02b Kinematics (Two Dimension) PDF

Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES NORTE STATE COLLEGE

F. Pimentel Avenue, Brgy. 2, Daet, Camarines Norte – 4600, Philippines
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
EN PHYS 1 – PHYSICS FOR ENGINEERS

Subject Instructor: Engr. Alyssa N. Nataño
Module No. & Title: 2.b Two-Dimensional Kinematics
=================================================================================
2.b Two-Dimensional Kinematics
Outline of Topics
1. Displacement, Velocity and Acceleration
2. Equations of Kinematics in Two Dimensions
3. Projectile Motion
4. Relative Velocity
Specific Intended Learning Outcome/s (SILOs)

At the end of this topic, the student should be able to:
• Understand Displacement, Velocity and Acceleration (in two-dimensions)
• Use Equations of Kinematics in Two Dimensions
• Understand the concept of Projectile Motion
• Solve problems regarding projectile motion
• Comprehend Relative Velocity
• Solve problems regarding relative velocity
Lesson 7: Displacement, Velocity and Acceleration

In the previous week, concepts of displacement, velocity, and acceleration are used to describe an object
moving in one dimension. There are also situations in which the motion is along a curved path that lies in a
plane. Such two-dimensional motion can be described using the same concepts.
Displacement
The displacement 𝚫𝐫⃗ of the car is the vector drawn from the
initial position ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐫𝟎 at time t0 to the final position 𝑟⃗ at me t. The
magnitude of 𝚫𝐫⃗ is the shortest distance between the two
positions.
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 = 𝚫𝐫⃗ = 𝐫⃗ − ⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝐫𝟎
Average Velocity
The average velocity 𝐯⃗̅⃗ is the displacement 𝚫𝐫⃗ = 𝐫⃗ − ⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝐫𝟎
divided by the elapsed time 𝛥𝑡 = 𝑡 − 𝑡0 :
𝐫⃗ − ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐫𝟎 𝚫𝐫⃗
𝐯⃗̅⃗ = =
t − t0 Δt
Instantaneous Velocity
The velocity of the car in the figure at an instant of time is its instantaneous velocity, which is given by:
𝚫𝐫⃗
𝐯⃗⃗ = lim
Δt→0 Δt
EN PHYS 1 – Physics for Engineers Page 1 of 12

Average Acceleration
Similarly, for one-dimensional motion, acceleration is the change in velocity per unit time.
𝐯⃗⃗ − 𝐯
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗𝟎 𝚫𝐯⃗⃗
𝐚⃗̅⃗ = =
t − t0 Δt
Instantaneous Acceleration
In the limit that the elapsed time becomes infinitesimally small, the average acceleration becomes
equal to the instantaneous acceleration, which is given by:
𝚫𝐯⃗⃗
𝐚⃗⃗ = lim
Δt→0 Δt
Lesson 8: Equations of Kinematics in Two Dimensions
To understand how displacement,

velocity, and acceleration are applied to
two-dimensional motion, consider a
spacecraft equipped with two engines
that are mounted perpendicular to each
other. If both engines of the spacecraft
are firing at the same time, the resulting
motion takes place in part along the x
axis and in part along the y axis, as the
illustrates. The thrust of each engine
gives the vehicle a corresponding
acceleration component. The x engine
accelerates the craft in the x direction
and causes a change in the x
component of the velocity. Likewise, the y engine causes a change in the y component of the velocity. It is
important to realize that the x part of the motion occurs exactly as it would if the y part did not occur at all.
Similarly, the y part of the motion occurs exactly as it would if the x part of the motion did not exist. In other
words, the x and y motions are independent of each other.
Equations of Kinematics for Constant Acceleration in Two-Dimensional Motion

Example Problem 8.1
In the figure, the directions to the right

and upward are the positive directions.
In the x direction, the spacecraft has an
initial velocity component of vox = +22
m/s and an acceleration component of ax
= +24 m/s2. In the y direction, the
analogous quantities are v0y = +14 m/s
and ay = +12 m/s2. At a time of t = 7.0 s,
find the x and y components of the
spacecraft’s displacement.
Solution:
Example Problem 8.2
In addition to the previous example problem, Find the spacecraft’s final velocity (magnitude and direction)
at a time of t = 7.0 s.
Solution:
Lesson 9: Projectile Motion

