Lecture 7 Objectives: Projectile motion
• Solve problems involving the motion of a
projectile in 2D
In the presence of air resistance, the path of a high-speed projectile falls
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below the idealized parabola and follows the solid curve.
Parallel and perpendicular components
of acceleration
Parallel
Acceleration
Velocity Perpendicular
Parallel Perpendicular
Parallel to 𝑣 , path Perpendicular to 𝑣 ,
Same direction
Change in particle’s No change in particle’s
speed (magnitude) speed (magnitude)
No change in direction Change in direction 2
A particle moves along a path as shown: BD – straight line path
Sketch the acceleration vectors a at A, C and E.
Particle moves Particle moves Particle moves
with a constant with steadily with steadily
speed increasing speed decreasing speed
Acceleration has two components: 𝒂⊥ and 𝒂∥ :to 𝒗
The component of 𝒂⊥ of 𝒂 perpendicular to the path is related to the
change in direction of 𝒗 and the 𝒂∥ and 𝒂 parallel to the path is related
to the change in the magnitude of 𝒗. 3
The component of 𝒂⊥ of 𝒂 perpendicular to the path is related to the change in
direction of 𝒗 and the 𝒂∥ and 𝒂 parallel to the path is related to the change in
the magnitude of 𝒗.
When the speed is increasing, 𝒂∥ is in the direction of 𝒗 and when the speed is
decreasing, 𝒂∥ is opposite to the direction of 𝒗.
When 𝒗 is constant, 𝒂∥ = 𝟎 and when the path is a straight line 𝒂⊥ = 𝟎. 𝒂⊥ is
toward the center of the curvature of the path
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Half, full projectile
Time
Speed at the max. height
Projectile motion is a But these x and y components
COMBINATION of constant are independent of each other!
horizontal motion (ax = 0) and We can solve motion in x & y
accelerating free fall (ay = g) independently
Kinematic equations for projectile motion
Constant velocity (ax = 0) Constant acceleration (ay = g)
𝒗𝒚 = 𝒗𝟎𝒚 − 𝒈𝒕
𝒗𝒙 = 𝒗𝟎𝒙 𝟏 𝟐
𝒚 = 𝒚𝟎 + 𝒗𝟎𝒚 𝒕 − 𝒈𝒕
𝟐
𝒙 = 𝒙𝟎 + 𝒗𝟎𝒙 𝒕 𝒗𝟐𝒚 = 𝒗𝟐𝟎𝒚 − 𝟐𝒈 𝒚 − 𝒚𝟎
𝒗𝟎𝒚 + 𝒗𝒚
𝒚 = 𝒚𝟎 + 𝒕
𝟐
Velocity at the highest point
Velocity is NOT zero at the top of the flight.
𝑣 = 𝑣𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑣𝑦 𝑗 ≠ 0
𝒗𝒙 ≠ 𝟎 and 𝒗𝒚 = 𝟎
Question: At what point in its path does a projectile have
minimum speed? 6
Kinematics of a projectile motion
𝑦 𝒗𝒐
𝒗𝟎𝒚
𝒗𝟎𝒙 = 𝒗𝒐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶𝟎
𝛼0 𝒗𝟎𝒚 = 𝒗𝒐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜶𝟎
𝒗𝟎𝒙
𝑥
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Trajectory is the path followed by the projectile.
Range is the horizontal distance
𝒗𝟐𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝜶𝟎
𝑹=
traveled (same elevation) 𝒈
(maximum range, given speed of a full projectile)
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Sample Problem: Young and Freedman, 3.9
A physics book slides off a horizontal tabletop with a speed of
1.10 m/s. It strikes the floor in 0.350 s. Ignore air resistance.
a) What is the height of the tabletop above the floor?
b) What is the horizontal distance from the edge of the table
to the point where the book strikes the floor?
Given: v0x=1.10 m/s v0y = 0 (slides off horizontally)
y0 = 0 x0 = 0
t = 0.35s
𝒗𝒚 = 𝒗𝟎𝒚 − 𝒈𝒕
𝒗𝒙 = 𝒗𝟎𝒙 𝟏 𝟐
𝒚 = 𝒚𝟎 + 𝒗𝟎𝒚 𝒕 − 𝒈𝒕
𝟐
𝒙 = 𝒙𝟎 + 𝒗𝟎𝒙 𝒕 𝒗𝟐𝒚 = 𝒗𝟐𝟎𝒚 − 𝟐𝒈 𝒚 − 𝒚𝟎
𝒗𝟎𝒚 + 𝒗𝒚
𝒚 = 𝒚𝟎 + 𝒕 9
𝟐
Given: v0x=1.10 m/s v0y = 0
y0 = 0 x0 = 0
t = 0.35s
a) What is the height of the tabletop above the floor?
