UDC 621.873.3 :624.96,014.2.001.24 DEUTSCHENORM D8. November 1984 Cranes Steel structures Verification and analyses rane; Grundsétze fUr Stab jgwerke: Berechnung Supersedes April 1974 edition {In keeping with current practice in standards published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), comma ‘has been used throughout 2s the decimal marker Dimensions in mm DIN 18018 Part1 andPart 2have been published following an abridged procedure as specifiedin DIN820Part 4, in the form of corrected editions. This method of proceeding, as well as the corrections that have now been made, were notified and explained in the DIN-Miteilungen (DIN News) 63, 1962, volume No.8, pages 496 to 498, would have been inadvisable to revise the content of the standard at the present time, in view of the general approval ‘which has greeted its publication, and mainly because of the current discussions on the national basic standards relating to ‘steel structures (DIN 18600); furthermore, the efforts of ISO/TC 96 to achieve an internationally approved ruling with regard to the loads and load combinations which are to be assumed for the verification by calculation of the performance characteristics of cranes, had to be borne in mind. The principal corrections, including those which have arisen from the processing of the comments received, are described inthe Explanatory notes, Contents Field of application . ‘Standards and documents referred to Details to be given for design purposes 66 Tension members . 87 Determination of stresses. 68 Connections and joints : 68 Longitudinal distribution of wheel loads 7 Vetitication and analyses 74 General 72 General stress analysis 72.1 Load cases and permissible stresses. 72.2 Combines stresses 73. Verification of stability 731 General teetesose 732 Verification of safety against bulging of circular cylindrical shelis.....-.... 7.83 Safety against bulging 74. Verification of service strength 74.1 Concepts 742 Loading groups. 743 Noten cases 74.4 Permissible stresses 745 Combined stresses 75. Verification of stability and on continuous conveyors. Lifted toads Effects of vertical inertia forces 4.18 Inertia forces arising from driving mechanisms 416 Centrifugal forces 4.17 Impact from bulk material 42 Additional loads 421 Wind loads 422 Forces arising trom skewing 423 Thermal ettects 424 Snowloads ....° 425 Loads on walkways, stai-ways, platforms ‘and hand rails, 43. Special loads 43.1 Tilting force arising in crane trolleys with positive guidance of the lifted load 432 Butter forces 433 Test loads 5 Load cases © Calculation 6.1 General 62 Alignment of craneway. 6.3 Imposed loads (ive loads) 10.1 Examples of classification of types of crane 64 Materials into lifting classes and loading groups 85 Cross-sectional values and hole deductions 102 Welds.....-..-- - for memoers and cross-sectional values 102. Exampies of classification of commonly used for welds structural shapes into notch cases @e aiannanseee 8 Holding ropes and guy ropes 9 Tension on prestressed bolts . 9.1 General .... 92. General stress analyais 93 Verification of service strength 10 Tables Continued on pages 2 t0 38 ‘Mannesmann Dematie AG ~ 55300 Weter - 7550 Norman “Yerwafagung t. ONAMerlat 9, ZA rah vaiag GmOH Bain 0 has enue sue ngs fr German Sancards © Nowen DIN 15018 Pan? Engi Price group 16 ose Selene 9146 3 3 < etust ratlonaeMccke, Wid bed AndruPage 2 DIN 18018 Partt 1. Field of application ‘This standard applies to the steel structures of cranes and ‘crane equipment ot any kind, and also to mobile steel struc tures for continuous conveyors. It does not cover crane- ways, excavators, ropeways, wagon tipples and mining machinery, 2. Standards and documents referred to ‘The following standards and documents shall be complied with unless otherwise specified in this standard. DIN 1055 Part 4 Design loads tor buildings; imposed loads, wind loads of structures unsus- ‘ceptible to vibration DIN 1056 Part § Design loads for buildings; imposed leads, snow load and ice load DIN 1080 Part 1 Concepts, symbols and units used in cm engineering: principles DIN 1080 Part 2. Concepts, symbols and units used in civil engineering; statics DIN 1080 Part 4 Concepts, symbols and units usedin ci! engineering: steel construction: com- posite steel construction and steel ‘irders in concrete DIN 4114Part1 Stee! structures; stability cases (buckling, collapsing, bulging): design principles, regulations, DIN 4114Part2 Steel structures; stability cases (buckling, collapsing, bulging); design principles, guidelines 1d tubular steel construc- ing; rules relating to * approval, design and construction DIN 8563 Part Quality assurance of weiding opera- tions; fusion-welded joints in stec requirements, evaluation groups DIN 15001 Part 1 Cranes; terminology; classification according to type Lifting appliances: load suspendi devices; loads and forces, concepts DIN 15018 Part 2. Cranes; steel structures, principles of ‘design and construction DIN 15019 Part Cranes: stability for cranes except non- rail mounted mobile cranesand loating DIN 15019 Fert 2 Cranes; stability for non-rail mounted ‘mobile cranes; test loading and calcu- lation DASt-Achinie (DAS Guideline) 010 Anwendung hoch- fester Schrauben im Stahibau (Use of high strength bolts In structural steel work) 3) is also made in the text of the present standard {to the following standards or to certain ciauses or concepts thoreot. DIN 267 Part Fasteners; technical delivery condi- tions: property classes for carbon steet ‘and alloy stee! bolts and screws: con- version of property classes DIN. 1626 Part 1 Welded carbon and low alloy stest bipes for supply purposes, process plant and tanks; general