The biggest thrill in baseball is a home run. The motion of the ball on its curving path into the stands is a
common type of two-dimensional motion called “projectile motion.” A good description of such motion can
often be obtained with the assumption that air resistance is absent.
Using the equations of kinematics for constant acceleration in two-dimensional motion, we consider the
horizontal and vertical parts of the motion separately. In the horizontal or x direction, the moving object (the
projectile) does not slow down in the absence of air resistance. Thus, the x component of the velocity
remains constant at its initial value or vx = vox, and the x component of the acceleration is ax = 0 m/s2. In the
vertical or y direction, however, the projectile experiences the effect of gravity. As a result, the y component

of the velocity vy is not constant and changes. The y component of the acceleration ay is the downward
acceleration due to gravity. If the path or trajectory of the projectile is near the earth’s surface, ay has a
magnitude of 9.81 m/s2.
Example Problem 9.1
The figure (in the next page) shows an airplane moving horizontally with a constant velocity of +115 m/s at
an altitude of 1050 m. The directions to the right and upward have been chosen as the positive directions.
The plane releases a “care package” that falls to the ground along a curved trajectory. Ignoring air
resistance, determine the time required for the package to hit the ground.
Solution:
Example Problem 9.2
In addition to the previous example problem,

and ignoring air resistance, find the magnitude
v and the directional angle  of the final
velocity vector that the package has just
before it strikes the ground.
Solution:

Example Problem 9.3
A baseball player hits a home

run, and the ball lands in the left-
field seats, 7.5 m above the point
at which it was hit. It lands with a
velocity of 36 m/s at an angle of
28 below the horizontal (refer to
figure). The positive directions
are upward and to the right in the
drawing. Ignoring air resistance,
find the magnitude and direction
of the initial velocity with which
the ball leaves the bat.
Solution:
Lesson 10: Relative Velocity
To someone hitchhiking along a highway, two cars speeding by in adjacent lanes seem like a blur. But if
the cars have the same velocity, each driver sees the other remaining in place, one lane away. The
hitchhiker observes a velocity of perhaps 30 m/s, but each driver observes the other’s velocity to be zero.
Clearly, the velocity of an object is relative to the observer who is making the measurement.
The velocity of object A relative to object B is 𝐯⃗⃗𝐀𝐁 , and the velocity of object B relative to object C is 𝐯⃗⃗𝐁𝐂.
The velocity of A relative to C is given by 𝐯⃗⃗𝐀𝐂 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗𝐯𝐀 𝐁 + 𝐯⃗⃗𝐁𝐂 (note the ordering of the subscripts). While the
velocity of object A relative to object B is 𝐯⃗⃗𝐀𝐁 , the velocity of B relative to A is 𝐯⃗⃗𝐁𝐀 = −𝐯⃗⃗𝐀𝐁.

Example Problem 10.1
The engine of a boat drives it across a river that is 1800 m wide. The
velocity 𝐯⃗⃗𝐁𝐖 of the boat relative to the water is 4.0 m/s, directed
perpendicular to the current, as in the figure. The velocity 𝐯⃗⃗𝐖𝐒 of the
water relative to the shore is 2.0 m/s. (a) What is the velocity 𝐯⃗⃗𝐁𝐒 of
the boat relative to the shore? (b) How long does it take for the boat
to cross the river?
Solution:
Example Problem 10.2
The figure shows two cars approaching an intersection along

perpendicular roads. The cars have the following velocities:
Find the magnitude and direction of 𝐯⃗⃗𝐀𝐁 where:
References:
Physics 9th Edition by Cutnell, et. al.

