Week 1 Properties of Fluid

Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES NORTE STATE COLLEGE

F. Pimentel Avenue, Brgy. 2, Daet, Camarines Norte – 4600, Philippines
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
ME111 – Fluid Mechanics
Subject Instructor: Engr. Garne Joshua A. Ilan

Module No. & Title: 1. Properties of Fluid
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1. Properties of Fluid
Outline of Topics
1. Compressible and Incompressible fluid
2. Differential and Integral form of Fluid Dynamics Equation
3. Bulk Modulus of Elasticity
4. Gas Equation of State
5. Compressibility of Gasses
6. Inviscid and Viscous flow
7. Surface Tension and Viscosity
Specific Intended Learning Outcome/s (SILOs)

At the end of this topic, the student should be able to:
 Comprehend the different terms commonly used in Properties of fluid
 Solve problems involving Differential and Integral form of Fluid Dynamics Equation, Bulk Modulus of
Elasticity, Gas Equation of state, Compressibility of gases, and Surface Tension
Fluid Mechanics, Fluid mechanics is the study of fluid behavior (liquids, gases, blood, and plasmas) at rest
and in motion. Fluid mechanics has a wide range of applications in mechanical and chemical engineering,
in biological systems, and in astrophysics
Lesson 1: Compressible and Incompressible Fluid

Gases may be modeled as incompressible fluids in both microscopic and macroscopic calculations as long
as the pressure changes are less than about 20% of the mean pressure (Geankoplis, Denn). The friction-
factor/Reynolds-number correlation for incompressible fluids is found to apply to compressible fluids in this
regime of pressure variation (Perry and Chilton, Denn). Compressible flow is important in selected
application, however, including high-speed flow of gasses in pipes, through nozzles, in turbines, and
especially in relief valves.
A compressible fluid is one in which the fluid density changes when it is subjected to high pressure-
gradients. For gasses, changes in density are accompanied by changes in temperature, and this
complicates considerably the analysis of compressible flow. The key difference between compressible and
incompressible flow is the way that forces are transmitted through the fluid. Consider the flow of water in a
straw. When a thirsty child applies suction to one end of a straw submerged in water, the water moves -
both
the water close to her mouth moves and the water at the far end moves towards the lower pressure area
created in the mouth. Likewise, in a long, completely filled piping system, if a pump is turned on at one end,
the water will immediately begin to flow out of the other end of the pipe.
In a compressible fluid, the imposition of a force at one end of a system does not result in an immediate
flow throughout the system. Instead, the fluid compresses near where the force was applied; that is, its
density increases locally in response to the force. The compressed fluid expands against neighboring fluid
EN PHYS 1 – Physics for Engineers Page 1 of 15

particles causing the neighboring fluid itself to compress and setting in motion a wave pulse that travels
throughout the system. The pulse of higher density fluid takes some time to travel from the source of the
disturbance
down through the pipe to the far end of the system.
Lesson 2: Differential and Integral form of Fluid Dynamics Equation

Budget for an infinitesimal volume
The wind above the ground surface varies gradually with height and, in water wave motion, the velocity not
only changes in space but also with time. In such instances and many others, a continuous representation
of the fluid is necessary and, to obtain the requisite equations. A small control volume for a local budget.
This
volume has six boundaries, two in every of the three directions of space, and the budget includes a total of
six import/export fluxes, in addition to a possible internal source.
Spatial derivatives:
where s is the source of the quantity c per unit volume and unit time.
Conservation of mass
For the mass budget, the concentration c is mass per volume, i.e. density, noted ρ. Since mass cannot be
gained or lost in a system, the source term s is zero, and budget becomes:
Momentum budget
Next comes momentum, and the quantity c becomes momentum per unit volume, ρ~u, which is a vector.
According to Newton’s second law, forces act as sources of momentum. We need to consider the two
primary forces acting on an environmental fluid parcel, which are pressure and gravity. Under the rubrique
of ‘other forces’, we include here the frictional forces that the fluid parcel experiences in contact with its
neighbors.
Three momentum equations (Vector Form)

