water effects macro-porous Type I
"lron" water and other will not clear mangane6e afler from peaty soil anion exchange resin
porcelain when drawn). greensand filter, if pH softening and decaying regenerated with salt
bathroom 6,7 or higher, or; and/or vegetation. (NaCl)up to 3.0 ppm.
flxtures. Water 2, Manganese treated, filtering. L. Manganese greensand or
lurns brown-red non-hydrous manganese treated
in cocking or aluminum silicate filter sodium alumino-silicate
upon heating. where pH of 6.8 or under proper set of
Clothing higher and oxygen is conditions.
becomes 15% of total iron
discolored. conterrt.
3. Downflow water
softener with good
backwash, up to 1.0
ppm Fe. Above 1 ppm
to 10 ppm use calcite
filter followed by
dovrnflow water
softener.
Calcite media type filter
to remove precipitated

SENSE OF SIGFIT
lmpudty or iymptom ]ruse Health Efrects Uo3n3 of TrBatment $ENSE OF SIGFOT
l-^anhmlnrnl mpufior iymptom lealth Eftects of Tmatment
Discolored Brownish lron pick-up Various 1. Treat well to destroY Contamlnant
water red, cast does from old pipe ef{ects iron bacteria with Very high Blackening 1. Excessive sall Various 1. Use other chloride
"lron" water not with water soluiion of hydrochloric chloride and pitting of content. effects resistant metals. 2.
precipitate. having a pH acid then constant content in stainless 2. High Reduce total dissolved
chlorination followed waler steel sinks temperature solids by reverse osmosis.
below 6.8.
by activated carbon arrd stainless drying creates
Organic
ware in chloride
(bacterial) media filtration and
commercial concentration
iron. dechlorination.
dishwashers accelerating
2. Potassium
corrosion.
permanganate
chemical feed followed
by filtration.

Reddish Colloidal iron. Various Constant chlorination

color in effects followed by activated
water carbon media filter
sample after dechlorination.
standing 24
hours.