𝟏 𝟐
𝒚 = 𝒚𝟎 + 𝒗𝟎𝒚 𝒕 − 𝒈𝒕
𝟐
1 9.81𝑚 2
𝑦 =0+0− 2
0.35 = −𝟎. 𝟔𝟎𝒎 𝒐𝒓 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎𝒎
2 𝑠
b) What is the horizontal distance from the edge of the table to
the point where the book strikes the floor?
𝒙 = 𝒙𝟎 + 𝒗𝟎𝒙 𝒕
𝑥 = 0 + 1.10𝑚/𝑠 0.35𝑠 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟖𝟓𝒎
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Sample Problem: A batter hits the baseball so that it leaves
the bat v0 = 37.0m/s at an angle of 53.1o.
(a) Find the position of the ball, the magnitude and direction
of its velocity at t = 2.00s.
(b) Find the time when the ball reaches the highest point of
its flight and find its height at this point.
(c) Find the horizontal range R – that is the horizontal
distance form the starting point to where the ball hits the
ground.
Given:
v0 = 37.0m/s
α0= 53.1o
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Kinematic equations for projectile motion
Constant velocity (a = 0) Constant acceleration (a = g)
𝒗𝒚 = 𝒗𝟎𝒚 − 𝒈𝒕
𝒗𝒙 = 𝒗𝟎𝒙
𝟏 𝟐
𝒙 = 𝒙𝟎 + 𝒗𝟎𝒙 𝒕 𝒚 = 𝒚𝟎 + 𝒗𝟎𝒚 𝒕 − 𝒈𝒕
𝟐
𝒗𝟐𝒚 = 𝒗𝟐𝟎𝒚 − 𝟐𝒈 𝒚 − 𝒚𝟎
𝒗𝟎𝒚 + 𝒗𝒚
𝒚 = 𝒚𝟎 + 𝒕
𝟐
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(a)The initial components of the velocity is*:
Substituting for t = 2.00s to get x, y, vx and vy:
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*this is useful
Use vx and vy to the the magnitude and direction
of velocity:
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(b)At the highest point; vy = 0, to get time when the ball
is in the highest point is:
Knowing that t = 3.02s at the highest point, we
substitute this to y to get the maximum height h:
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(c) To get horizontal range, we solve for time t (t2) when y = 0 (in
the ground), this will yield to a quadratic equation:
−𝑏 ± 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥=
2𝑎
Solving for the roots of the equation, time t becomes:
Choosing time t = 6.04s, then substituting to x:
𝒗𝟐𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝜶𝟎
Note: You will get the same if you use: 𝑹 =
𝒈
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(since the ball undergoes a full projectile)
Sample Problem: Univ. Physics
You toss a ball from you window 8.0m above the ground. When
the ball leaves your hand, it is moving at 10.0m/s at an angle 20o
below horizontal. How far horizontally from your window will the
ball hit the ground? Ignore air resistance.
Given: y = - 8.0m v0 = 10.0m/s
α0 = 20o x0 = 0
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Kinematic equations for projectile motion
Constant velocity (ax = 0) Constant acceleration (ay = g)
𝒗𝒚 = 𝒗𝟎𝒚 − 𝒈𝒕
𝒗𝒙 = 𝒗𝟎𝒙
𝟏 𝟐
𝒙 = 𝒙𝟎 + 𝒗𝟎𝒙 𝒕 𝒚 = 𝒚𝟎 + 𝒗𝟎𝒚 𝒕 − 𝒈𝒕
𝟐
𝒗𝟐𝒚 = 𝒗𝟐𝟎𝒚 − 𝟐𝒈 𝒚 − 𝒚𝟎
𝒗𝟎𝒚 + 𝒗𝒚
𝒚 = 𝒚𝟎 + 𝒕
𝟐
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Given: y = - 8.0m v0 = 10.0m/s
α0 = 20o x0 = 0
When the ball hit the ground at y = -8m: y0 = 0.
Calculate what is the time where y0 = 0? Then solve for x in
that time t.