specifications, ‘survey, recommendations for use DIN 1626 Part 2 Welded carton and low alloy steet pipes for supply purposes, process plant and tanks; pipes for general use {commercial quality);technicaldelivery conditions, OWN 4115, DIN 15003 DIN 1626Part3 Welded carbon and low alloy steet pipes for supply purposes, process Plant and tanks; pipes subject to special requirements; technical de: livery conditions DIN. 1626 Part 4 Welded carbon and tow alloy steel! Pipes for supply purposes, process plant and tanks; high performance pipes; technical delivery conditions DIN. 1629 Part 1 Seamless carbon steel tubes for supply purposes, process plant and tank ‘Survey, technical delivery condition ‘genera data DIN. 1629Part Seamless carbon stee! tubes for supply purposes, process plant and tanks; ‘tubes subject to special requirements: technical delivery conditions DIN. 2910 Part 1 Thermal cutting; concepts and nomen- lature DIN. 2810 Part 3 Thermal cutting: oxygen cutting: bases of process, quality, dimensional devia- tions Cranoways; stoe! structures; principles of calculation, design and construction Hexagon bolts with large widtns across lats for high strength friction grip bolt- ing in steel structures’) Hexagon nuts with large widths across flats for high strength friction grip bolt= Ing in stee! structures Round washers for high strength tric tion grip botting in steel structures ‘Square washers for high strength tric- ton grip bolting of I sections in steet structures ‘Square washers for high strength fric- tion grip bolting of channels in steel structures Steels for genera! structural purposes: {quality specifications Low carbon steels for bolts, nuts and rivets; technical delivery conditions DIN 18800 Part 1 Stee! structures; design and construc- tion DIN 4132 DIN e914 DIN. 6915 DIN. 6916 DIN. 6917 DIN 918 DIN 17 100 DIN 17414 3 Details to be given for design purposes Tre following information shall be given for design pur- poses: {ype of crane and method of operation; assumed total number of llload cycles or operating cycles; loadbearing systems reflecting the actuat service condi ‘tons as closely as possible, including outline drawings and ‘main dimensions; ‘design loads: lifting classes and loading groups to be considered; ‘materials of individual members and connections or joints; ‘shapes, dimensions and static cross-sectional values of all, loadbearing members: verification and analyses relating to said members and to the principal connections or joints. 1) Referred to as HV-Richinien (HV Guidelines) in this stanoard, 4) Published by Stahlbau-Vertag, Kéln. 4) Referred to as high strength friction grip bolts in this, standard. 3 3 < test ratlonaMccke, Wid bed Anceruriger4 Design loads Theloads acting on the supporting structure are subdivided Into main loads, adsitional loads and special loads, ‘The main loads comprise: sett weights: loads arising rom bulk mat conveyors; lifted toads; Inertia forces arising trom eres: centrifugal forces; impact trom bulk material The edditionat loads comprise: wind loads; forces arising from skewing: thermal effects; snow loads; loads on walkways, stairways, platforms and hand rails The special loads comprise: ting force arising in crane trolleys with positive guidance of the lifted load; butter forces: test loads, The abou loads are grouped into load cases in clause 5. 41 Main loads 4:44 Self weights. Self weights are the masses of all the fixed and moving terane components which act permanently during opera: tion, plus the masses of the mechanical and electrical equipment and of a proportion of the carrying means such ‘as ropes for example, withthe exceation of the self weights described in subclause 4.1.3, 4.1.2. Loads arising from bulk materials in bins ‘end on continuous conveyors: Loads arising from bulk materials in bins and on continuous. conveyors shall be treated as self weights; loads of bulk rmateriais on continuous conveyors can act either as a con: tinuous or as a discontinuous line load. 4.13 Lifted loads ‘The lifted loads (hook loads) comprise the useful load and the self weights of members designed to carry the usefut load, eg. tha bottom block. the spreader bar, tne grab. the iting magnet and also a proportion of the carrying means ‘such as rop 4.1.4 Effects of vertical inertia forces The effects of vertical inertia forces produced by the motions of the crane of of the crane components and of loads in accordance with subclauses 41.1 to 41.3 are lowed for by means ofa self weight factor pandanominal load spectrum factor y 4.1.4.1 Selt weight factor g The self weights of moving cranes and of moving crane ‘components in accordance with subclause 4.1.1, ang the loads described in subciause 4.1.2, or the stress resultants ‘or stresses resulting therefrom, shall be multiplied by a sei ‘weight factor y as given in tabie 1 below. Inthe case of cranes and crane components equipped with ‘spring-suspended wheels running on rails, aself weight tor p=t.1 can beadopted for the calculation irespectiveot ing speed and type of runway. DIN 18018 Part Page 3 Table 1. Self weight factors y Treating sped om an se Runways woth wine | EE wiatjoms | tients | Clive | or wih weed wand | Seammactines | canes Upto 60 | ‘Upto 90 WwW Over 60upto200 | OverS0upieaca | 12 owe if ma Where several motions corresponding to the load cases listed in table 7 occur simultaneously at different speeds, characterized by oifferent self weight factors 9, these fa tors shail be applied to the respective loads concemed. Example: 2) Crane trolley travelling speed v = 120m/min, y = 1,2. Crane travelling speed v= SOmimin, p= 41 Trolley | Crane travel travel (Kay KA Multiply self weight