DR.

PRADIPTARATHI PANDA
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, NISM, MUMBAI
 WHY R?
✓It's free!

✓It runs on a variety of platforms including Windows, Unix and MacOS.

✓It contains advanced statistical routines not yet available in other packages.

✓It has state-of-the-art graphics capabilities.

✓R is a command driven computer programming language and is popularly known as

the multipurpose software.

✓The R works in two modes interactive(Command wise) and batch(Run scripts).It is

user friendly and easy to extend with user written functions

✓R can be viewed as a programming language that comes with a large library of pre-
defined functions that can be used to perform various tasks.
 WHY R LANGUAGE
✓R is not just a statistics package, it’s a language(allows you to specify the
performance of new tasks without any limitations)
✓R is designed to operate the way that problems are thought about and has very
simple syntax.
✓ R is both flexible and powerful.
✓It is very interactive and thus suitable for data analysis.
✓R syntax is very simple and intuitive. For instance,
✓ n <- 10 + 2
✓ n
✓ [1] 12
 INSTALL R FOR WINDOWS

Go to your browser and search for R 4.1.1 windows

➢ Choose Download R-4.1.1 for Windows

➢ Click, Download R 4.1.1 for windows (64 megabytes, 32/64 bit )

➢ Then, save the file and run it after download is complete.

➢ Click next in all the popups that appear then finish.

Open the installed r

 INSTALL R FOR MAC

Go to your browser and search for R 4.1.1 mac

➢Choose R for Mac OS X
➢In the page that opens, click old in the second line
➢Scroll down the page and choose R-4.1.1.pkg
➢Then, save the file and run it after download is complete.
➢Click continue and then install

Open the installed r

 INSTALL R STUDIO

✓ Open browser and search for r studio download

✓ Choose Download RStudio –RStudio

✓ Scroll down the page that opens and go to Installers

✓ Choose the download file according to your operating system

✓ Save the file and run it after download is complete.

✓ Click Next and then Finish

✓ Open R studio
 UPGRADING R TO A SPECIFIC VERSION

FOR MAC:

• Download and install the new version of R you need.

➢ Go to /Library/frameworks/Rframeworks/versions/<old version>/Resources/library and copy

everything inside.

➢ Paste the above items inside /Library/frameworks/Rframeworks/versions/<new

version>/Resources/library

• Restart R studio

• Write “update.packages()” on the console and execute

 UPGRADING R TO A SPECIFIC VERSION
FOR Windows:

• Download and install the new version of R you need.

➢ Go to Libraries\Documents\R\win-library\<old version> and copy everything inside.

➢ Paste the above items inside Libraries\Documents\R\win-library\<new version>Restart R

studio

• Write “update.packages()” on the console and execute

 R STUDIO

Data Objects
R SCRIPT

File ,Plots, Package

installation and
CONSOLE (Script Help panels
output panel)
 AS AN OBJECT ORIENTED LANGUAGE
• An object can be created with the “assign” operator which is written as an arrow with a minus sign and a bracket; this symbol can be
oriented left-to-right or the reverse:
n <- 15
n
[1] 15
5 -> n
n
[1] 5
x <- 1
X <- 10
x
[1] 1
X
[1] 10
• If the object already exists, its previous value is erased. The value assigned this way may be the result of an operation and/or a function.
n<-3+sqrt(10)
n
[1] 6.162278
SETTING WORKING DIRECTORY

✓ To know the current directory type getwd() without any argument in console.
✓ To change the working directory type setwd() with specified path
✓ setwd ( “path of the directory " )
✓ getwd ( )
DATA TYPES IN R

✓ Vectors
✓ Lists
✓ Matrices
✓ Arrays
✓ Factors
✓ Data Frames
VECTORS

• Vectors: Any object that contains data is called a data structure and numeric
vectors are the simplest type of data structure in R. In fact, even a single number
is considered a vector of length one.

• Very basic data structure in R is vector with three common properties:Type,

Length and Attributes(additional arbitrary metadata)

• The c() or vector() function can be used to create vectors

• Pgpsmn<- c ( 0 . 5 , 0 . 6 ) ## nume r i c
• > pglogic<- c (TRUE, FALSE) ## l o g i c a l
• > pgchr<- c ( "a" , "b" , "c" ) ## c h a r a c t e r
• > pgint<- 9:2 9 ## i n t e g e r
LIST

✓ List: Lists are used to build more complex data structures. Can be created using
list() It creates objects which contain elements of different types like numbers,
strings and vectors
✓ Special type of vectors that can contains elements of different class
✓ X<-(1:70)
✓ Y<-(80:120)
✓ Z<-cbind(X+Y)
MATRIX

✓ Adding a dim() attribute to an atomic vector allows it to behave like an array

✓ The matrix(data = NA, nrow = 1, ncol = 1, byrow = FALSE can be used to create
matrix
✓ ma t r i x ( 1 : 6 , nrow = 2 , n c o l = 3)
MATRIX ALGEBRA
FACTORS:

✓ Can be created using factor()

✓ Can think of as integer vector where each integer has a label
✓ Used to represent categorical data
✓ x <-f a c t o r ( c ( " yes " , " yes " , "no" , " yes " , "no" ) )
✓t a b l e ( x )
MISSING VALUES

✓ Missing Values:In R, missing values are represented by the symbol

✓ NA or NaN(not available)
✓ Is.na or is.NaN
✓ Na.omit
 DATA FRAMES
✓ Data Frames: Used to store tabular data in R. A special type of list
✓ where every element of the list has same length.
✓ Can store dierent classes of objects in each column unlike matrices
✓ Dataframes can be converted to matrix using as.matrix()

✓ ( x <- data . f rame ( foo= 1 : 4 , bar= c (T, T, F , F ) ) )

✓ Using cbind() and rbind() dataframes can be combined
✓ Dataframes can be created by reading in a dataset using
✓ read.table() or read.csv() and it can also be created explicitly using data.frame() function
✓ l i b r a r y ( Pe r f o rma n c eAn a l y t i c s )
✓ library(rugarch)
✓ l i b r a r y ( FinTS )
✓ l i b r a r y ( rmgarch )
✓ l i b r a r y ( t ime S e r i e s )
✓ library(pastecs)
✓ library(tseries)
✓ l i b r a r y ( Hmisc )
✓ l i b r a r y ( gogar ch )
✓ library(parallel)
✓ l i b r a r y ( fpp )
✓ l i b r a r y ( tsDyn )
✓ l i b r a r y ( dyn )
✓ l i b r a r y ( tsDyn )
✓ l i b r a r y ( fpp )
✓ l i b r a r y ( bas e )
Thank You