𝟏 𝟐
𝒚 = 𝒚𝟎 + 𝒗𝟎𝒚 𝒕 − 𝒈𝒕 Quadratic equation:
𝟐
1 2 𝑎𝑥2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
𝑦 = 0 + (𝑣0𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼0)𝑡 − 𝑔𝑡
2 −𝑏 ± 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥=
1 2 2𝑎
𝑔𝑡 − 𝑣0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼0𝑡 + 𝑦 = 0
2
Solving for t, the roots of this quadratic equation are:
2 𝑔
𝑣0𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼0 ± −𝑣0𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼0 − 4 𝑦
2
𝑡= 𝑔
2
2 19
TIP: If you are solving a
Given: y = - 8.0m v0 = 10.0m/s “half projectile”; roots of t
α0 = 20o x0 = 0 will be positive and
negative (choose t>0)
simplifying: If you are solving a “full
2 projectile”, roots of t are
𝑣0𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼0 ± −𝑣0𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼0 − 2𝑔𝑦
𝑡= both positive located at
𝑔 equal vertical position
substituting the known values:
(10.0m/s)sin(−20) ± 10𝑚/𝑠)sin(−20 2 − 2(9.81𝑚/𝑠2)(−8.0𝑚)
𝑡=
9.81𝑚/𝑠2
𝑡 = −1.7𝑠 𝑜𝑟 0.98𝑠
Ignore time (t<0), solve for x with t = 0.98s
𝑥 = 𝑥0 + 𝑣0𝑥𝑡
𝑥 = 𝑥0 + 𝑣0𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼0𝑡 = 0 + (10.0𝑚/𝑠)cos(−20)(0.98𝑠)
𝒙 = 𝟗. 𝟐𝒎
Summary: Kinematic equations for projectile motion
Constant velocity (ax = 0) Constant acceleration (ay = -g)
𝒗𝒙 = 𝒗𝟎𝒙 𝒗𝒚 = 𝒗𝟎𝒚 − 𝒈𝒕
𝒙 = 𝒙𝟎 + 𝒗𝟎𝒙 𝒕 𝟏 𝟐
𝒚 = 𝒚𝟎 + 𝒗𝟎𝒚 𝒕 − 𝒈𝒕
What are the tricks in solving problems involving projectile motion? 𝟐
Y-component of velocity at same height level (up or down)
X – component of velocity 𝒗𝟐𝒚 = 𝒗𝟐𝟎𝒚 − 𝟐𝒈 𝒚 − 𝒚𝟎
Time of ascend and time of descend
Velocity at maximum height
Acceleration (x and y-component) 𝒗𝟎𝒚 + 𝒗𝒚
𝒚 = 𝒚𝟎 + 𝒕
𝟐
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Homework (Wed, 28 Jan)
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(1), (2) Multiple choice (from previous long exam)
(free fall - acceleration is constant, direction of
motion is downward)
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(3) t = 30 to 40s
v v f vi 0 16.7m / s
aav 1.70m / s 2
t t f ti 40.0s 30.0s
(4) t = 0 to 40s
v v f vi 0m / s 0m / s
a av 0
t t f t i 40 s 0s
(5) t = 35.0s
since v-t graph is a straight line at 35s;
a (t =35.0s) = aav = -1.70m/s2
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6-7) a = 0.2m/s2 (increases)
8-9) a = -0.2m/s2 (decreases)
10-11) a = -0.3m/s2 (increases)
12-13) a = 0.4m/s2 (decreases)
Negative slope
-negative acceleration
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Seatwork Feb 3, 2016
1. Blah?
- solve problems in your
notebooks 2. Blah blah!
- write the answers only in
3. Blah blah blah!
your bluebook
- indicate the date 4. Blah blah blah blah!
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1) A projectile is launched at a 30° angle above the horizontal.
Where will be the projectile’s acceleration is greatest?
a. The acceleration is zero at all points along the trajectory
b. At the highest point of the trajectory
c. At a point between the highest point of the trajectory and
where it hits the ground
d. The acceleration is the same and non-zero at all points along
the trajectory
2) A projectile was fired 60° above the horizontal with an initial
speed of 10 m/s. At the highest point of its trajectory, what is the
projectile’s velocity?
3)Which of the ff. DO NOT possibly describe a projectile motion?
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(a) (b) (c)
4: solve for the coin’s time of travel;
5: solve the height of the shelf
Hint: solve for t
using 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟎 + 𝒗𝟎𝒙 𝒕
Then solve for y with
t using:
𝟏 𝟐
𝒚 = 𝒚𝟎 + 𝒗𝟎𝒚 𝒕 − 𝒈𝒕
𝟐
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