of tray by eat2 | pt Multiply self weight cof erane by e=10 | pat ) Crane trolley travelling speed v= S0m/min, g = 1.1 Grane travelling speedy = 120m/min, g = 1.2 Trolley Crane travel travel (ka) (kn Multiply self weight of trllay by ents | pate Multiply self weight of crane by onto | en12 4.4.4.2 Nominal oad spectrum factor y andlifting classes The litte loads as defined in subclause 4.1.3 or the stress rosultants or stresses resulting therefrom shall be mi plied by anominalload spectrum factor yas givenin able2 Its value depends on the actual hoisting speed of the car- rying means assumed at the commencement of the hoist- ing of the lifted load, and therefore on the rated hoisting ‘speed ny. The sotter the springing of the hoisting gear, the larger the elasticity of the supporting structure, the smaller the actual hoisting speed at the commencement of the hoisting of the useful load, the smaller and steadier the acceleration and deceleration during changes in the hoist ing mation, the smaller the factor g. ‘Accordingly, the cranes are classified into lifting classes Hi, H2, H3 ang H4, with different factors y as given in table 2 below. Examples of this are given in subclause 101. Individual self-contained parts of a crane forming integral parts of the complete unit, such a the trolley ane the crane. bridge or jib, the stewing unit, portal and tower, may be Classified into different lifting classes within the limits defined in table 23 for the various typas of crane, provided the hoisting conditions are fully known. 3 3 < test ratlonaMccke, Wid bed AncerurigerPage 4 DIN 15018 Part t 2a} 2 we g 19 oe : | wy 5 3 & 16 ~ i 2 2 aE 6 90mimin Figure 1. Lifting classes and nominal toad spectrum factor v Table 2, Nominal load spectrum factor y ‘Nominal ioad spectrum factor # Litting class | at hoisting speed ayy, in m/min “| = __uptoso over 90, Ht 1.4 +0,0022- ow, 13 Ha 1.2+ 0,044 - oy 16 HS 19+00066-m | 4.9 Ha 14 +00088-oy | 22 4.1.4.3. Dropping or sudden setting down of useful loads In the case of jib cranes In the case of jib cranes where the dropping or sudden ‘setting down of useful loads represents the usual operating practice, such as for cranes with magnet or grab opera- tion, the resulting inertia force effects shall be taken into ‘account separately. instead of adopting a precisely com- Hoisting speed 2) —= puted value for this purpose, the lifted load or the stress Fesultants or stresses resulting therefrom may be multi= plied by ~0,25 times the factor y speci the case of rope controlled jibs, these negative fects are limited by the slackening of the ropes, whereby an upward movement of the jib becomes possible. The {forces which arise from the subsequent faliing back of the jib shall be taken into consideration. 4.4.5. Inertia forces arising from driving mechanisms The inertia forces acting on the crane structure during acceleration and deceleration of the crane motions, such as travelling, slewing, luffing, shall be determined from the ‘maximum driving forces arising in regular operation. in ew of a more accurate calculation, the quasi-static forces act- ing on the structure and resulting from the assessment ot ‘themovement of the centre of mass of the system under the effect of the driving forces, of the resistances to motion ‘andof the inertia forces, may be increased by afactor of 1.5, in order to take the dynamic effect into account, In this, respect, loads which are not guided shall be deemed to be rigidly attached to the crane; any swinging of the loads shall 'be ignored. The adoption of a factor of 1,8 is furthermore Examples of calculating the inertia forces fromthe frictional contact in the case of bridge cranes: trolley travel; fictional contact {the driven track wheels ere speed-synchronized) Ka=1,5-0,2- min (Rxa; + Rxea) a ko, Kol? #1 Weie Rar *kay Figure 2. Inertia forces during the start-up and braking ‘of crane trolleys with e central drive mechanism crane travel frictional contact (the driven track wheels are non-speed-synchronized) Kr=18-02 (min Ren + min Re) “te i Vesa, —— fay Figure 3. Inertia forces during the start-up and by ‘of eranes with two individual ariving mechanisms (Kry = Kr2) ing 3 3 < test ratlonaMccke, Wid bed Anceruriger‘based on the condition that the driving forces acting on the ‘rane are practically {ree from backlash. Jn figures 2 and 3 Is the determining smallest whee! load total and, respectively, the sum of the smallest wheel loads ‘of the driven track wheels, ex- cluding the useful load and the factors mentioned in subclause 4114, required for the determina tion of the driving forces on the basis of the frictional contact min (Rica; + Risa) min Rgry + min Riker I, isthe distance, measured atright angles tothe direction ‘of mation, of the resultant of the driving forces from the centre of mass S of the crane bridge, trolley and lifted load: 4a is the contro-to-centre distance of the wheels or of the ‘guide roller or groupe of quide rollers for the absorption ff the lateral forces, see also figure 4, In cases where thore is a considerable amount of play be- ‘tween structural members (hereinafter briefly referred to ‘as members) which move relatively to one another, for ‘example in the case of the rigid mast and the suspension ‘gear of a stripper crane, a factor larger than 1.5 shall be used. ‘Where the maximum driving forces are limited by friction- type power transmission, the driving forces may be calcu- lated from the frictional contact between the driven track wheels and the rails, using a coefficient f= 0,2. in this con= nection, one should proceed trom the smallest wheel total, in the case of speed-synchronized driven wheéls, or from the sum of