Conservation of Energy
Lesson 3: Bulk Modulus of Elasticity

In practice, liquids are nearly always treated as if they are incompressible, which means that the volume of
a liquid will not go down if the pressure acting on the liquid is increased; that is, the liquid cannot be
compressed. However, as an engineer, you want to understand that liquids are compressible but that the
incompressible assumption is nearly always justified for liquids. The fluid property called bulk modulus
gives engineers a way to quantify the degree to which a liquid is compressible.
Where EV is the Bulk Modulus
Example Problem 1.0
A 1.0 L volume of liquid water is subjected to an isothermal compression from atmospheric pressure to a
pressure of 1.0 MPa absolute. What is the change in the volume of the water?
From the equation above, rearrange the Bulk modulus equation in terms of volume change and we will
have ΔV = V(−Δp)/Ev.
(2) Substituting numbers into this equation gives

(1E-3 m3)(–(1.0E6 – 1.0E5) Pa)/(2.2E9 Pa) = –4.5E-7 m3
.
Conclusion. The volume decreases by about 0.00045 liters, which is about 0.045%.
Lesson 4: Gas Equation of State and Compressibility of Gasses
Any equation that relates the pressure, temperature, and specific volume of a substance is called an
equation of state. The simplest and best-known equation of state for substances in the gas phase is the
ideal-gas equation of state. Gas and vapor are often used as synonymous words. The vapor phase of a
substance is called a gas when it is above the critical temperature. Vapor usually implies a gas that is not
far from a state of condensation.
It is experimentally observed that at a low pressure the volume of a gas is proportional to

its temperature: (Pv = RT)

The ideal gas equation of state can be written in several forms:
The molar mass M: is defined as the mass of one mole of a substance (in gmole or kgmol). The mass of a
system is equal to the product of its molar mass M and the mole number N:
m = MN (kg)
An ideal gas is an imaginary substance that obeys the relation Pv = RT. It is experimentally observed that
the ideal gas closely approximates the P-v-T behavior of real gases at low densities. In the range of
practical interest, many familiar gases such as air, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, helium, argon, neon, and
CO2 can be treated as ideal gases with negligible error.
Note: Water vapor and refrigerant vapor in refrigerators should not be treated as ideal gases.
Note: Water vapor at pressures below 10 kPa can be treated as an ideal gas, regardless of temperature.
Compressibility Factor
The assumption of ideal gas relation implies that:
• The gas particles take up negligible volume
• The intermolecular potential energy between particles is small
• Particles act independent of one another
However, real gases deviate from ideal gas behavior. This deviation at given temperature and pressure can
be accurately accounted for by introduction of a correction factor called the compressibility factor Z.
Gases behave very much the same at temperatures and pressures normalized with respect
to their critical temperatures and pressures.
Here PR and TR are called the reduced pressure and temperature, respectively.
From the Z chart, one can conclude:

• At very low pressure (PR << 1), the gases behave as an ideal gas regardless of temperature

• At high temperatures (TR > 2), ideal gas behavior can be assumed.
• The deviation is highest in the vicinity of the critical point.
Example Problem 1.1
Determine the specific volume of R-134a at 1 MPa and 50°C, using (a) ideal gas equation (b) the
generalized compressibility chart. Compare the values obtained with theactual value of 0.02171 m3/kg.

Other Equations of States
Van der Waals Equation of State
In this relationship, the intermolecular attraction

forces and the volume occupied by
molecules are considered.

Note: the accuracy of the Van der Waals equation

of state is often inadequate.
Beattie-Bridgeman Equation of State
Lesson 4: Inviscid and Viscous Fluid

In a viscous flow, the forces associated with viscous shear stresses are large enough to effect
the dynamic motion of the particles that comprise the fl ow. For example, when a fluid flow in a pipe as
shown in Fig. 4.13, this is a viscous fl ow. Indeed, both laminar and turbulent flows are types of viscous
flows.
Honey, molasses, and melted chocolate are very difficult to pour and often we reach for a spoon or other
utensil to speed the process. These are all examples of high viscosity liquids. Peanut butter, jam, and
caramel often don't pour at all and require utensils to get them out of the container.
In an inviscid flow, the forces associated with viscous shear stresses are small enough that they do not
affect the dynamic motion of the particles that comprise the flow. Th us, in an inviscid flow, the viscous
stresses can be neglected in the equations for motion.

