EE 213 (Electrical Machines II)

Prof. Atif Iqbal (PhD, UK), Senior Member IEEE (USA),

Fellow IE (India)
Dept. of Electrical Engineering
AMU, Aligarh, India
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 DC Motors
 ADVANTAGES
 Easy to understand design
 Easy to control speed
 Easy to control torque
 Simple, cheap drive design
 DISADVANTAGES
 Expensive to produce
 Limited speed ranges
 Large size
 High maintenance
 Cannot be used in Dust and
Gas/chemical/mines etc
Industry
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xi7o
8cMPI0E&feature=fvwrel http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MF
Gqf6AfDB0&feature=endscreen&NR=
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nM6 1 2
bmQ-VEI0
 DC Motor

The dc motor converts electrical energy into

mechanical energy, the reverse process of
that of the generator.
The function of a motor is to develop torque,
which in turn can produce mechanical
rotation. To develop torque, it is essential to
create a force. This is done by placing the
armature conductors in a magnetic field and
sending a current through the conductors.

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DC Motor Principle

Force = B I L
Torque = F x r
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DC Motor Principle

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Torque Variation in DC Motor

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 Types of DC Motor Excitation

• Permanent Magnet
• Separately excited
• Self Excited
– Shunt
– Series
– Compound
• Cumulatively compounded
• Differentially compounded

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 Types of DC Machine
There are in general five types of dc machine:
Permanent magnet, Separately excited, series, shunt, and
com-pound.
• In the separately excited machine, the field winding is
connected to a separate supply.
• If the field is connected in parallel with the armature
winding, we obtain a shunt machine.
• The series machine has a field winding in series with
armature winding. The series motor is widely used
because of its excellent starting torque
characteristics.
• The compound machine has both field windings:
series and shunt.

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Classification of DC Motor

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 Expressions for Back EMF
• The voltage output from armature in a dc
machine is equal to the number of
conductors per current path times the
voltage on each conductor.
i.e. Ec = (Z/A) e where Z = Total number of
conductors, A = Number of parallel paths = 2
for Wave type winding, and = P for Lap type of
winding, e = vBl (voltage induced in one
conductor)
e = vBl , v = rw, (velocity), r is the radius of the
rotor, w = angular velocity = (2xπxn)/60
B = flux density , l = length of the conductor
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 Flux per pole is given as:

n = speed in rpm φ = BA p = Bx 2πrl / P

Z = Number of conductors
P = Number of Poles
A = Number of parallel paths
This image cannot currently be displayed.

= Flux per pole

ZrωBl
EC =
A
Z 2πrlB P
= ω
2π P A
Z P
= φ ω
2π A
nφPZ
Where = = K eφn
60 A
PZ
Ke =
60 A 11
 Torque in a DC machine

• Torque in a dc machine is equal to the torque

per conductor times the number of
conductors. Torque per conductor is given as
Force times the radius;
T = BI cond lrZ
• If there are A parallel paths then the total
armature current is given as;
This image cannot currently be displayed.

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 Flux density is given as;

φ = BA p = Bx 2πrl / P
φP
B=
2πrl
Putting B in the torque equation gives;

PZφI a
T= = K t φI a
2πA
Where;

PZ
Kt =
2πA 13
Problem: A lap wound armature is used in a 6-pole dc machine and 72 coils
on the armature each containing 12 turns. The flux per pole in the machine
is 0.039 Wb and the machine rotates at 400 rpm; (a) How many current
paths are there in the machine, (b) What is its induced voltage (c) Find the
emf per conductor
Solution (a):
A=P=6

(b) Number of conductors Z = 2x No. of Coils x No. of Turns per coil

= 2 x 72 x 12 = 1728 conductors

nPφZ 400 x6 x0.039 x1728

Ec = = = 449.28V
60 A 60 x6
e = 1.56 V

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Problem: A 12 pole dc generator has a wave wound armature containing 144
coils of 10 turns each. The resistance of each turn is 0.011 ohm. Its flux per
pole is 0.05 Wb., and it is running at a speed of 200 rpm.
(a) How many current paths are there in the machine?
(b) What is the induced emf?
(c) What is the effective armature resistance of this machine?
(d) If a 1 kohm resistor is connected to the terminals of this generator, what is
the resulting induced torque?