the smallest wheel foads in the case of non-speed-synchronized driven tack wheels, ‘depending on the type of driving mechanism; the factors mentioned in subclause 4.1.4 and the useful load need not be taken into consideration, ‘The driving forces shail always be distributed among the track wheels in accordance with the type of driving mechanism, The inertia forces during the start-up and braking of cranes. shall bo entered in the calculation in each case with the trolley in the most unfavourable position for the member being analysed (see figure 9). Whore lateral forces due to inertia forces act transversely to the runway, they shall be absorbed by the rails through positive and frictional contact in accordance with the systems adopted for the supporting structure and the run: ning gear. and in accordance withthe type of guiding means used. Unidicactional lateral forces, such as those due to inertia, force effects during the start-up and braking of crane ~a } DIN 15018 Part1 Page 5 trolleys (eee figure 2) shall be distributes uniformly be- tween all the track wheels or guiding means. Lateral forces acting In opposite directions arise if a dis- tance {, exists between the centre of the masses to be ‘movad and the resultant of the driving forces. Where these. forces are transmitted through the track whools, and where ‘there are more than two wheels per runway side, they shall bbe uniformly distributed between the outer wheels or outer wheel groups as shown in the examples illustrated in figure 4, namely where there are not more than four wheels per ral, to one: ‘outer wheel per corner, where there are not more than eight wheels per ral to the ‘two outer wheels per corner, where there are more than eight wneels per rail,tothe thro ‘outer wheels per corer. ‘As far as the supporting structure is concerned, e.g. the bridge, troliey or balancer, the lateral forces shall, however, be distributed uniformly between athe wheels of a corner, ‘even in the zone of the inner unloaded track wheels as shown in igure 4. In the case of wide-span bridge cranes and portal cranes with separate drivingmechanisms, whose supporting struc~ tures are not designed to compensate for resistances to motion, driving forces and inertia forces, but only for a limited elastic forward motion of one side of the running ‘gear ahead of the other side, special devices shall be pro- Vided to ensure that the assumptions on which the design calculation is based are not axcoeded. 41.8 Centrifugal forces Centritugal forces on slewing cranes shall be calculated Solely om the basis of the self weight of the jib components, ‘and, if applicable, also on the basis of the counterweights ‘and of the lifted oad, without application of the factors mentioned in subclause 4.1.4: the lifted load shall be deemed to be suspended from the tip ofthe jb. 4,.7 Impact trom bulk material Impact effects on bins and transfer points due to the drop- ping of bulk material shall only be taken into consideration focally 42 Additional loads 4.21 Wind toads Wind toads shall be taken into account in accordance with DIN 1056 Part ¢ in the case of eranes exposed to the wind For cranes in service, the wind load shall be entered in the calculation at a dynamic pressure q = 250N/m?. The wind load acting on the usefulload shall be assumed at 3% of the effect of the useful load, but at not less than SOON, if the wind load area is not precisely known. ales =i | Figure 4. Distribution of lateral forces aepice na for den) AusGhUch test ratlonaMccke, Wid bed AncerurigerPage 6 DIN 15018 Part 1 Table 3. Coetticient of frictional contact f ‘@ function of the skew angle « asm ]15 [20 [25 [30 jas [so fas 50 eo |70 [so |s0 100 |125 | 150 |>150 [0.094 }0.118 0,199 |0,158 0,175 |}0.190| 0,203 21a 0.233 | 0,248 [0,288 | 0268 |0,278 |0,287 0,293 | 0,300 For cranes out of service, the wind load shall be entered in the calculation at the dynamic pressures specified in DIN 1058 Part 4. 4.2.2 Forces arising trom skewing ‘When a crane skews at a skew angle a. a positive contact force S, dependent on the running gear and supporting structure, is generated on the front guiding means or group ‘of guiding means (front in the direction of travel); these ‘guiding moans may consist of a wheel flange or of a guide roller, and as a result of force S, 8 group of forces Xi. ii ‘and Xa), Yai which are connected by triction, acting in the ‘contact areas of the track wheels is generated. ‘The distribution of the force S resulting from the skewing of ~ = 2.71828 (basis of the natural logarithms) and skew ingle a to be entered in %o. of track wheels arranged ‘speed-synchronized, 1nd Rajon side 2are of s FER nia f BR Maidan f ER Yury f BR Yai say f BR where ERis the sum of all whee! jogds arising rom self weights and ifted load, excluding the factors mentionedin sub- clause 4.1.4; am aps ay + az 15%, skew angle resulting from the sum of all the possible displacements transversely to the runway. related 10, the distance a of the positive guiding means when the crane is askew; 4p isthe skew angle resulting rom 75 of the track clear- ‘ance between straight railand positive guiding means, ‘but not less than from 5mm in he case of guide rollers ‘and not less than from 10mm in the case of wheel flanges: 4s the skew angle resulting from abrasive wear of not fess than 3% of the rail head width in the case of {guide rollers, and not less than 10% of the rll hoad Width in the case of whee! flanges: «29 = 1960 skew angle resulting from tolerances ofthe crane ‘and craneway. Other values of the skew angle «shall be agreed. Factors 4, ani, Any and Azin 2ziy for the calculation of forces 5. Xin Vix 2 Yo: and of the position fof