Sears and Zemansky’s University Physics with Modern Physics Technology Update 13th Edition by Young, et. Al

EN PHYS 1 – PHYSICS FOR ENGINEERS Period: ___________________

Name of Student: ____________________________________________Course and Year: __________
Schedule (Time and Day): _____________________________________Final Rating: ______________
=================================================================================
2.b Two Dimensional Kinematics
Direction: Accomplished and submit only the assessment task on the next delivery of learning materials.
Assessment Task:
I. Displacement, Velocity and Acceleration
1. In a football game a kicker attempts a field goal. The ball remains in contact with the kicker’s foot for
0.050 s, during which time it experiences an acceleration of 340 m/s2. The ball is launched at an
angle of 51 above the ground. Determine the horizontal and vertical components of the launch
velocity.
2. In diving to a depth of 750 m, an elephant seal also moves 460 m due east of his starting point. What
is the magnitude of the seal’s displacement?
3. A skateboarder, starting from rest, rolls down a 12.0-m ramp. When she arrives at the bottom of the
ramp her speed is 7.70 m/s.
a. Determine the magnitude of her acceleration, assumed to be constant.
b. If the ramp is inclined at 25.0% with respect to the ground, what is the component of her
acceleration that is parallel to the ground?

4. Two trees have perfectly straight trunks and are both growing perpendicular to the flat horizontal
ground beneath them. The sides of the trunks that face each other are separated by 1.3 m. A frisky
squirrel makes three jumps in rapid succession. First, he leaps from the foot of one tree to a spot that
is 1.0 m above the ground on the other tree. Then, he jumps back to the first tree, landing on it at a
spot that is 1.7 m above the ground. Finally, he leaps back to the other tree, now landing at a spot
that is 2.5 m above the ground. What is the magnitude of the squirrel’s displacement?
II. Equations of Kinematics in Two Dimensions and Projectile Motion

1. A volleyball is spiked so that it has an initial velocity of 15 m/s directed downward at an angle of 55%
below the horizontal. What is the horizontal component of the ball’s velocity when the opposing player
fields the ball?
2. A spider crawling across a table leaps onto a magazine blocking its path. The initial velocity of the
spider is 0.870 m/s at an angle of 35.0 above the table, and it lands on the magazine 0.0770 s after
leaving the table. Ignore air resistance. How thick is the magazine? Express your answer in
millimeters.

3. In the aerials competition in skiing, the competitors speed down a ramp that slopes sharply upward at
the end. The sharp upward slope launches them into the air, where they perform acrobatic
maneuvers. The end of a launch ramp is directed 63 above the horizontal. With this launch angle, a
skier attains a height of 13 m above the end of the ramp. What is the skier’s launch speed?
4. A fire hose ejects a stream of water at an angle of 35.0 above the horizontal. The water leaves the
nozzle with a speed of 25.0 m/s. Assuming that the water behaves like a projectile, how far from a
building should the fire hose be located to hit the highest possible fire? An eagle is flying horizontally
at 6.0 m/s with a fish in its claws. It accidentally drops the fish. (a) How much time passes before the
fish’s speed doubles? (b) How much additional time would be required for the fish’s speed to double
again?
5. From the top of a tall building, a gun is fired.

The bullet leaves the gun at a speed of 340
m/s, parallel to the ground. As the drawing
shows, the bullet puts a hole in a window of
another building and hits the wall that faces
the window. Using the data in the drawing,
determine the distances D and H, which
locate the point where the gun was fired.
Assume that the bullet does not slow down
as it passes through the window.

6. A car traveling on a level horizontal road comes to a bridge during a storm and finds the bridge
washed out. The driver must get to the other side, so he decides to try leaping it with his car. The side
of the road the car is on is 21.3 m above the river, while the opposite side is a mere 1.8 m above the
river. The river itself is a raging torrent 61.0 m wide. (a) How fast should the car be traveling at the
time it leaves the road in order just to clear the river and land safely on the opposite side? (b) What is
the speed of the car just before it lands on the other side?
7. A physics book slides off a horizontal tabletop with a speed of 1.10 m/s. It strikes the floor in 0.350 s.
Ignore air resistance. Find (a) the height of the tabletop above the floor; (b) the horizontal distance
from the edge of the table to the point where the book strikes the floor; (c) the horizontal and vertical
components of the book’s velocity, and the magnitude and direction of its velocity, just before the
book reaches the floor.
III. Relative Velocity

1. A “moving sidewalk” in an airport terminal building moves at 1.0m/s and is 35.0 m long. If a woman
steps on at one end and walks at relative to the moving sidewalk, how much time does she require to
reach the opposite end if she walks (a) in the same direction the sidewalk is moving? (b) In the
opposite direction?