Answers: (a) 2, (b) 2880 (c) Ra = 3.96 Ohm (d) 396 Nm

(b) There are two parallel paths; each one consisting of Z/2 =
1440 conductors or 1440/2 = 720 turn. Therefore, the
resistance per parallel path = 720 * 0.011 = 7.92 ohms and
hence the effective resistance is parallel equivalent = 7.92/2
= 3.96 ohm

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DC Motor Equivalent Circuit

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DC Motor Equivalent Circuit

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DC Generator

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 Terminal Voltage equations
• DC Shunt Motor VL = EC + I A R A

• DC Series Motor VL = EC + I A (R A + Rse )

• DC Compound Motor VL = EC + I A R A + I L Rse

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Speed Characteristics of Separately
Excited DC Motors

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Speed Characteristics of DC Motors

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Torque-load Characteristics of DC Motors

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Speed Control of DC Motor
NφPZ
E=
60 A
60 AE
N=
PZφ
N 2 E2 φ1
=
N1 E1 φ2
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 Speed Regulation

N nl − N fl
X 100%
N fl
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 Speed Control of DC machine
• By varying armature resistance (can be
increased only)
• By varying the applied voltage (can be only
decreased)
• By varying the flux (or field current) (can be
increased or reduced)

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Speed Control of DC Motors-I-

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Speed Control of DC Motors-II-

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Speed Control of DC Motors-III-

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Solve Example 4.1

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Example 4.6

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A compound generator

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Problem: Determine the terminal voltage of a generator which develops an
e.m.f. of 240V and has an armature current of 50A on load. Assume the
armature resistance is 40m ohm [238 volts]

Problem. A generator is connected to a 50 ohm load and a current of 10A

flows. If the armature resistance is 0.5 ohm, determine (a) the terminal
voltage, and (b) the generated e.m.f. [(a) 500 volts (b) 505 volts]

Problem. A separately excited generator develops a no-load e.m.f. of 180V at

an armature speed of 15 rev/s and a flux per pole of 0.20Wb.
Calculate the generated e.m.f. when:
(a) the speed increases to 20 rev/s and the flux per pole remains unchanged
(b) the speed remains at 15 rev/s and the pole flux is decreased to 0.125Wb
(c) the speed increases to 25 rev/s and the pole flux is decreased to 0.18Wb

[(a) 240 volts (b) 112.5 volts (c) 270 volts]

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Problem. A short-shunt compound generator supplies 50A at 300V. If the field
resistance is 30 ohm, the series resistance 0.03 ohm and the armature
resistance 0.05 ohm, determine the e.m.f. generated
[304.5 volts]
Problem: A d.c. generator has a generated e.m.f. of 210V when running at
700 rev/min and the flux per pole is 120mWb. Determine the generated e.m.f.
(a) at 1050 rev/min, assuming the flux remains constant,
(b) if the flux is reduced by one-sixth at constant speed, and
(c) at a speed of 1155 rev/min and a flux of 132mWb

[(a) 315V (b) 175V (c) 381.2V]

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Starting of DC Motor

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Three point Starter

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Four Point Starter

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Starter Design for a Shunt Motor

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• External resistances are connected in n-steps
• At nth step, rn = Ra = Rn
• At t = 0, S—1

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• A starter is to be designed for a 10 kW, 250 V
shunt motor. The armature resistance is 0.15
Ω. This motor is to be started with a resistance
in the armature circuit so that during the
starting period the armature current does not
exceed 200% of the rated value or fall below
the rated value.
• (a) Total resistance of starter
• (b) Also calculate the resistance to be cut out
in each step in the starting operation. 45
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 Testing of DC Machines
• HW

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 Tutorials
• And HW problems

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• The END----------

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