the sip pole are determined in accordance with tables 4 and 5 by {he dimensions of the crane according to figure 5, by the postion of the overalicentreot mass duetotne settweignts {and to the ited Ioads, and by the running gear systems and structure system as defined bythe following symbols: W = pai of track wheels speed synchronized by a mecha: ical or elecvical shat: ~ pairof rack wheels individually supported on bearings or individually driven: FF = fed bearing of rack wheel and supporting structure: lateral displaceabilty; ing of track wheal or supporting struc- displaceabilty, Table 4. Position h of the slip pole and factor 4 for the calculation of the positive contact force S h a mPa bd Fe Be A me Pade? Be Table 6. Factors Asizy iy and Avie, 22iy for the calculation of the frictional forces, X1i, Ysi and Xi, Yoi Spe iin ‘en vay wf SG ae ae er o 0 £(-2) we | Get 0 er ° ° ° farden AuchuckDIN 18018 Part Page7 Postive contact guiding means 1d foremast in airction of travel (| ) oe $ T et rr Yak x rf eee Sh ye 2 Genie of mass 13 wee aA feta. ert , 3 < 3 < ‘Slip pole er ee ' o 2 | Ss i s “fs 3 | al | 1 | HH fH ) i AL at Figure 6. Dimensions and forces due to skewing of a crane with four pairs of track wheels representing different system ‘characteristics 4.23. Thermal effects ‘ature rises in individual members, temperaturevariations of ‘Thermal effects shall only be taken into consideration in 15K shall be assumed. special cases, When this isthe casetorcranesinstallegout- _In the case of cranes operating in hot environments, the ‘doors at an assumed ambient inetallation temperature of assumed values shall correspond to the local conditions, ++10°C, temperature variations of 135K shall be assumed __€.g. for cranes in foundries and pit furnace shops. for the calculation, or inthe case of non-uniform temper linear expansion coefficient in accordance with table 8 ‘shall be entered in the calculations,Page ® DIN 18018 Part 1 view X eee t Figure 6. Example of the distribution of forces due to tilting of a crane trolley with positive guidance ofthe ltted oad in the direction of crane travel 4.24 Snow loads ‘Snow loads need only be considered in special cases, and when they are, OIN 1056 Part § shall be observed. 4.2.5 Loads on walkways, stairways, platforms ‘and hand rails Inthe case of walkways, stairways and platforms, a moving ‘concentrated load shall be entered in the calculation in addition to the self weights, and this shall be 3000N to allow for persons carrying loads, 15OON to allow for persons not carrying loads. ‘As regards hand rails, a moving horizontal concentrated oad acting outwardly or inwardly shall be assumed, amounting to 300N to allow for persons carrying loads, 150N to allow for persons not carrying loads. ‘The above-mentioned concentrated loads need not be taken into account in respect of any member stressed by lifted loads in accordance with subciause 41.3, such as tho main girders of crane bridges. 4.3. Special loads 4.3.1 Tilting force arising In crane trolleys with positive guidance of the lifted load The force due to the ting of crane trolleys with positive ‘uidance of the ited load shall be determined from the t= ‘ng conditions without regard for the factors described in subclause 41.4, as a horizontal load Ki acting at floor level fr obstacle level, and in the direction of trolley or crane travel. The trolley shall be assumed to be located in the ‘most unfavourable position for this purpose. Unless amore accurate calculation is made, Ki shall be distributed pro- portionally between both sides of the craneway without ‘considering any inertia force affects or any skidding of the driven track wheels (see figure 6). The value of Ki may be limited to 4 of the sum of the self weight ofthe trolley Gx. plus the lifted toad P. It there isan operational possibilty ofthe tilted trolley titing back again o its normal position due to the sudden yielding of the obstacle, then the forces arising rom such an occur rence shal be taken into account. 432 Butter forces ‘As regards this special load case, it is assumed that in ‘normal operation cranes ortrolleys collide with oneancther ‘or collide against butfer stops only on rare occasions. The buffer forces Pu due to cranes or trolleys crashing against ‘stops or colliding with one another shail be limited by buffers or by similar enorgy absorbing means. The required eneray absorption capacity ofthe buffers andthe maximum butferforces Pu shall be determined onthe basis of 85% of the rated traveling spend o cranes and 00% othe ated traveling speed of oles. In eases where automatic devices for slowing down the motion are instaled, the required eneray absorption Capacity ofthe butters andthe maximum bute forces Pu ‘raybe Computed ihe basis the highest raveling speed Fay to ane n such a cate, butts shal be not ets tan Toe ofthe rated epees. Furtnermore the kinetic energy released onthe colisionot {wo cranes characterzedby the moving masses and Sand bythe amounts] ander) ofthe maximum ave ling speed shal be determined by the following equation my ma - (jves| + |Deal)? 