Inviscid fluid flow around an airplane wing, upstream flow around bridge supports in a river, and ocean
currents are some examples.
Lesson 5: Surface Tension and Viscosity

The viscosity equation is used to represent viscous (i.e., frictional) effects in flowing fluids. This
equation is important because viscous effects influence practical matters such as energy usage,
pressure drop, and the fluid dynamic drag force
The viscosity equation is

The viscosity equation relates shear stress τ to viscosity μ and velocity

gradient dV/dy. The viscosity equation is called Newton’s Law of Viscosity in
many references.
The Velocity Gradient
The term (dV/dy) is called the velocity gradient. The variable V represents the magnitude of the velocity
vector. In mechanics, velocity is defined as the speed and direction of travel of a material particle. Thus,
when a fluid is flowing, each material particle will have a different velocity (Fig. 2.12).
The variable y in dV/dy represents position as measured from a wall. Because dV/dy is an ordinary
derivative, you can analyze this term by applying your knowledge of calculus. Three methods that we
recommend are as follows:
Method #1. If you have a plot of V(y), find dV/dy by sketching a tangent line and then
finding the slope of the tangent line by using rise over run
Method #2. If you have a table of experimental data (e.g., V versus y data), make an estimate based on
the definition of the derivative from §1.4: dV/dy ≈ ΔV/Δy.
Method #3. If you have an equation for V(y), differentiate the equation using methods
from calculus.
No-slip condition- When fluid is in contact with a solid body, the velocity of the fluid at the point of contact
is the same as the velocity of the solid body at the same point. Example. When water flows in a pipe, the
fluid velocity at the wall is equal to the velocity of the wall, which is zero.
Example Problem 1.3

Surface Tension

Engineers need to be able to predict and characterize surface tension effects because they affect many
industrial problems. Some examples of surface tension effects include the following:
 Wicking. Water will wick into a paper towel. Ink will wick into paper. Polypropylene, an excellent fi ber for cold-
weather aerobic activity, wicks perspiration away from the body.
 Capillary rise. A liquid will rise in a small-diameter tube. Water will rise in soil.
 Capillary instability. A liquid jet will break up into drops.
 Drop and bubble formation. Water on a leaf bead up. A leaky faucet drips. Soap bubbles form.
 Excess pressure. Th e pressure inside a water drop is higher than ambient pressure. Th e pressure inside a
vapor bubble during boiling is higher than ambient pressure.
 Walking on water. Th e water strider, an insect, can walk on water. Similarly, a metal paper clip or a metal
needle can be positioned to fl oat (through the action of surface tension) on the surface of water.
 Detergents. Soaps and detergents improve the cleaning of clothes because they lower the surface tension of
Many experiments have shown that the surface of liquid behaves like a stretched membrane water so that the water
can more easily wick into the pores of the fabric. The unit of surface tension is the newton per meter (N/m). Surface
tension typically has a magnitude ranging from 1 to 100 mN/m. Th e unit of surface tension can also be joule per
meter squared (J/m2 )
Example Problem
1.4

References:
https://cushman.host.dartmouth.edu/books/EFM/chap3.pdf
Donald F. Elger, et. all, Engineering Fluid Mechanics 11th Editiion