2. A canoe has a velocity of southeast relative to the earth. The canoe is on a river that is flowing east
relative to the earth. Find the velocity (magnitude and direction) of the canoe relative to the river.
3. Two passenger trains are passing each other on adjacent tracks. Train A is moving east with a speed
of 13 m/s, and train B is traveling west with a speed of 28 m/s. (a) What is the velocity (magnitude and
direction) of train A as seen by the passengers in train B? (b) What is the velocity (magnitude and
direction) of train B as seen by the passengers in train A?
4. Mario, a hockey player, is skating due south at a speed of 7.0 m/s relative to the ice. A teammate
passes the puck to him. The puck has a speed of 11.0 m/s and is moving in a direction of 22 west of
south, relative to the ice. What are the magnitude and direction (relative to due south) of the puck’s
velocity, as observed by Mario?
5. Two boats are heading away from shore. Boat 1 heads due north at a speed of 3.00 m/s relative to
the shore. Relative to boat 1, boat 2 is moving 30.0% north of east at a speed of 1.60 m/s. A
passenger on boat 2 walks due east across the deck at a speed of 1.20 m/s relative to boat 2. What is
the speed of the passenger relative to the shore?

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Republic of the Philippines

CAMARINES NORTE STATE COLLEGE

EN PHYS 1 – PHYSICS FOR ENGINEERS

Specific Intended Learning Outcome/s (SILOs)

Lesson 7: Displacement, Velocity and Acceleration

𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 = 𝚫𝐫⃗ = 𝐫⃗ − ⃗⃗⃗⃗

The average velocity 𝐯⃗̅⃗ is the displacement 𝚫𝐫⃗ = 𝐫⃗ − ⃗⃗⃗⃗

EN PHYS 1 – Physics for Engineers Page 1 of 12

Lesson 8: Equations of Kinematics in Two Dimensions

To understand how displacement,

Equations of Kinematics for Constant Acceleration in Two-Dimensional Motion

EN PHYS 1 – Physics for Engineers Page 2 of 12

Example Problem 8.1

In the figure, the directions to the right

Example Problem 8.2

Lesson 9: Projectile Motion

EN PHYS 1 – Physics for Engineers Page 3 of 12

Example Problem 9.1

Example Problem 9.2

In addition to the previous example problem,

EN PHYS 1 – Physics for Engineers Page 4 of 12

Example Problem 9.3

A baseball player hits a home

Lesson 10: Relative Velocity

EN PHYS 1 – Physics for Engineers Page 5 of 12

Example Problem 10.1

Example Problem 10.2

The figure shows two cars approaching an intersection along

Find the magnitude and direction of 𝐯⃗⃗𝐀𝐁 where:

Physics 9th Edition by Cutnell, et. al.

EN PHYS 1 – Physics for Engineers Page 6 of 12

EN PHYS 1 – PHYSICS FOR ENGINEERS Period: ___________________

EN PHYS 1 – Physics for Engineers Page 7 of 12

II. Equations of Kinematics in Two Dimensions and Projectile Motion

EN PHYS 1 – Physics for Engineers Page 8 of 12

5. From the top of a tall building, a gun is fired.

EN PHYS 1 – Physics for Engineers Page 9 of 12

III. Relative Velocity

EN PHYS 1 – Physics for Engineers Page 10 of 12

EN PHYS 1 – Physics for Engineers Page 11 of 12

EN PHYS 1 – Physics for Engineers Page 12 of 12

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