2 (ry + mg} For the verification of the butfers and of the strength of the supporting structure, the forces arising from the moving ‘masses of the self weights and ofthe positively quidediited loads situated In the most unfavourable position, if appli- ‘cable, shall be entered in the calculation in each case, but the factors mentioned in subciause 4.1.4 shall not bo used. Loads suspended from carrying means and freely oscilat- ing loads need not be considered. An appropriate substi- tule mass shallbe enteredia the caloulation neu of thatof ‘the rotating parts of the running gear. The butfer forces shall bo distributed in accordance with the butfer charac- teristics and the possible movements of the supporting structure. In this connection, the resistances to motion due tothe frictional contact between track wheels and allsmay bbe allowed for by means of a factor f= 0,20. Inthe case of cranes or trolleys with or without useful load, nonegativewheelloads may result from 1.1 times the butter, force and from the self weights and lifted loads previously ‘mentioned, Uniess a more accurate stress analysis is car- ‘ed out, the butter forces shall be multipiad by an oscilla tion coefficient in accordance with table 6 for the stross ‘analysis, depending on the shape of the area beneath the butter characteristic. Table 6 Oscillation coetticients for simplified computation E= ‘Area beneath the ‘Oscillation coefficient butter characteristic, | in respect of colision with approximating a crane trolley triangle 1.25 1.35 square 1,50 1,80 na for den) AusGhUch test ratlonaMccke, Wid bed AncerurigerIn the case of tower cranes and of portal stewing cranes, a verification ofthe energy absorption capacity ofthe butters and of the etfect of the butter forces on the supporting structure may be dispensed with, on condition that the Speed is less than 40m/min, and that ing limit switches are installed in addition to the butter stops. 43.3 Test loads In the case of cranes for which a veriication of stability is required in accordance with DIN 15019 Part 1 or Part 2, the small and large test loads respectively which are specified in the above-mentioned standards shall be used as the basis for the stress analysis. In the case of cranes which do not require a verification of stability to be carried out, the test loads are obtained by ‘multiplying the lifted toad P by the following factors: small test load: Pk = 1,25» P: large testioad: Pg = 1,33 P, for lifting classes H1 and H2; (subject to particular agreement): Pg = 1,50. P, ‘or ifting classes H3 and H 4, Forthe strass analysis, the smailtest oadshallbs multiplied tay 2 ‘The design loads used in the stress analysis with the crane ‘subjacted to the tost load are based on the following pro- cedure, Ittne craneis loaded withthe small testload, allthe permis- sible motions shall be carried out incividually withthe load situated in the most unfavourable position; however, due ‘care should be observed during the test. A newmotion shall, ‘only be initiated efter the oscilations arising from the previ ‘ous motion have ceased completely. It the crane is loaded with the large test load, then the small test load shall first bo raised to a short distance from the ‘oor. Thereafter, the remainder of the load (making itup to the large test load) shall be attached with all due care, so 485 to avoid any oscillations if possible, Testing with test load Pk or Pg shall be carried out in the absence of wind, 5 Load cases ‘The main toads, additional loads andspecialloads specified in clause 4 are classified into load cases H, HZ and HS in table 7 Al the loads in one column of the zones framed in thick black lines under the heading “normal load cases” taken together constitute load case H. All the loads in a column under the neading "normalload cases" laken together con- stitute load ease HZ, 6 Calculation 6.1 General ‘The calculations shall conform to the generally accepted rules of statics, cyramicsand to the science of ihestrength of materials. Incases where adcitionaltests are cartiedout todetermine stresses within the framework of the design loads specified inclauses 4 and 6, the test rasults may be used as the basis for the calculation, using the same safety factors Al references to systems, dimensions and cross sections made on drawings shall coincide with those made in I calculations. Deviations are permitted if the safety of all components concerned is increased thereby beyond any doubt. 6.2 Alignment of craneway Unless the crane operator has specified anything to the contrary, the calculation shall be made on the assumption by DIN 15018 Part1 Page 9 that the craneway has been carefully lid and that it has. ‘been properly aligaod both vertically and horizontally 6.3 Imposed loads (live loads) Imposed loads shail be entered in the calculation of the members concerned at the most unfavourable positions, values and rections, 6.4 Materials The materials used shall be specified. Materials other than the stee! grades specified in table 8 may be used on condi- tion that their mechanical properties, their chemical com- position and if applicable their weldablity are guaranteed by the manufacturer of the material concerned. In the general stress analysis and the verification of service Strength, the permissible stresses and the stability criteria ‘may be derived, at equal ratio at best, from the dangerous. limit states (guaranteed yield stress or 0.2% proot stress, service strength at 90% survival expectancy, buckling, collapsing, bulging), asin the case of the steel grades listed Jn table 8, by reliably reasoned calculation or tests closely reflecting actual operating conditions, for exemple on ‘welded joints subjected to static loading orto loading varl= able with time, 65 Cross-sectional values andhole deductions for members and cross-sectional values for welds ‘The governing cross-sectional values and hole deductions for members snail be determined in accordance with DIN 18800Part 1, March 1981 edition. subclause 3.4,and for, welds they shall’be determined in accordance with sub- Clauses 7.3.1.1 and 73.1.2 of the same standard. The HV- Blehtinion are applicable to high strength bolted joints, ee clause 2. Elastic deformations, required for the calculation of stat cally indeterminate structures for example, shal be deter- ‘mined on the basis of cross-sectional values without any deduction for holes. 