Fuselage Hydrolics Loft Powerplant Production

Aerodynamics Armanent Control Service Wing

Electrical Empennage Equipment Stress Weight

acarh@itu.edu.tr 0 535 7422893

TEXTBOOK:
Aircraft Design: A Conceptual Approach
Raymer D. P,
2006, Fourth Edition, AIAA Education Series, New
York, NY,
ISBN:1-56347-829

OTHER REFERENCE:

General Aviation Aircraft Design:

Applied Methods and Procedures
Gudmundsson S.
First edition 2014, Copyright: Elsevier Inc. All
2
 Aircraft Design: A Conceptual Approach Raymer D. P.

1 Competitor Study
2 First Guess Sizing Study
3 Airfoil and Geometry Selection
4 Horsepower to Weight Ratio and Wing Loading UCK 423E
5 Initial Sizing Principles of
6 Configuration Layout and Interior Design Aircraft Design I

7 Propulsion and Fuel System Integration

8 Landing Gear and Subsystems
9 Aerodynamics
10 Weights and Balance
11 Stability and Control
UCK 424E
12 Performance and Flight Mechanics
Principles of
13 Cost Aircraft Design II
14 Certification
UCK 451E Principles of Aircraft Design

1. Introduction
2. Project Definition
3. Competitor study.
4. First guess sizing.
5. Airfoil and geometry selection.
6. Thrust to weight ratio and wing loading.
7. Thrust to weight ratio and wing loading
8. Initial sizing.
9. Configuration layout and loft.
10. Configuration layout and loft.
11. Propulsion and fuel system integration.
12. Landing gear and subsystems.
13. Aerodynamics.
14. Aerodynamics.
Activities Quantity Effects on Grading, %
Midterm Exams 1 20
Quizzes
Homework
Projects 1 (9 Report) 40
Term Paper/Project
Laboratory Work
Other Activities
Final Exam 1 40
1. Introduction to Aircraft Design
Phases of aircraft design, aircraft conceptual design process, takeoff weight buildup, empty weight estimation,
fuel-fraction estimation, takeoff-weight calculation

2. Airfoil and Geometry Selection

Airfoil selection, wing geometry, tail geometry and arrangement

3. Thrust to Weight Ratio and Wing Loading

Thrust to weight ratio, wing loading, selection of thrust to weight and wing loading

4. Initial Sizing
Rubber engine sizing, fixed engine sizing, geometry sizing, control surface sizing

5. Configuration Layout and Loft

End products of configuration layout, conic lofting, conic fuselage development, flat-wrap fuselage lofting,
circle to square adapter, fuselage loft verification, wing tail layout and loft, aircraft layout procedures, wetted
area determination, volume determination, special considerations

6. Propulsion and Fuel System Integration

Propulsion selection, jet-engine performance and integration, propeller-engine performance and integration,
fuel system

7. Landing Gear and Subsystems

Landing gear arrangements, tire sizing, shock absorbers, castoring wheel geometry, gear retraction geometry,
seaplanes, subsystems

8. Aerodynamics
Aerodynamic forces, Lift, Parasite drag, Induced drag, CFD
Gudmundsson S.
Gudmundsson S.
Gudmundsson S.
Gudmundsson S.
Aircraft Components and Control
• Aircraft range from simple home-built
machines to complex fighter jets
• All aircraft have common structural and
control components that allow for
controlled flight
 Aircraft Components
Five typical components
Empennage
Wing

Fuselage

Power Plant

Landing
Gear
 Aircraft Components

Vertical Stabilizer
Empennage Rudder
Horizontal Stabilizer
Elevator

Flaps
Cockpit
Aileron

Fuselage Power Plant Wing

Wing
Ribs Spar Wing Strut
Stability
• Aircraft with positive stability returns to
steady flight after disturbance
• Maneuverability is an indication of an
aircraft’s ability to handle the stress of
maneuvers
• Controllability is an indication of an
aircraft’s ability to react to pilot inputs
Aircraft Stability and Movement
Around Three Axes of Flight
Lateral
Longitudinal Axis
Roll Axis
Pitch

Vertical
Axis

Yaw
Aircraft Attitude
• Aircraft have three axes of flight which
intersect at the center of gravity
• Aircraft must be stable around these three
axes for controlled
Longitudinal
flight
Lateral
Axis
• Aircraft must
Axis
be controlled to rotate around
these three axes to change direction
Vertical Center of
Axis Pressure

Center of
Gravity
Aircraft Roll Stability and Control
To turn left, the
aircraft must roll left.