ME111- Fluid Mechanics Period: ___________________

Name of Student: ____________________________________________Course and Year: __________
Schedule (Time and Day): _____________________________________Final Rating: ______________
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1.Properties of Fluids
Practice Problem:
Bulk Modulus of Elasticity
1. The bulk modulus of elasticity of ethyl alcohol is 1.06 × 109 Pa. For water, it is 2.15 × 109 Pa.
Which of these liquids is easier to compress? a. ethyl alcohol b. water
2. A pressure of 4 × 106 N/m2 is applied to mass of water that initially filled a 4300 cm3 volume.
Estimate its volume aft er the pressure is applied.
3. Calculate the pressure increase that must be applied to liquid water to reduce its volume by 3%
Gas Equation of State and Compressibility of Gasses
1. Determine the specific volume of R-134a at 1 MPa and 50°C, using (a) ideal gas equation (b) the
generalized compressibility chart. Compare the values obtained with the actual value of 0.02171
m3/kg.
a. Using Van der Waals Equation of State
2. Predict the pressure of nitrogen gas at T=175K and V=0.00375 m 3/kg on the basis of
a. Ideal Gas equation of state
b. Van der Waals Equation of state
c. Beattie Bridgeman Equation of state
Surface Tension and Viscosity
1. A water bug is suspended on the surface of a pond by surface tension (water does not wet the legs).
Th e bug has six legs, and each leg is in contact with the water over a length of 3 mm. What is the
maximum mass (in grams) of the bug if it is to avoid sinking?
2. A water column in a glass tube is used to measure the pressure in a pipe. Th e tube is 1/2 in. in
diameter. How much of the water column is due to surface-tension effects? What would be the
surface-tension effects if the tube were 1/8 in. or 1/16 in. in diameter?
3. The velocity distribution for water (20°C) near a wall is given by u = a(y/b) 1/6, where a = 10 m/s, b
= 2 mm, and y is the distance from the wall in mm. Determine the shear stress in the water at y = 1
mm


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Republic of the Philippines

CAMARINES NORTE STATE COLLEGE

ME111 – Fluid Mechanics

Subject Instructor: Engr. Garne Joshua A. Ilan

Specific Intended Learning Outcome/s (SILOs)

Lesson 1: Compressible and Incompressible Fluid

EN PHYS 1 – Physics for Engineers Page 1 of 15

Lesson 2: Differential and Integral form of Fluid Dynamics Equation

Three momentum equations (Vector Form)

EN PHYS 1 – Physics for Engineers Page 2 of 15

Lesson 3: Bulk Modulus of Elasticity

Where EV is the Bulk Modulus

Example Problem 1.0

(2) Substituting numbers into this equation gives

Lesson 4: Gas Equation of State and Compressibility of Gasses

It is experimentally observed that at a low pressure the volume of a gas is proportional to

EN PHYS 1 – Physics for Engineers Page 3 of 15

The ideal gas equation of state can be written in several forms:

From the Z chart, one can conclude:

EN PHYS 1 – Physics for Engineers Page 4 of 15

Example Problem 1.1

EN PHYS 1 – Physics for Engineers Page 5 of 15

Other Equations of States

Van der Waals Equation of State

In this relationship, the intermolecular attraction

EN PHYS 1 – Physics for Engineers Page 6 of 15

Note: the accuracy of the Van der Waals equation

Beattie-Bridgeman Equation of State

Lesson 4: Inviscid and Viscous Fluid

EN PHYS 1 – Physics for Engineers Page 7 of 15

Lesson 5: Surface Tension and Viscosity

The viscosity equation is

EN PHYS 1 – Physics for Engineers Page 8 of 15

The viscosity equation relates shear stress τ to viscosity μ and velocity

The Velocity Gradient

Example Problem 1.3

EN PHYS 1 – Physics for Engineers Page 9 of 15

EN PHYS 1 – Physics for Engineers Page 10 of 15

EN PHYS 1 – Physics for Engineers Page 11 of 15

Donald F. Elger, et. all, Engineering Fluid Mechanics 11th Editiion

EN PHYS 1 – Physics for Engineers Page 12 of 15

ME111- Fluid Mechanics Period: ___________________

Bulk Modulus of Elasticity

Gas Equation of State and Compressibility of Gasses

Surface Tension and Viscosity

EN PHYS 1 – Physics for Engineers Page 13 of 15

EN PHYS 1 – Physics for Engineers Page 14 of 15

EN PHYS 1 – Physics for Engineers Page 15 of 15

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