6.8 Tension members ‘Tension members, which may be subjected to compressive stresses in the caso of loads originally planned, shal! exhibit a slender not exceeding 250 and shall be capable of absorbing a reasonable compressive force. 6.7 Determination of stresses The stresses shall be determined for the indwviduel toad cases in accordance with clause § and table 7 on the basis of the cross-sectional values given in subciause 6.5, Inthe case of filet welds subjected to compressive loading in the direction normal to the weld, such as between wad plate and tlango plato, no allowance shall be made for con- tact between the members to be joined, 6.8 Connections and joints Inthe areas of force diversions and cut-outs, the stress pat teins which are disturbed thereby shall be verified, unless adequate structural measures have been taken to allow for such disturbances. The individual parts of a member etc. shall each be sept rately connected or jointed and covered. Where in composite members a stress resultantis passed con by asystem of welds, rivets and bolts it shallbe possible for this stress resultant to be distributed unambiguously {and proportionally among the individual parts of the cross section, and to be transmitted by only one type of connec: tion to each part of the cross section. Angle cleats shall be connected with the structure either taking 1.5times the value of te applicable proportion of the stress resultant for one leg and the given vaiue itself for the other leg, or taking 1,25 times the value for both legs. \Woided-oniug plates shall be connected withthe structure taking .5timos the value of the applicable proportion ofthe stress resultant, 3 3 < test ratlonaMccke, Wid bed Ancerurigerseg g1091 NIG OL o8ed Types of load symbol ‘Normal load cases ‘Special load cases | 414 Seitweignt @ og oo [olealole +6 @ 4.1.4.1 Sel! weight factor ° | —— — o- Gm Gm |am|e-cm| — je-sim - - 4412 Loeds ersing from bulk materiats cm in birs and on continuous conveyors i 453 Lifle toad P ep jpl| ep - ~ ———— | “| yp - - 4.142. Nominal load spectrum factor ’ ~|-[- = ~ - 7 41.4.3 Drepping or sudden setting down no25-y ] -|- fe} - Main of useful loads 028-9: P _ | 025-9 -P - - loads | ¢ — 412 Lifted load without effect of useful load Po | po| - |-| - - ~ ‘Trofley travel Ka Ka}-|- | - | Ka] - | -]- - - = |Ka/-j-|-|- 448 Inertia forces rane travel x [—{xef—-|-]—]xr)-]-)- [-] - f-Jarl-]-]- asirg from erving || ff jo | mechanisms Slewing pr | or| or| or |r| or| orl or] - | - [=| - [-|-|o|-|- Latting wo |-|-|wl-|-|-\wl-|- |-| - |-|-]-|wl- 416 Ceontitugal forces z |-|-|-[2|-[-|-|-| - |/-] - [-[-/2[-[- Wind toed, in sewice wi wi wi =| w f=) = ~ - with crane out of service Wa - - Wa} — = - - - 1422 Forces arising from skewing s ~ - =f s fol. = 43.1 Ting force arising in crane trolleys K _ _ lle _ 5 with positive guidance of the litted load f 43 432 Butter forces Pu = = -| - /-| = ~ Special toads ‘Smal Pk - - -|-/-|- em | 439 Test oads ——— — j 2 Large Pe = = -|-[-]- - Pe “The wind loads shal always be entered inthe calculation at their fll value, Acceleration forces and deceleration forces acting simultaneously with wind ioads shal only be entered inthe calculation to an extent whieh ensures thatthe driving forces speciied in subelause 4.1.5 are nol exceeded. Impact from bulk materia! as specified in subelause 4:17, thermal effects as specified in subclause 4.23. snow loads as spacified in subclause 424, loads on walkways etc. as specified in subclause 425 need only be taken Into consideration in spacial cases. Nu far nformationszwecke, Wid be! Anderungen nicht exfoSt. Git nurforden Ausdruck.DIN 1S018 Part Page1t Table 8. Characteristic values of steel grades used for the calculation ‘Characteristic values tee! grade a Stool grad Yield Shear strose (tension, modulus mmm compression) amie os E G Briet designation Specified in Nome? iment Nim? Structural steel $t97*) | DIN 17100 - 240 Tube steel $135") | DIN 1829 Partst and 3 12-10°¢ ‘Structural steel $t52-3. | DIN 17100 210000 e100 12-10°6 Rall steo! with a tonsile strength 360 ‘of not less than 600Nimm? *) Covers all quality groups, steelmaking and casting processes. ‘See DIN 15018 Part 2 for selection of quality groups, steelmaking and casting processes of the steets. 6.9. Longitudinal distribution of whee! loads ‘The local stresses in the ral ral foot tlanges, double filet welds or web rivets and webs of rail bearing beams which arise from wheal loads acting normally and transversely to the rail shall be determined in accordance withthe rall and flange system. Unless a more accurate calculation is made, the individual whee! load may be distributed uniformly inthe direction of the rail ‘over a length of (2.4 + 50mm), on condition that the rail is dicectly supported on the flange as illustrated in figure 7. The height h, related to the top edge of the rail, shal be entered as follows for the purpose of analysing the web: _ as the distance to the bottom edge of the fillet weld or of the flange boss (see figure 7a); the filet weld: as the distance to the centroidal axis ofthe fillet weld (see figure 7b); the web rivets: as the distance to the centre line of the rivets (see figure 7). Dimensions are given in mm. tL eso Th anol, a) web ) fillet weld ©) web rivets Figure 7. Height # for the analysis {1 the rail rests on an elastic support, the transverse and the longitudinal distribution of the bearing pressure under the railshall ‘be taken into consideration in their most unfavourable pattern in each case for the calculation of the rali bearing beam and