Right wing must raise

and left wing must
Longitudinal
Axis descend.
Right aileron is
lowered and left
aileron is raised.
Flight Controls that Cause Ailerons
and Flaps to Move
Yoke rotated Left and right
left flaps lower

Left aileron raises

Right aileron lowers
Flaps lever lowered
 Aircraft Pitch Stability and Control
Lateral To descend, the pilot
Axis
reduces power and lowers
the elevator to pitch down
Pitch Down

Lower the elevator

Push the yoke

forward
Aircraft Pitch Stability and Control

Elevator
 Aircraft Yaw Stability and Control
Vertical To yaw the aircraft
Axis nose left, the
rudder must
deflect left.

Push left pedal

away from you.
Yaw Left
Aircraft Yaw Stability and Control
Rudder
 Aircraft Motion and Control
Axis Motion Stabilized by Control Pilot Control

Longitudinal Roll Wings Aileron Yoke twist left

or right
Lateral Pitch Horizontal Elevator Yoke forward
stabilizer or aft
Vertical Yaw Vertical Rudder Rudder pedals
stabilizer
Lateral
Roll Longitudinal
Axis
Pitch
Axis

Vertical
Yaw Axis
Changes in design are…..

• not frivolous
• not just for looks
• reflect needed changes in lift and drag

Let’s explore some…….

High Wing
Mid Wing
Low Wing
Multiple Wings – Biplane
Canard Wings
Winglet
 Empennage and Wing Components
Vertical Stabilizer
Rudder Flaps

Ailerons

Elevator
Elevator

Horizontal Stabilizer Horizontal Stabilizer

Empennage
Vertical Stabilizer Trim Tab

Horizontal Stabilizer Elevator Trim Tab Rudder

Twin Vertical Stabilizers
Triple Vertical Stabilizers
V Tail
Powerplant – Tractor
Engine Propeller
Powerplant – Pusher
Engine Propeller
Powerplant – Variable Direction
Exhaust smoke from
vertical thrust
Landing Gear – Oleo Strut

Oleo strut
Brakes

Tire
Axle
Rim
Landing Gear – Floats
Conventional Gear – Tail-Dragger

Main Gear
(2 wheels)

Tail Wheel
Tricycle Gear

Main Gear
Nose Wheel
(2 wheels)
Specialized Landing Gear

Rough Field

Soft Field
Aircraft Size

Lockheed C-5 Galaxy

Aircraft Size

Boeing 777 Engine Intake

Instrument Panel
References
Jeppesen (2007). Private pilot: Guided flight discovery.
Englewood, CO: Jeppesen.
Jeppesen Sanderson, Inc. (2006). Guided flight discovery
private pilot images [CD-ROM]. Englewood, CO:
Jeppesen Sanderson, Inc.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (2009).
Airplane parts definitions. Retrieved from
http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-
12/airplane/airplane.html
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (2009).
Wilber and Or. Retrieved from
http://grin.hq.nasa.gov/IMAGES/SMALL/GPN-2002-
000126.jpg
References
Lockheed Martin (2010). C-5M first flight-3a. Retrieved
from
http://www.flickr.com/photos/lockheedmartin/357061040
6/in/set-72157618866063402
Lockheed Martin (2010). F-35 Lightning II. Retrieved from
http://www.lockheedmartin.com/products/f35/
Lockheed Martin (2010). Lockheed Martin C-130 in flight.
Retrieved from
http://www.flickr.com/photos/lockheedmartin/976461432/
Meyer, A. (2010). X-Plane (Version 9.21rc2) [Computer
software]. Columbia, SC: Laminar Research.
Senson, Ben. (2010). Madison Memorial High School,
Wisconsin.