of the ral : arden AuschuckPage 12 DIN 15018 Part? 7 Verification and analyses 7A General The verification and analyses described in subciauses 7.2, 7. and 74 shall be carried out individually for the load- ‘bearing members and for the principal connections and joints. No sucn verification need be made for dasign pur- poses in respect of subordinate components such as walk- ways, stairways, platforms, hand rails and cabins. ‘The overall stresses governed by the type of crane, load case and verification shall not exceed the permissible stresees in each caso, and the safety factors shall not bo Jess than the values spocitiod. In the special cases listed in table 9, the permissible stresses in accordance with tables 10 to 12 may de ex- ceeded, and the factors of satety against bulging may be below those specified in DIN 4114 Part 1 and Part 2 and in table 13. Where several special cases occur simultane- ‘ously, the total amount of the maxmum stresses or the minimum tattors of safety she ‘tho greater of the values allowed for one of such speciat cases, provided howover that the percentage allowed for ‘each individual special cases is not exceeded. 7.2. General stress analysis 7.2.1 Loed cases and permissible stresses The general stress analysis in respect of safety against attaining the yield point shall be carried cut separately for leadcasesH and HZ, using the permissible stresseslistedin ‘tables 1010 12. As regardsload caseHS, the stressesof oad ‘case HZ multiplied by a factor of 1,1 may be used. The values in the *zulo," column are also permitted in respect of compressive stresses in the immediate vicinity of points of introduction of forces. ‘Welds shall exhibit a tensile strength and a yield strength not iess than those of the steel of which the welded com- ponents are mada, Longitudinal stresses shall remain within the permissible stresses In members specified in table 10. The permissible tensile stresses in wolds for transverse loading may only be usedif the plates required for the trans- mission of the tensile forces, which are thereby stressed {transversely in theie rolling plane, are suitable for this Purpose (see table 24, test method associate with letter symbol D). ‘See clause 9 for permissible tensile forces on prestressed bolts. In normal cases, the following fasteners shall be used: formembers made of ST 37 steel, USt96 rivets and bolts of property class 4.6; for members made of S152 steel, ASt44-2 rivets and bolts of property class 5.6. It the above rules are followed, the specified bolt or rivet bearing stresses shall also apply for members. 7.22 Combined stresses \Where states of combined plane stresses exist, the com- parigon stress shail be verified in addition for members as Specified in table 10, paying attention to the plus or minus signs, as follows: oy VO on GF OF Sel og for welds as specitiodin table 11, he comparisonvalue shall be verified as follows: (continued on page 14) 3 i ‘ test in the support conditions 10% of permissible stresses for load case HZ 8% of safety factors: 3 ‘Construction conditions for load case H2 ‘Table 9. Permissible deviations for stresses and factors of safety against bulging 5 : 2 Unintentional changes 10% of permissible stresses | 6% of safety factors i : Table 10. Permissible stresses in members for the Permissible | Permissible | Permissible 2 ‘comparison tensile compressive Steel grade ‘stress stress stress of member Load case a A tr St . sess Symbol Specitied in Némen? Nim? Niemen? H 160 140 92 sts7*) DIN 17100 HZ 180 160 108 4 240 210 198 st52-3 DIN 17100 — — — HZ 270 240 156 *) Covers all quality groups, steelmaking and casting processes. Inthe verification cerried out in accordance with DIN 4114 Part 1 and Part 2, the values specified in the “zul og” column above ‘shall always be entered in the calculation for “zulo”.Table 11. Permissible: stresses in welds for the general stress analysis DINA6O18Pant 1 Page 13 ermine Permiatie [Permsive omparson] Pecmasleenate ets | comprenave sans | aneat value 9 for transverse loading | stress steal grade Blows ‘loca Bn. ot welded member | Load case nw Nine posal ut wal, cove | ale aut wea aires | “Sovel |,2¥2), | est | dounre’ | ritat | aliypes ‘ofweld | uttwotd: | WEE | weld | ‘bevel | weld | of weld speciied | "Speci batt wold symbol St | sect | “gumiy " 760 wo | we | vo | vo | 19 star) {om 17100 ke 160 io | a | wo | we |v A 70 zo | io | 200 | ves | 170 sta [ow y7100}—| He 270 zo | ror | 270 | 220 | 101 7) Covers all quay groups, steelmaking and casing processes, Table 12. Pormiasbe stress in fasteners forthe genera tree anaysa Permissible Permissive ermissibi nection Steel grader Load shear stress jolt or rivet tensile Type of connect scieslgragel | Load | Spoor at borer met | tate ~ zulty zuloy Fastener Joint Specified in Nimm? Nimm? ust36 | DIN 17111 4 Ba [20 | (30) Single Hz 36 240 | 0:zu1eg 1S:aulog shear RSt44-2 | DIN 17111 126 ss (45), 7 144 360 vets a na 760_| ustae | ow rin aa) Muttiple we OB-zulog 18 2 -zulog S28 shear HO) 168 | 420 | astaea | oN i7in ' «9 HZ 192 | 480 | 46 DIN 267 Part 3 # Se [ato $00. single FE) Sees (a9) vs2e, CMO [oH ‘shear 56 in 267 Pert 3 # ” * T36 ” «as 140 fe Hz 144 200 | 154 pots “Multiple 46 DIN 267 Part 3 4 12 260 100 et TE] ogee, (221 2 eum 2 86 DIN 267 Part 3 . “ 168 [ao 140 HZ. 192 [480 156 46 DIN 267 Part 3 H 70. [ie 100) Non-fit a3 az) 30 (Tao 110 bolts 4 ~ 70 7 (160 140, se | omer Para [72 Ha 30 [rao | “se Tete Diameter otha Diameter to be considered for MS | ameter ole bolts | Diameter of unthreaded shank Minor thread) | [acrnetr PCC eee | The tonal sven values for svete gen n brackets are permed lr exceptional cases ony 3 3 2 test psemecke Wid be Anserunge